Munkács Castle
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Munkács Castle
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Condition:
Renovated / Good
Entrance:
Entrance fee
Address:
Hrafa fon Shenborna St, 42
Settlement:
Historical Hungarian county:
Bereg
Country:
Ukraine
Province:
Закарпатська область
Geographic region:
Latorca Valley
GPS coordinates:
48.431388, 22.687497
Google map:
History
895
Arrival of the Hungarians
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895
The alliance of the seven Hungarian tribes took possession of the then largely uninhabited Carpathian Basin. Until then, the sparse Slavic population of the north-western Carpathians had lived under Moravian rule for a few decades after the collapse of the Avar Khaganate in the early 9th century.
895
The Hungarian tribes arrived in the Carpathian Basin through the Verecke Pass 60 kilometers north of the town. The present-day Subcarpathia was mostly uninhabited.
after 895
According to the legend the construction of the castle was ordered by Grand Prince Álmos, and it was named "Munkás" (meaning a work that is hard to do) in memory of the hard work of the crossing of the mountains. The first, possibly wooden, guard tower on the castle hill was likely built by Hungarians.According to the tradition, the leader of the Hungarians, Álmos, set up camp on the hill where the former Basilian monastery stands, while the high priest of Hadúr camped on the hill where now the castle stands. At dawn Álmos saw smoke rising from the castle hill. He sent out horsemen to check whether it was an enemy beacon. When they returned, they told him that the high priest was presenting a sacrifice to the god of the Hungarians in order to give thanks for the safe passage through the Carpathians. He cut down a fat white stallion according to the antient custom. Prince Álmos himself appeared at the ritual, and he really liked the place. He asked the high priest to change campgrounds. The reluctant high priest was finally convinced by a beautiful white horse. Álmos immediately began building the castle. The army rested here for forty days, and during that time significant progress was made in the construction. Then the whole army moved on towards Ungvár, leaving only the builders behind. Then the old Álmos handed over power to Árpád. Árpád was lifted on a shield according to an ancient custom and was elected leader. The builders of Munkács Castle caught up with the Hungarians at Szerencs. When they were asked about the progress of the construction, they said: "God save our enemy from such a laborous (munkás in Hungarian) place", since they could only bring the wood and stone up the rocky hill on their shoulders.
1000
Foundation of the Hungarian Kingdom
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1000
The Kingdom of Hungary was established with the coronation of King Stephen I. He converted the Hungarians to Christianity and created two archdioceses (Esztergom and Kalocsa) and ten dioceses. He divided Hungary into counties led by ispáns, who were appointed by the king.
1064
King Salamon of Hungary gave Munkács to his cousin, Prince László. In 1063 Salamon gained power with the military intervention of the German emperor Henry IV. His cousins (Géza, László and Lampert) fled to Poland. The brothers returned with the army provided by King Bolesław II, and Salamon retreated to Moson Castle. They finally reached agreement through the intercession of Bishop Dezső of Győr, according to which Salamon could keep the crown, but in return Géza became Duke (heir to the throne of Hungary), and his brothers also received estates commensurate with their rank.
1085
The former king Salamon broke into Hungary with his army of the Cuman Prince Kutesk, the lord of Moldavia, to seize the crown from King László I. They advanced to Munkács, whose inhabitants were partly killed, partly fled, and the town was burned. King László then defeated the Cuman army at Ungvár and drove the enemy out of the country.
1138
The settlement was mentioned for the first time as Muncas. Its name is from the old Hungarian personal name Muncas, the origin of which is the noun 'munka', meaning work.
1241-1242
Mongol Invasion
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1241-1242
The hordes of the Mongol Empire invaded Hungary and almost completely destroyed it. One third to one half of the population was destroyed. The Mongols also suffered heavy losses in the battle of Muhi and they could not hunt down the king. After their withdrawal, King Béla IV reorganized Hungary. He allowed the feudal lords to build stone castles because they were able to successfully resist the nomadic Mongols. The vast majority of stone castles were built after this. The king called in German, Vlach (Romanian) and Slavic settlers to replace the destroyed population.
1241
The Mongol invaders completely destroyed Munkács. Afterwards King Béla IV of Hungary invited German settlers.
1263
The castle was mentioned for the first time. The royal lordship of Munkács, consisting mainly of impassable forests, was given by King Béla IV of Hungary as the dowry of his daughter, Konstancia.
1301
The extinction of the House of Árpád
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1301
The House of Árpád, the first Hungarian royal dynasty, died out with the death of King Andrew III. Hungary was ruled by oligarchs, the most powerful of whom was Csák Máté, whose main ally was the Aba family. King Charles I (1308-1342), supported by the Pope, eventually emerged as the most prominent of the contenders for the Hungarian throne. But it took decades to break the power of the oligarchs.
early 14th century
The castle was controlled by the Hungarian oligarch Aba Amádé until 1311.
September 1311
The oligarch Aba Amádé wanted to take control of the town of Kassa. He arrived in town, where a mass brawl broke out. Aba Amádé was killed and his sons, Jánost and Demetert were imprisoned.
1311
After King Charles I of Hungary ruled in favor of Kassa, Aba's sons rose up against him and made an alliance with the most powerful oligarch Csák Máté. The king defeated the united army of the oligarchs in the Battle of Rozgony near Kassa. Munkács was also taken back by the king. The castle and the estate was acquired by the royal family, the House of Anjou. Queen Elisabeth, the wife of King Charles I, owned it for a longer period. The area's first significant settlement started at that time.
1397
The town and its neighborhood was given as a fief by King Sigismund of Hungary to his cousin Theodor Koriatovich, who was an exiled prince from the Grand Principality of Lithuania. He was the head of the Ruthenian Podolia region of the Grand Principality before, so he brought many Ruthenians to settle in Munkács. King Sigismund received the sovereign rights of Podolia in exchange. It is likely that the first knight's castle of the European type was built on the castle hill in that period. The monastery of Munkács was also founded by Koriatovich and his wife Olga (Valha). After the death of Koriatovich, his wife Valha and his cousin Vasil managed the estate for a while, then it returned to the crown. Not long after King Sigismund gave the castle and the lordship to Pálóczi Máté, who was also ispán of Bereg County between 1419 and 1431.
May 1426
Treaty of Tata. The childless Despot of Serbia Stefan Lazarević (†1427) and his cousin and selected heir Đurađ Branković made an agreement with King Sigismund of Hungary. Lazarević became a Hungarian aristocrat and Serbia became his hereditary dominion under the supremacy and protection of the Hungarian crown. Lazarević swore loyalty to the King of Hungary and promised to return 17 castles to Hungary (to which the Hungarian crown had an old right, including Belgrade and Golubac) and to aid Hungary with his military. In exchange Lazarević received large estates in Hungary, including Munkács. After the death of Lazarević, King Sigismund took possession of Belgrade in October 1427 and Branković inherited the Hungarian estates of Lazarević. Hungary needed the castles for its defence system against the Ottoman Empire.
1441
In the succession war of Hungary King Ulászló I had the upper hand and he confiscated the Hungarian estates of Branković, who was supporting the child King László V of Habsburg and his mother Elisabeth. Munkács was given to Judge Royal Pálóczi László. Soon Branković received pardon and regained a significant part of his estates.
1444
The succesfull Long Campaign of Hunyadi János was concluded by the Treaty of Adrianople according to which Branković recovered Northern Serbia from Sultan Murad II and Hunyadi János took possession of the Hungarian estates of Branković, including Munkács.
1456
Siege of Nándorfehérvár (Belgrade)
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1456
The Turkish army of Sultan Mehmed II, the conqueror of Constantinople, besieged the castle of Nándorfehérvár (Belgrade), which was the southern gateway to Hungary. But the Hungarian army, led by Hunyadi János, won a decisive victory over the twice to three times larger Turkish army. The Pope had earlier ordered that church bells should be rung every noon to pray for the victory of the defenders. Hunyadi János died of plague in the camp after the battle.
1456
After the death of Hunyadi János, his wife Szilágyi Erzsébet owned the estate.
1484
After the death of his his mother, Szilágyi Erzsébet, King Matthias of Hungary gave the huge Hunyadi estates to his son Corvin János. After the death of his father, Corvin János tried to take the throne, but was defeated in the battle of Csontmező.
1494
King Ulászló II of Hungary took Munkács from Corvin János and gave it to the treasurer Bishop Csáktornyai Ernuszt Zsigmond of Pécs.
1498
Munkács was acquired by Judge Royal Vingárti Geréb Péter.
1504
After the death of Vingárti Geréb Péter the estate was recovered by the crown.
1504
King Ulászló II of Hungary pawned the lordship to Bélteki Drágffy György.
1505
King Ulászló II of Hungary gave Munkács to his French wife, Princess Anne of Foix-Candale, but with the queen's early death Munkács returned to the crown.
1514
The country assembly of Hungary assigned the lordship of Munkács together with Diósgyőr to supply the royal court. Munkács transported wine and grease to Buda.
1522
King Louis II of Hungary gave Munkács Castle to his wife, Queen Mary of the House of Habsburg.
1526
Battle of Mohács and the splitting of Hungary into two parts
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1526
Sultan Suleiman I launched a war against Vienna, instigated by the French. Ferdinand I, Duke of Austria, was the brother-in-law of King Louis II of Hungary. The army of the Ottoman Empire defeated the much smaller Hungarian army at Mohács, and King Louis II died in the battle. A group of the barons elected Ferdinand I of the House of Habsburg to the throne, who promised to defend Hungary from the Turks. He was the younger brother of the most powerful European monarch Emperor Charles V. But the nobility chose the most powerful Hungarian baron, Szapolyai János, who was also crowned as King John I. The country was split in two and a decades-long struggle for power began.
1529
King John I of Hungary gave the lordship of Munkács to Báthori István in exchange for the towns of Szatmár and Németi. Báthori István repaired the defences and renovated the upper castle.
1530
The ownership of the castle returned to King John I of Hungary, but Büdy Mihály became its real lord by the grace of Queen Mary.
1541
The Turkish occupation of the capital, Buda, and the division of Hungary into three parts
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1541
The Turks conquered Buda, the capital of Hungary, after the death of King John I. The central part of the country was under Turkish rule for 150 years. The western and northern parts (including present-day Slovakia) formed the Kingdom of Hungary ruled by the Habsburg emperors. The eastern parts (now mainly under Romanian rule) were ruled by the successors of King John I of Hungary, who later established the Principality of Transylvania.
1551
The widow of King John I, Queen Izabella was forced to resign from the throne on behalf of her child son John II and to leave for Poland by the imperial army of Ferdinand called into Transylvania by the child's guardian Fráter György.
1552
When Queen Isabella left for Poland, King Ferdinand gave Munkács and the lordship to Petrovics Péter, ban of Temes, who was a relative of King John I and one of the guardians of the child John II. In his last will Petrovics left Munkács on John II.
1556
Queen Izabella returned and took back the power over eastern Hungary on behalf of his child son John II. With her death in 1559, John II took over the rule.
1567
Captain of Upper Hungary Swendi Lázár besieged and captured Munkács Castle, which was repaired afterwards.
1570
The establishment of the Principality of Transylvania
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1570
John II (John Sigismund), the son of King John I of Hungary, renounced the title of King of Hungary in favor of King Maximilian of the House of Habsburg, and henceforth held the title of Prince. This formally created the Principality of Transylvania, which was the eastern half of Hungary not ruled by the Habsburgs and was also a vassal of the Ottoman Empire. John II died in 1571, after which the three nations of Transylvania (the Hungarian nobility, the Székelys and the Saxons) elected the prince.
1570
According to the Treaty of Speyer, Ung, Bereg and Ugocsa counties came under control of the Kingdom of Hungary (Habsburg ruled part of Hungary), while Máramaros County became part of Principality of Transylvania (the former kingdom of King John II of Hungary). As part of Bereg County, Munkács belonged to the Kingdom of Hungary.
1573
King Maximilian pawned Munkács to Mágóczy Gáspár. His cousin András II inherited the estate after his death. His widow, Alaghy Bekény Judit, was married by Rákóczi Zsigmond, who became the guardian of the Mágóchy orphans, Ferenc and Gáspár. Rákóczi Zsigmond obtained the pawn of the lordship of Munkács on October 20 1588. He settled down Vlach families to the uncultivated lands. He used his incomes to modernize the equipment of the castle.
1591
Mágóchy Ferenc was declared of full age, and because his mother also died, Rákóczi Zsigmond had to hand over Munkács Castle to him.
1591-1606
Fifteen Years' War
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1591-1606
The Ottoman Empire started a war against the Habsburg Empire. The war was waged in the territory of Hungary. The Turks defeated the combined armies of the Habsburg Empire and the Principality of Transylvania in the battle of Mezőkeresztes in 1596, but their victory was not decisive. The war devastated the Principality of Transylvania, which was occupied by the Habsburg army, and General Basta introduced a reign of terror.
1604-1606
Uprising of Bocskai István
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1604-1606
The alliance of the Habsburgs and the Principality of Transylvania was defeated by the Ottoman Empire in the Fifteen Years' War. The war devastated Transylvania, which was occupied by the Habsburg imperial army, and General Basta introduced a reign of terror. The nobility and the burghers were upset about the terror, the plundering mercenaries and the violent Counter-Reformation. Bocskai István decided to lead their uprising after the Habsburg emperor tried to confiscate his estates. Bocskai also rallied the hajdú warriors to his side. He was elected Prince of Transylvania and soon liberated the Kingdom of Hungary from the Habsburgs. In 1605 Bocskai István was crowned King of Hungary with the crown he received from the Turks.
1605
Bocskai István captured the castle and controlled it until his death in 1606. Munkács was owned by the crown afterwards, but was still pawned by the Magóchy family. Mágóchy Ferenc died in 1611. His widow, Dersffy Orsolya, was married by one of the lieutenants of Munkács Castle, Esterházy Miklós, which established the fortune of the Esterházy family raising them from the ranks of the gentry to that of the magnates.
23 June 1606
Peace of Vienna
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23 June 1606
Bocski István made peace with Emperor Rudolf. Their agreement secured the constitutional rights of the Estates of Hungary, and the freedom of religion. The counties of Szatmár, Bereg and Ugocsa were annexed to the Principality of Transylvania. Bocskai died of illness in the same year, leaving to his successors the idea of unifying Hungary from Transylvania.
1619
The campaign of Prince Bethlen Gábor of Transylvania in the Thirty Years' War
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1619
At the beginning of the Thirty Years' War (1618-1648), Prince Bethlen Gábor of Transylvania went to war against the Habsburg emperor as an ally of the rebelling Czech-Moravian-Austrian estates. The whole Kingdom of Hungary joined him, only the Austrian defenders of Pozsony had to be put to the sword. With his allies, he laid siege to Vienna. However, he was forced to abandon the siege because the Habsburg-loyal Hungarian aristocrat Homonnai Drugeth György attacked his heartland with Polish mercenaries. On 25 August 1620, the Diet of Besztercebánya elected Bethlen Gábor King of Hungary as vassal of the Turks. He continued to fight after the defeat of the Czechs at White Mountain on 8 November 1620, but without real chance to achieve decisive victory, he decided to come to an agreement with Emperor Ferdinand II.
September 1619
Munkács resisted the army of Prince Bethlen Gábor of Transylvania.
31 December 1621
Peace of Nikolsburg
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31 December 1621
Prince Bethlen Gábor of Transylvania made peace with Emperor Ferdinand II. Their agreement secured the constitutional rights of the Estates of Hungary, and later it was supplemented with the freedom of religion. Bethlen renounced the title of King of Hungary in exchange for seven counties of the Upper Tisza region (Szabolcs, Szatmár, Bereg, Ugocsa, Zemplén, Borsod, Abaúj) for the rest of his life, other estates in Hungary as his private property and the imperial title of Duke of Oppeln and Ratibor (Opole and Racibórz), one of the Duchies of Silesia. Prince Bethlen went to war against the Habsburgs in 1623 and 1626, but was unable to negotiate more favourable terms.
1621
According to the Peace of Nikolsburg Bereg County came under control of the Principality of Transylvania. Prince Bethlen Gábor received Munkács as his personal estate. Esterházy Miklós received Fraknó Castle and its lordship (now Austria) in compensation, after King Matthias II handed over Munkács Castle to Prince Bethlen Gábor.
1629
Bethlen assigned Balling János from Gelse captain of Munkács. Balling reconstructed and modernized the castle, which is commemorated by a marble plaque on the wall of the upper castle.
November 15, 1629
Prince Bethlen Gábor of Transylvania died. In his will he left the throne of Transylvania and most of his estates on his wife, Catherine of Brandenburg. She ruled under the guardianship of Governor Bethlen István. She wanted to secure power for herself with her lover, Csáky István, and other Catholic lords. In order to gain the consent of King Ferdinand II, she returned the 7 Hungarian counties acquired by Prince Bethlen Gábor in the Peace of Nikolsburg. The opposition was led by Bethlen István, who asked Rákóczi György I for help, as Katalin's armies threatened Transylvania. King Ferdinand II gave Munkács to Csáky István, who went to occupy it, but by the order of Governor Bethlen István, Captain Balling János refused to hand over the castle.
1630
Rákóczi György I was elected Prince of Transylvania.
1631
Prince Rákóczi György I and his wife, Loránffy Zsuzsanna, took possession of Munkács Castle.
1633
King Ferdinand II made peace with Prince Rákóczi György I of Transylvania in Lőcse. The king gave Munkács to Rákóczi as his hereditary property in return for 200,000 forints. This was preceded by the Battle of Lützen in 1632, when the Swedes defeated the imperial army led by Wallenstein during the Thirty Years' War. To avoid the Principality of Transylvania entering the war, the emperor made peace with Rákóczi.
1644-1645
The campaign of Prince Rákóczi György I of Transylvania in the Thirty Years' War
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1644-1645
Prince Rákóczi György I of Transylvania allied with the Swedes and the French in the Thirty Years' War and went to war against the Habsburg Emperor Ferdinand III. On 18 July 1645 his army joined forces with Torstenson's Swedish army under Brno (Moravia). The excellent artillery of Transylvania opened fire on the city walls. However, Rákóczi had to give up the siege, having been informed that the Turks were planning a punitive campaign against Transylvania, because he went to war against the Sultan's prohibition.
April 22, 1645
Prince Rákóczi György I made an alliance with King Louis XIV of France against the Habsburgs in Munkács during the Thirty Years' War.
16 December 1645
Peace of Linz
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16 December 1645
Prince Rákóczi György I of Transylvania made peace with Emperor Ferdinand III. It secured the freedom of religion for the Protestants and extended it also to the serfs. Rákóczi received the same seven Hungarian counties that Prince Bethlen Gábor had also held (Abauj, Zemplén, Borsod, Bereg, Ugocsa, Szabolcs, Szatmár) until his death, and the counties of Szabolcs and Szatmár were also to be inherited by his sons. The Rákóczi family also received several new estates.
1645
According to the Peace of Linz, Munkács came under control of the Principality of Transylvania until the death of Prince Rákóczi György I.
October 11, 1648
Prince Rákóczi György I of Transylvania died. After his death, his widow Loránttfy Zsuzsanna moved to Munkács and managed the extensive estates from here and from the castle of Sárospatak until her death in 1660.
January 1657
Prince Rákóczi György II of Transylvania launched a campaign against Poland in alliance with Carl X Gustaf of Sweden. His goal was to take the Polish crown and unite the Hungarian-Polish-Wallachian forces against the Turks. The campaign started successfully, the Prince even occupied Kraków and Warsawa, but afterwards the King of Sweden let him down. The vengeful Poles led by Marshall Jerzy Lubomirski broke into northern Transylvania through the Verecke Pass. They burned defenceless villages, and destroyed churches and manor houses. Lorántffy Zsuzsanna retreated to Munkács Castle and was nearly captured. The Poles razed the town but they didn't dare to attack the castle. Soon Turkish and Tatar armies also attacked Transylvania as a retaliation for the Polish campaign, because it was previously forbidden by the Sultan. Munkács was burned by the Tatars. Lorántffy Zsuzsanna transform the castle into a modern fortress afterwards with the help of French military engineers. The castle gained its current structure at that time consisting of a lower, a middle and an upper part. The castle was inherited by Prince Rákóczi György II, and later by his widow, Báthory Zsófia.
1664
Victory over the Turks at Szentgotthárd and the shameful Peace of Vasvár
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1664
The imperial army achieved a significant victory over the Turks at the battle of Szentgotthárd. Despite this, Emperor Leopold I concluded a 20-year peace treaty with the Turks at Vasvár on terms that made it look as if the Turks had won. This caused a huge outcry in Europe and among the Hungarian nobility, who expected the country to be liberated after the victory. The formerly Habsburg-loyal Catholic Hungarian barons began to plot against the Emperor with the leadership of Wesselényi Ferenc. In 1668, at the end of the Franco-Spanish War, King Louis XIV of France withdrew his support for the conspiracy, and the support of the Turks was not obtained.
1670
Rákóczi Ferenc I remedied the grievances of Protestants oppressed by his Catholic mother, Báthory Zsófia, and started the anti-Habsburg uprising in the town of Kassa. He set out to occupy Munkács, but from there his mother forced him to retreat with cannons. He then captured Ónod and besieged Szatmár and Tokaj. Then the emperor's open letter arrived that the conspiracy had been uncovered and its participants (Zrínyi and Frangepán) were captured. The emperor called on those who wished to gain mercy to lay down their arms. Rákóczi ferenc I, who was left alone and without supporters, found refuge in his mother's castle in Munkács. Báthory Zsófia could only save his son's life by paying a huge ransom of 400,000 forints, and German garrisons were placed in the castles of the Rákóczis.
1671
Exposure of the Wesselényi conspiracy
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1671
After the exposure of the anti-Hapsburg Wesselényi conspiracy, the main organisers, Zrínyi Péter, Nádasdy Ferenc and Frangepán Ferenc were executed. Wesselényi Ferenc died in 1667. The Croatian uprising, which was part of the conspiracy, was crushed by the Habsburgs in 1670.
after 1671
Kuruc Movement
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after 1671
Many noble, burgher and preacher fled to the Principality of Transylvania and the territory under Turkish occupation from the reprisals after the exposure of the anti-Habsburg Wesselényi-conspiracy and from the violent Counter-Reformation. They were joined by dismissed Hungarian soldiers of the Turkish border forts, who were replaced by German mercenaries. They were called the fugitives (bujdosók). They started an armed movement against the Habsburg rule. Because of the Turkish ban, the Principality of Transylvania could not openly support them. From 1677, the French supported their cause with money and Polish mercenaries. They achieved their first serious success when they temporarily occupied the mining towns of northern Hungary (now central Slovakia) under the command of Thököly lmre. He then became the sole leader of the movement. In 1679, the French made peace with Emperor Leopold I and withdrew their support for the fugitives. Between 1678 and 1681 Thököly Imre led successful raids against the Habsburgs and their supporters in the territory of the Kingdom of Hungary. The insurgents were called kurucs.
1680
With the death of Báthory Zsófia, Munkács was inherited by her daughter-in-law Zrínyi Ilona, the widow of Rákóczi Ferenc I. She was the mother of Rákóczi Ferenc II.
1682
Thököly Imre, Prince of Upper Hungary
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1682
Thököly Imre, the leader of the kuruc insurgents, gained the support of the Turks. He launched a campaign against the Habsburgs in the Kingdom of Hungary. With the support of the Turkish army, he occupied the town of Kassa and also the important stronghold of Fülek. He was then recognized by the Turks as King of Hungary, but he chose the title of Prince of Upper Hungary.
June 15, 1682
Thököly Imre, the leader of the Hungarian insurgents, took control of Munkács Castle by marrying Zrínyi Ilona in the castle. He repaired the palisades and reinforced the castle.
1683
Turkish defeat at Vienna and the formation of the Holy League
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1683
The combined armies of the Habsburg Empire and the Kingdom of Poland defeated the Turkish army besieging Vienna. Emperor Leopold I wanted to make peace with the Turks, but was refused by Sultan Mehmed IV. In 1684, at the persistent urging of Pope Innocent XI, the Holy League, an alliance of the Kingdom of Poland, the Habsburg Empire, the Republic of Venice and the Papal States, was formed to expel the Turks from Hungary. Thököly Imre, who had allied himself with the Turks, was gradually driven out of northern Hungary.
1685
The Turkish captivity of Thököly Imre and the fall of the kuruc movement
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1685
The Pasha of Várad captured Thököly Imre as he was asking for Turkish help and offered him to Emperor Leopold I for peace. But the Imperial emissaries laughed at his face, because, having the upper hand, they no longer cared for Thököly. On the news of his capture, the town of Kassa and the kuruc strongholds surrendered to the Emperor one after the other. The Turks, seeing their fatal mistake, released Thököly the following year and tried to restore his authority, but his power was broken forever and the Hungarian insurgents no longer trusted the Turks. Most of the insurgents joined the imperial army and helped to liberate the rest of Hungary from the Turks.
November 1685
The imperial army of General Caprara reached the castle. In the absence of her husband, the defenders were led by Zrínyi Ilona. After seven months of fruitless siege, General Caprara withdrew in April 1686, but he took his revenge by plundering the town of Munkács.
November 1687
The imperial army Carpara returned to the castle. By this time it was the last Hungarian castle that had not yet fallen into imperial hands.
January 15, 1688
Zrínyi Ilona handed over the castle in exchange for the amnesty granted to the defenders. The emperor broke his word and put Zrínyi Ilona in a convent in Vienna, and took her son, Rákóczi Ferenc II, from her. The siege, which lasted for more than two years, was endured by the child Rákóczi Ferenc II with his mother and sister in the castle. Rákóczi later led the war of independence from Munkács for a long time.
1686
Recapture of Buda and the liberation of Hungary from the Turks
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1686
The army of the Holy League recaptured Buda from the Turks by siege. In 1687, the Imperial army invaded the Principality of Transylvania. The liberation was hindered by the French breaking their promise of peace in 1688 and attacking the Habsburg Empire. By 1699, when the Peace of Karlóca was signed, all of Hungary and Croatia had been liberated from the Ottoman Empire with the exception of Temesköz, the area bounded by the Maros, the Tisza and the Danube rivers. It was not until the Peace of Požarevac in 1718 that Temesköz was liberated from the Turks. However, the continuous war against the Turkish invaders and the Habsburg autocracy, which lasted for more than 150 years, wiped out large areas of the Hungarian population, which had previously made up 80% of the country's population, and was replaced by Vlachs (Romanians), Serbs and other Slavic settlers and Germans. The Habsburgs also favoured the settlement of these foreign peoples over the 'rebellious' Hungarians.
1703-1711
Hungarian War of Independence led by Prince Rákóczi Ferenc II
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1703-1711
After the expulsion of the Turks, the Habsburgs treated Hungary as a newly conquered province and did not respect its constitution. The serfs rose up against the Habsburg ruler because of the sufferings caused by the war and the heavy burdens, and they invited Rákóczi Ferenc II to lead them. Trusting in the help promised by King Louis XIV of France, he accepted. Rákóczi rallied the nobility to his side, and soon most of the country was under his control. The rebels were called the kurucs. In 1704, the French and the Bavarians were defeated at the Battle of Blenheim, depriving the Hungarians of their international allies. The Rusyn, Slovak and Vlach peasants and the Saxons of Szepes supported the fight for freedom, while the Serbs in the south and the Saxons in Transylvania served the Habsburgs. Due to lack of funds Rákóczi could not raise a strong regular army, and in 1710, Hungary was also hit by a severe plague. Rákóczi tried unsuccessfully to forge an alliance with Tsar Peter the Great of Russia. In his absence, without his knowledge, his commander-in-chief, Károlyi Sándor, accepted Emperor Joseph I's peace offer. The Peace of Szatmár formally restored the Hungarian constitution and religious freedom and granted amnesty, but did not ease the burden of serfdom. Rákóczi refused to accept the pardon and went into exile. He died in Rodosto, Turkey.
June 16, 1703
Rákóczi Ferenc II arrived in Munkács at the head of 3,000 infantry and 500 horsemen. He stayed in his family mansion, as the castle was in the hands of the imperials. The recently recruited army was defeated by the well-organized regiment of Montecuccoli on June 24, Rákóczi himself could barely escape.
February 16, 1704
The Imperial garrison surrendered Munkács Castle to the kuruc insurgents. Prince Rákóczi appointed Vay Ádám as its captain in chief, then ordered the French military engineer Brigadier Damoiseau to reconstruct it to a modern fortification. The fort consisted of a lower, a middle and an upper castle. Rákóczi also minted his coins in Munkács.
late February, 1711
Prince Rákóczi Ferenc II, before leaving for Poland, entrusted Sennyey István with the defence of Munkács, his family castle.
June 24, 1711
Sennyey István was the last to surrender, long after the Piece of Szatmár, to the Imperial commander-in-chief Pálffy János.
1728
The Habsburg emperor gave the lordship to the Schönborn family, who brought many German settlers to the neighborhood. The castle became a royal military warehouse.
1787
Emperor Joseph II turned the castle into a prison, which saved it from destruction.
1834
The castle burned down due to negligence. The fire lated for one week. Governor Léderer Ignác repaired the castle.
1848-1849
Hungarian Revolution and War of Independence
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1848-1849
Following the news of the Paris Revolution on 22 February 1848, the Hungarian liberal opposition led by Kossuth Lajos demanded the abolition of serfdom, the abolition of the tax exemption of the nobility, a parliament elected by the people, and an independent and accountable national government. The revolution that broke out in Pest on 15 March expressed its demands in 12 points, which, in addition to the above mentioned, included the freedom of the press, equality before the law, the release of the political prisoners and the union with Transylvania. A Hungarian government was formed, Batthyány Lajos became prime minister, and on 11 April Emperor Ferdinand V ratified the reform laws. On August 31 the Emperor demanded the repeal of the laws threatening with military intervention. In September the Emperor unleashed the army of Jelacic, Ban of Croatia, on Hungary, but they were defeated by the Hungarians in the Battle of Pákozd on 29 September. An open war began for the independence of Hungary. The Habsburgs incited the nationalities against the Hungarians. The Rusyns, the Slovenes and most of the Slovaks and Germans supported the cause persistently, but the Vlachs (Romanians) and the Serbians turned against the Hungarians. The glorious Spring Campaign in 1849 led by General Görgei Artúr liberated almost all of Hungary. On 1 May 1849, Emperor Franz Joseph, effectively admitting defeat, asked for the help of Tsar Nicholas I of Russia, who sent an intervention army of 200,000 soldiers against Hungary. The resistance became hopeless against the overwhelming enemy forces and on 13 August Görgei Artúr surrendered to the Russians at Világos. Bloody reprisals followed, and on 6 October 1849, 12 generals and a colonel of the Hungarian Revolution, the martyrs of Arad, were executed in Arad. On the same day, Batthyány Lajos, the first Hungarian Prime Minister, was executed by firing squad in Pest. The Habsburgs introduced total authoritarianism in Hungary, but they also failed to fulfil their promises to the nationalities that had betrayed the Hungarians.
1848-1849
The population of present-day Subcarpathia, including the Rusyn minority, fought on the side of the Hungarian War of Independence.
April 22, 1849
General Barko's Austrian army broke into Hungary from Galicia through the Pass of Verecke. The significantly smaller Hungarian army, consisting of mainly local Hungarian and Rusyn insurgents, under the command of Major Martini János forced the enemy to retreat at Podhering, that is now part of Munkács. An obelisk was erected in memory of the victory in 1901.
1849
After the fall of the Hungarian Revolution and War of Independence, revolutionaries were imprisoned in the castle.
1855
The castle became a civil prison, which was closed in 1896. The eastern and western wings of the upper courtyard were added one more story, and other transformations were also carried out during that period.
1867
Austro-Hungarian Compromise
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1867
The Habsburg Empire was weakened by the defeats it suffered in the implementation of Italian and German unity. The Hungarians wanted to return to the reform laws of 1848, but they did not have the strength to do so. Emperor Franz Joseph and the Hungarian opposition, led by Deák Ferenc, finally agreed to restructure the Empire and abolish absolutism. Hungary was given autonomy in its internal affairs, with its own government and parliament, which was essential for the development of its economy and culture. However, foreign and military affairs remained in the hands of the Habsburgs and served their aspiration for becoming a great power. The majority wanted Hungary's independence, but they were excluded from political power.
1896
A giant statue of a turul bird was erected on top of a 38 meters tall pyramid on the northern bastion of the castle commemmorating the Millennium of Hungary. After the First World War, the invading Czech administration decided to demolish the statue, but it took them two months and 124 thousand crowns to accomplish this barbaric act. The bronze turul statue had been lying in the courtyard of the castle for two decades, when finally in 1945 the Soviet invaders cut it into pieces and melted it. Communist stars were cast from its body. The statue was restored in 2008 thanks to the American Hungarian businessman Pákh Imre, burn in Munkács.
1914-1918
World War I
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1914-1918
As part of the Austro-Hungarian Monarchy, Hungary took part in the war on the side of the Central Powers.
November 1918 - January 1919
The Czech, Romanian and Serbian occupation of Hungary
Little more...
November 1918 - January 1919
In Hungary, the freemasonic subversion brought the pro-Entente Károlyi Mihály to power. The new government, naively trusting the Entente powers, met all their demands and disbanded the Hungarian military, which rendered the country completely defenseless in the most dire need. Under French and Italian command, Czech, Romanian and Serbian troops invaded large parts of Hungary, where they immediately began the takeover. They fired Hungarian railway workers, officials and teachers, banned the use of the Hungarian language, abolished Hungarian education, and disposed of everything that reminded them of the country's Hungarian past. Hundreds of thousands of Hungarians were forced to leave their homeland, and the forcible assimilation of the remaining Hungarians was begun.
1919
The Czechoslovak army invaded the present-day Subcarpathia.
4 June 1920
Trianon Dictate
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4 June 1920
Hungary was forced to sign the Treaty of Trianon, although the country was not invited to the peace talks. Hungary lost two thirds of its territory that had belonged to it for more than 1000 years. One-third of the Hungarian population came under foreign rule. On the basis of the national principle, countries with a more mixed and less ethnically balanced composition than the former Hungary were created, such as Czechoslovakia and the Kingdom of Serbs, Croats and Slovenes (later Yugoslavia). For example, while 48% of the population of the territory ceded to Czechoslovakia was Slovak and 30% Hungarian, 54% of the population of the former Hungary was Hungarian and 10.6% Slovak. And in the territory that is now part of Serbia, the Hungarians outnumbered the Serbs. The part of the territory allocated to Romania from Hungary was larger than the remaining territory of Hungary, despite the fact that there were 10 million Hungarians and less than 3 million Romanians in the former Hungary. While Hungary used to have the most liberal nationality policy in Europe, the successor states had no respect at all for the national and cultural rights of the indigenous Hungarians and engaged in forced assimilation. The Trianon Dictate destroyed the organic economic unity of the region. Before the First World War, Hungary had a dynamic economy, more advanced than Spain's. After 1920, the successor states formed the so-called "Little Entente", putting Hungary under an economic blockade and sabotaging it on the international stage.
Source: varak.hu , Wikipedia, tti.btk.mta.hu - 1644–1645. Rákóczi György Habsburg-ellenes hadjáratai , karpatalja.ma - Legendák Kárpátalján: Munkács nevének eredete , www.elib.hu - Tabódy József: Munkács Multja és Jelene Magyarország történetében, Pest 1860 , lexikon.katolikus.hu , karpataljalap.net - A Korjatovics-rejtély , Szilágyi Sándor: A magyar nemzet története , kiszo.net - Korjatovics-emlékszoba nyílt a munkácsi várban , karpatinfo.net.ua - Korjatovics-szobor a munkácsi várban , Borovszky Samu: Magyarország vármegyéi és városai , Szilágyi Sándor: A magyar nemzet története , hirmagazin.sulinet.hu , arcanum.hu - Bánlaky József: A magyar nemzet hadtörténelme
Check out other castles in Subcarpathia (Ukraine) as well!
© OpenStreetMap contributors
{"item":"castle","set":{"castleId":110,"townId":49,"active":1,"name_LO":"\u0417\u0430\u043c\u043e\u043a \u041f\u0430\u043b\u0430\u043d\u043e\u043a","settlement_HU":"Munk\u00e1cs","settlement_LO":"\u041c\u0443\u043a\u0430\u0447\u0435\u0432\u043e (Mukachevo)","address":"Hrafa fon Shenborna St, 42","listorder":1,"gps_lat":"48.4313880000","gps_long":"22.6874970000","oldcounty":21,"country":3,"division":9,"cond":1,"entrance":1,"varaklink":"https:\/\/varak.hu\/latnivalo\/index\/1848-Munkacs-Var\/","homepage":"","openinghours":"","picture":"\u003Ca title=\u0022Ji\u0159\u00ed Bernard \/ CC BY-SA (https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by-sa\/3.0)\u0022 href=\u0022https:\/\/commons.wikimedia.org\/wiki\/File:Muka%C4%8Devo_-_panoramio_(1).jpg\u0022\u003E\u003Cimg width=\u0022512\u0022 alt=\u0022Muka\u010devo - panoramio (1)\u0022 src=\u0022https:\/\/upload.wikimedia.org\/wikipedia\/commons\/thumb\/c\/c6\/Muka%C4%8Devo_-_panoramio_%281%29.jpg\/512px-Muka%C4%8Devo_-_panoramio_%281%29.jpg\u0022\u003E\u003C\/a\u003E","picture_ref":"\u003Ca href=\u0022https:\/\/commons.wikimedia.org\/wiki\/File:Muka%C4%8Devo_-_panoramio_(1).jpg\u0022 title=\u0022via Wikimedia Commons\u0022\u003EJi\u0159\u00ed Bernard\u003C\/a\u003E \/ \u003Ca href=\u0022https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by-sa\/3.0\u0022\u003ECC BY-SA\u003C\/a\u003E","name":"Munk\u00e1cs Castle","georegion":"Latorca Valley","description":"","nameorigin":"","history":"#1|@895|The Hungarian tribes arrived in the Carpathian Basin through the Verecke Pass 60 kilometers north of the town. The present-day Subcarpathia was mostly uninhabited.@after 895|According to the legend the construction of the castle was ordered by Grand Prince \u00c1lmos, and it was named \u0022Munk\u00e1s\u0022 (meaning a work that is hard to do) in memory of the hard work of the crossing of the mountains. The first, possibly wooden, guard tower on the castle hill was likely built by Hungarians.According to the tradition, the leader of the Hungarians, \u00c1lmos, set up camp on the hill where the former Basilian monastery stands, while the high priest of Had\u00far camped on the hill where now the castle stands. At dawn \u00c1lmos saw smoke rising from the castle hill. He sent out horsemen to check whether it was an enemy beacon. When they returned, they told him that the high priest was presenting a sacrifice to the god of the Hungarians in order to give thanks for the safe passage through the Carpathians. He cut down a fat white stallion according to the antient custom. Prince \u00c1lmos himself appeared at the ritual, and he really liked the place. He asked the high priest to change campgrounds. The reluctant high priest was finally convinced by a beautiful white horse. \u00c1lmos immediately began building the castle. The army rested here for forty days, and during that time significant progress was made in the construction. Then the whole army moved on towards Ungv\u00e1r, leaving only the builders behind. Then the old \u00c1lmos handed over power to \u00c1rp\u00e1d. \u00c1rp\u00e1d was lifted on a shield according to an ancient custom and was elected leader. The builders of Munk\u00e1cs Castle caught up with the Hungarians at Szerencs. When they were asked about the progress of the construction, they said: \u0022God save our enemy from such a laborous (munk\u00e1s in Hungarian) place\u0022, since they could only bring the wood and stone up the rocky hill on their shoulders.@#3|@1064|King Salamon of Hungary gave Munk\u00e1cs to his cousin, Prince L\u00e1szl\u00f3. In 1063 Salamon gained power with the military intervention of the German emperor Henry IV. His cousins (G\u00e9za, L\u00e1szl\u00f3 and Lampert) fled to Poland. The brothers returned with the army provided by King Boles\u0142aw II, and Salamon retreated to Moson Castle. They finally reached agreement through the intercession of Bishop Dezs\u0151 of Gy\u0151r, according to which Salamon could keep the crown, but in return G\u00e9za became Duke (heir to the throne of Hungary), and his brothers also received estates commensurate with their rank.@1085|The former king Salamon broke into Hungary with his army of the Cuman Prince Kutesk, the lord of Moldavia, to seize the crown from King L\u00e1szl\u00f3 I. They advanced to Munk\u00e1cs, whose inhabitants were partly killed, partly fled, and the town was burned. King L\u00e1szl\u00f3 then defeated the Cuman army at Ungv\u00e1r and drove the enemy out of the country.@1138|The settlement was mentioned for the first time as Muncas. Its name is from the old Hungarian personal name Muncas, the origin of which is the noun 'munka', meaning work.@#5|@1241|The Mongol invaders completely destroyed Munk\u00e1cs. Afterwards King B\u00e9la IV of Hungary invited German settlers.@1263|The castle was mentioned for the first time. The royal lordship of Munk\u00e1cs, consisting mainly of impassable forests, was given by King B\u00e9la IV of Hungary as the dowry of his daughter, Konstancia.@#6|@early 14th century|The castle was controlled by the Hungarian oligarch Aba Am\u00e1d\u00e9 until 1311.@September 1311|The oligarch Aba Am\u00e1d\u00e9 wanted to take control of the town of Kassa. He arrived in town, where a mass brawl broke out. Aba Am\u00e1d\u00e9 was killed and his sons, J\u00e1nost and Demetert were imprisoned.@1311|After King Charles I of Hungary ruled in favor of Kassa, Aba's sons rose up against him and made an alliance with the most powerful oligarch Cs\u00e1k M\u00e1t\u00e9. The king defeated the united army of the oligarchs in the Battle of Rozgony near Kassa. Munk\u00e1cs was also taken back by the king. The castle and the estate was acquired by the royal family, the House of Anjou. Queen Elisabeth, the wife of King Charles I, owned it for a longer period. The area's first significant settlement started at that time.@1397|The town and its neighborhood was given as a fief by King Sigismund of Hungary to his cousin Theodor Koriatovich, who was an exiled prince from the Grand Principality of Lithuania. He was the head of the Ruthenian Podolia region of the Grand Principality before, so he brought many Ruthenians to settle in Munk\u00e1cs. King Sigismund received the sovereign rights of Podolia in exchange. It is likely that the first knight's castle of the European type was built on the castle hill in that period. The monastery of Munk\u00e1cs was also founded by Koriatovich and his wife Olga (Valha). After the death of Koriatovich, his wife Valha and his cousin Vasil managed the estate for a while, then it returned to the crown. Not long after King Sigismund gave the castle and the lordship to P\u00e1l\u00f3czi M\u00e1t\u00e9, who was also isp\u00e1n of Bereg County between 1419 and 1431.@May 1426|Treaty of Tata. The childless Despot of Serbia Stefan Lazarevi\u0107 (\u20201427) and his cousin and selected heir \u0110ura\u0111 Brankovi\u0107 made an agreement with King Sigismund of Hungary. Lazarevi\u0107 became a Hungarian aristocrat and Serbia became his hereditary dominion under the supremacy and protection of the Hungarian crown. Lazarevi\u0107 swore loyalty to the King of Hungary and promised to return 17 castles to Hungary (to which the Hungarian crown had an old right, including Belgrade and Golubac) and to aid Hungary with his military. In exchange Lazarevi\u0107 received large estates in Hungary, including Munk\u00e1cs. After the death of Lazarevi\u0107, King Sigismund took possession of Belgrade in October 1427 and Brankovi\u0107 inherited the Hungarian estates of Lazarevi\u0107. Hungary needed the castles for its defence system against the Ottoman Empire.@1441|In the succession war of Hungary King Ul\u00e1szl\u00f3 I had the upper hand and he confiscated the Hungarian estates of Brankovi\u0107, who was supporting the child King L\u00e1szl\u00f3 V of Habsburg and his mother Elisabeth. Munk\u00e1cs was given to Judge Royal P\u00e1l\u00f3czi L\u00e1szl\u00f3. Soon Brankovi\u0107 received pardon and regained a significant part of his estates.@1444|The succesfull Long Campaign of Hunyadi J\u00e1nos was concluded by the Treaty of Adrianople according to which Brankovi\u0107 recovered Northern Serbia from Sultan Murad II and Hunyadi J\u00e1nos took possession of the Hungarian estates of Brankovi\u0107, including Munk\u00e1cs.@#7|@1456|After the death of Hunyadi J\u00e1nos, his wife Szil\u00e1gyi Erzs\u00e9bet owned the estate.@1484|After the death of his his mother, Szil\u00e1gyi Erzs\u00e9bet, King Matthias of Hungary gave the huge Hunyadi estates to his son Corvin J\u00e1nos. After the death of his father, Corvin J\u00e1nos tried to take the throne, but was defeated in the battle of Csontmez\u0151.@1494|King Ul\u00e1szl\u00f3 II of Hungary took Munk\u00e1cs from Corvin J\u00e1nos and gave it to the treasurer Bishop Cs\u00e1ktornyai Ernuszt Zsigmond of P\u00e9cs.@1498|Munk\u00e1cs was acquired by Judge Royal Ving\u00e1rti Ger\u00e9b P\u00e9ter.@1504|After the death of Ving\u00e1rti Ger\u00e9b P\u00e9ter the estate was recovered by the crown.@1504|King Ul\u00e1szl\u00f3 II of Hungary pawned the lordship to B\u00e9lteki Dr\u00e1gffy Gy\u00f6rgy.@1505|King Ul\u00e1szl\u00f3 II of Hungary gave Munk\u00e1cs to his French wife, Princess Anne of Foix-Candale, but with the queen's early death Munk\u00e1cs returned to the crown.@1514|The country assembly of Hungary assigned the lordship of Munk\u00e1cs together with Di\u00f3sgy\u0151r to supply the royal court. Munk\u00e1cs transported wine and grease to Buda.@1522|King Louis II of Hungary gave Munk\u00e1cs Castle to his wife, Queen Mary of the House of Habsburg.@#8|@1529|King John I of Hungary gave the lordship of Munk\u00e1cs to B\u00e1thori Istv\u00e1n in exchange for the towns of Szatm\u00e1r and N\u00e9meti. B\u00e1thori Istv\u00e1n repaired the defences and renovated the upper castle.@1530|The ownership of the castle returned to King John I of Hungary, but B\u00fcdy Mih\u00e1ly became its real lord by the grace of Queen Mary.@#9|@1551|The widow of King John I, Queen Izabella was forced to resign from the throne on behalf of her child son John II and to leave for Poland by the imperial army of Ferdinand called into Transylvania by the child's guardian Fr\u00e1ter Gy\u00f6rgy.@1552|When Queen Isabella left for Poland, King Ferdinand gave Munk\u00e1cs and the lordship to Petrovics P\u00e9ter, ban of Temes, who was a relative of King John I and one of the guardians of the child John II. In his last will Petrovics left Munk\u00e1cs on John II.@1556|Queen Izabella returned and took back the power over eastern Hungary on behalf of his child son John II. With her death in 1559, John II took over the rule.@1567|Captain of Upper Hungary Swendi L\u00e1z\u00e1r besieged and captured Munk\u00e1cs Castle, which was repaired afterwards.@#10|@1570|According to the Treaty of Speyer, Ung, Bereg and Ugocsa counties came under control of the Kingdom of Hungary (Habsburg ruled part of Hungary), while M\u00e1ramaros County became part of Principality of Transylvania (the former kingdom of King John II of Hungary). As part of Bereg County, Munk\u00e1cs belonged to the Kingdom of Hungary.@1573|King Maximilian pawned Munk\u00e1cs to M\u00e1g\u00f3czy G\u00e1sp\u00e1r. His cousin Andr\u00e1s II inherited the estate after his death. His widow, Alaghy Bek\u00e9ny Judit, was married by R\u00e1k\u00f3czi Zsigmond, who became the guardian of the M\u00e1g\u00f3chy orphans, Ferenc and G\u00e1sp\u00e1r. R\u00e1k\u00f3czi Zsigmond obtained the pawn of the lordship of Munk\u00e1cs on October 20 1588. He settled down Vlach families to the uncultivated lands. He used his incomes to modernize the equipment of the castle.@1591|M\u00e1g\u00f3chy Ferenc was declared of full age, and because his mother also died, R\u00e1k\u00f3czi Zsigmond had to hand over Munk\u00e1cs Castle to him.@#12|@#13|@1605|Bocskai Istv\u00e1n captured the castle and controlled it until his death in 1606. Munk\u00e1cs was owned by the crown afterwards, but was still pawned by the Mag\u00f3chy family. M\u00e1g\u00f3chy Ferenc died in 1611. His widow, Dersffy Orsolya, was married by one of the lieutenants of Munk\u00e1cs Castle, Esterh\u00e1zy Mikl\u00f3s, which established the fortune of the Esterh\u00e1zy family raising them from the ranks of the gentry to that of the magnates.@#14|@#15|@September 1619|Munk\u00e1cs resisted the army of Prince Bethlen G\u00e1bor of Transylvania.@#16|@1621|According to the Peace of Nikolsburg Bereg County came under control of the Principality of Transylvania. Prince Bethlen G\u00e1bor received Munk\u00e1cs as his personal estate. Esterh\u00e1zy Mikl\u00f3s received Frakn\u00f3 Castle and its lordship (now Austria) in compensation, after King Matthias II handed over Munk\u00e1cs Castle to Prince Bethlen G\u00e1bor.@1629|Bethlen assigned Balling J\u00e1nos from Gelse captain of Munk\u00e1cs. Balling reconstructed and modernized the castle, which is commemorated by a marble plaque on the wall of the upper castle.@November 15, 1629|Prince Bethlen G\u00e1bor of Transylvania died. In his will he left the throne of Transylvania and most of his estates on his wife, Catherine of Brandenburg. She ruled under the guardianship of Governor Bethlen Istv\u00e1n. She wanted to secure power for herself with her lover, Cs\u00e1ky Istv\u00e1n, and other Catholic lords. In order to gain the consent of King Ferdinand II, she returned the 7 Hungarian counties acquired by Prince Bethlen G\u00e1bor in the Peace of Nikolsburg. The opposition was led by Bethlen Istv\u00e1n, who asked R\u00e1k\u00f3czi Gy\u00f6rgy I for help, as Katalin's armies threatened Transylvania. King Ferdinand II gave Munk\u00e1cs to Cs\u00e1ky Istv\u00e1n, who went to occupy it, but by the order of Governor Bethlen Istv\u00e1n, Captain Balling J\u00e1nos refused to hand over the castle.@1630|R\u00e1k\u00f3czi Gy\u00f6rgy I was elected Prince of Transylvania.@1631|Prince R\u00e1k\u00f3czi Gy\u00f6rgy I and his wife, Lor\u00e1nffy Zsuzsanna, took possession of Munk\u00e1cs Castle.@1633|King Ferdinand II made peace with Prince R\u00e1k\u00f3czi Gy\u00f6rgy I of Transylvania in L\u0151cse. The king gave Munk\u00e1cs to R\u00e1k\u00f3czi as his hereditary property in return for 200,000 forints. This was preceded by the Battle of L\u00fctzen in 1632, when the Swedes defeated the imperial army led by Wallenstein during the Thirty Years' War. To avoid the Principality of Transylvania entering the war, the emperor made peace with R\u00e1k\u00f3czi.@#17|@April 22, 1645|Prince R\u00e1k\u00f3czi Gy\u00f6rgy I made an alliance with King Louis XIV of France against the Habsburgs in Munk\u00e1cs during the Thirty Years' War.@#18|@1645|According to the Peace of Linz, Munk\u00e1cs came under control of the Principality of Transylvania until the death of Prince R\u00e1k\u00f3czi Gy\u00f6rgy I.@October 11, 1648|Prince R\u00e1k\u00f3czi Gy\u00f6rgy I of Transylvania died. After his death, his widow Lor\u00e1nttfy Zsuzsanna moved to Munk\u00e1cs and managed the extensive estates from here and from the castle of S\u00e1rospatak until her death in 1660.@January 1657|Prince R\u00e1k\u00f3czi Gy\u00f6rgy II of Transylvania launched a campaign against Poland in alliance with Carl X Gustaf of Sweden. His goal was to take the Polish crown and unite the Hungarian-Polish-Wallachian forces against the Turks. The campaign started successfully, the Prince even occupied Krak\u00f3w and Warsawa, but afterwards the King of Sweden let him down. The vengeful Poles led by Marshall Jerzy Lubomirski broke into northern Transylvania through the Verecke Pass. They burned defenceless villages, and destroyed churches and manor houses. Lor\u00e1ntffy Zsuzsanna retreated to Munk\u00e1cs Castle and was nearly captured. The Poles razed the town but they didn't dare to attack the castle. Soon Turkish and Tatar armies also attacked Transylvania as a retaliation for the Polish campaign, because it was previously forbidden by the Sultan. Munk\u00e1cs was burned by the Tatars. Lor\u00e1ntffy Zsuzsanna transform the castle into a modern fortress afterwards with the help of French military engineers. The castle gained its current structure at that time consisting of a lower, a middle and an upper part. The castle was inherited by Prince R\u00e1k\u00f3czi Gy\u00f6rgy II, and later by his widow, B\u00e1thory Zs\u00f3fia.@#19|@1670|R\u00e1k\u00f3czi Ferenc I remedied the grievances of Protestants oppressed by his Catholic mother, B\u00e1thory Zs\u00f3fia, and started the anti-Habsburg uprising in the town of Kassa. He set out to occupy Munk\u00e1cs, but from there his mother forced him to retreat with cannons. He then captured \u00d3nod and besieged Szatm\u00e1r and Tokaj. Then the emperor's open letter arrived that the conspiracy had been uncovered and its participants (Zr\u00ednyi and Frangep\u00e1n) were captured. The emperor called on those who wished to gain mercy to lay down their arms. R\u00e1k\u00f3czi ferenc I, who was left alone and without supporters, found refuge in his mother's castle in Munk\u00e1cs. B\u00e1thory Zs\u00f3fia could only save his son's life by paying a huge ransom of 400,000 forints, and German garrisons were placed in the castles of the R\u00e1k\u00f3czis.@#20|@#21|@1680|With the death of B\u00e1thory Zs\u00f3fia, Munk\u00e1cs was inherited by her daughter-in-law Zr\u00ednyi Ilona, the widow of R\u00e1k\u00f3czi Ferenc I. She was the mother of R\u00e1k\u00f3czi Ferenc II.@#22|@June 15, 1682|Th\u00f6k\u00f6ly Imre, the leader of the Hungarian insurgents, took control of Munk\u00e1cs Castle by marrying Zr\u00ednyi Ilona in the castle. He repaired the palisades and reinforced the castle.@#23|@#24|@November 1685|The imperial army of General Caprara reached the castle. In the absence of her husband, the defenders were led by Zr\u00ednyi Ilona. After seven months of fruitless siege, General Caprara withdrew in April 1686, but he took his revenge by plundering the town of Munk\u00e1cs.@November 1687|The imperial army Carpara returned to the castle. By this time it was the last Hungarian castle that had not yet fallen into imperial hands.@January 15, 1688|Zr\u00ednyi Ilona handed over the castle in exchange for the amnesty granted to the defenders. The emperor broke his word and put Zr\u00ednyi Ilona in a convent in Vienna, and took her son, R\u00e1k\u00f3czi Ferenc II, from her. The siege, which lasted for more than two years, was endured by the child R\u00e1k\u00f3czi Ferenc II with his mother and sister in the castle. R\u00e1k\u00f3czi later led the war of independence from Munk\u00e1cs for a long time.@#25|@#27|@June 16, 1703|R\u00e1k\u00f3czi Ferenc II arrived in Munk\u00e1cs at the head of 3,000 infantry and 500 horsemen. He stayed in his family mansion, as the castle was in the hands of the imperials. The recently recruited army was defeated by the well-organized regiment of Montecuccoli on June 24, R\u00e1k\u00f3czi himself could barely escape.@February 16, 1704|The Imperial garrison surrendered Munk\u00e1cs Castle to the kuruc insurgents. Prince R\u00e1k\u00f3czi appointed Vay \u00c1d\u00e1m as its captain in chief, then ordered the French military engineer Brigadier Damoiseau to reconstruct it to a modern fortification. The fort consisted of a lower, a middle and an upper castle. R\u00e1k\u00f3czi also minted his coins in Munk\u00e1cs.@late February, 1711|Prince R\u00e1k\u00f3czi Ferenc II, before leaving for Poland, entrusted Sennyey Istv\u00e1n with the defence of Munk\u00e1cs, his family castle.@June 24, 1711|Sennyey Istv\u00e1n was the last to surrender, long after the Piece of Szatm\u00e1r, to the Imperial commander-in-chief P\u00e1lffy J\u00e1nos.@1728|The Habsburg emperor gave the lordship to the Sch\u00f6nborn family, who brought many German settlers to the neighborhood. The castle became a royal military warehouse.@1787|Emperor Joseph II turned the castle into a prison, which saved it from destruction.@1834|The castle burned down due to negligence. The fire lated for one week. Governor L\u00e9derer Ign\u00e1c repaired the castle.@#28|@1848-1849|The population of present-day Subcarpathia, including the Rusyn minority, fought on the side of the Hungarian War of Independence.@April 22, 1849|General Barko's Austrian army broke into Hungary from Galicia through the Pass of Verecke. The significantly smaller Hungarian army, consisting of mainly local Hungarian and Rusyn insurgents, under the command of Major Martini J\u00e1nos forced the enemy to retreat at Podhering, that is now part of Munk\u00e1cs. An obelisk was erected in memory of the victory in 1901.@1849|After the fall of the Hungarian Revolution and War of Independence, revolutionaries were imprisoned in the castle.@1855|The castle became a civil prison, which was closed in 1896. The eastern and western wings of the upper courtyard were added one more story, and other transformations were also carried out during that period.@#30|@1896|A giant statue of a turul bird was erected on top of a 38 meters tall pyramid on the northern bastion of the castle commemmorating the Millennium of Hungary. After the First World War, the invading Czech administration decided to demolish the statue, but it took them two months and 124 thousand crowns to accomplish this barbaric act. The bronze turul statue had been lying in the courtyard of the castle for two decades, when finally in 1945 the Soviet invaders cut it into pieces and melted it. Communist stars were cast from its body. The statue was restored in 2008 thanks to the American Hungarian businessman P\u00e1kh Imre, burn in Munk\u00e1cs.@#31|@#32|@1919|The Czechoslovak army invaded the present-day Subcarpathia.@#36|&tti.btk.mta.hu - 1644\u20131645. R\u00e1k\u00f3czi Gy\u00f6rgy Habsburg-ellenes hadj\u00e1ratai|https:\/\/tti.btk.mta.hu\/terkepek\/1644-1645-rakoczi-gyorgy-habsburg-ellenes-hadjaratai\nkarpatalja.ma - Legend\u00e1k K\u00e1rp\u00e1talj\u00e1n: Munk\u00e1cs nev\u00e9nek eredete|https:\/\/karpatalja.ma\/sorozatok\/legendak-karpataljan\/legendak-karpataljan-munkacs-nevenek-eredete\/\nwww.elib.hu - Tab\u00f3dy J\u00f3zsef: Munk\u00e1cs Multja \u00e9s Jelene Magyarorsz\u00e1g t\u00f6rt\u00e9net\u00e9ben, Pest 1860|http:\/\/www.elib.hu\/19900\/19908\/19908.pdf\nlexikon.katolikus.hu|http:\/\/lexikon.katolikus.hu\/T\/tatai%20szerz%C5%91d%C3%A9s.html\nkarpataljalap.net - A Korjatovics-rejt\u00e9ly|https:\/\/karpataljalap.net\/2004\/03\/19\/korjatovics-rejtely\nSzil\u00e1gyi S\u00e1ndor: A magyar nemzet t\u00f6rt\u00e9nete| https:\/\/www.arcanum.hu\/hu\/online-kiadvanyok\/MagyarNemzetTortenete-a-magyar-nemzet-tortenete-9A23\/szilagyi-sandor-a-magyar-nemzet-tortenete-21F2\/\nkiszo.net - Korjatovics-eml\u00e9kszoba ny\u00edlt a munk\u00e1csi v\u00e1rban|https:\/\/kiszo.net\/2018\/10\/08\/korjatovics-emlekszoba-nyilt-a-munkacsi-varban\/\nkarpatinfo.net.ua - Korjatovics-szobor a munk\u00e1csi v\u00e1rban|https:\/\/www.karpatinfo.net.ua\/szobor-emlekmu\/korjatovics-szobor-munkacsi-varban\nBorovszky Samu: Magyarorsz\u00e1g v\u00e1rmegy\u00e9i \u00e9s v\u00e1rosai |https:\/\/www.arcanum.hu\/hu\/online-kiadvanyok\/Borovszky-borovszky-samu-magyarorszag-varmegyei-es-varosai-1\/temes-varmegye-19AF7\/temes-varmegye-tortenete-irta-szentklaray-jeno-dr-apatkanonok-1A1D5\/i-a-honfoglalastol-a-mohacsi-veszig-1A1D6\/5-a-hunyadiak-es-jagellok-kora-cimsor-1A306\/hunyadi-janos-1A309\/\nSzil\u00e1gyi S\u00e1ndor: A magyar nemzet t\u00f6rt\u00e9nete|https:\/\/www.arcanum.hu\/hu\/online-kiadvanyok\/MagyarNemzetTortenete-a-magyar-nemzet-tortenete-9A23\/szilagyi-sandor-a-magyar-nemzet-tortenete-21F2\/az-anjouk-kora-az-anjou-haz-es-orokosei-13011439-34BE\/az-anjouk-kora-34C9\/negyedik-konyv-magyarorszag-fenykora-375A\/iv-fejezet-a-torokok-fellepese-es-az-aldunai-fejedelemsegek-37B8\/?list=eyJmaWx0ZXJzIjogeyJNVSI6IFsiTkZPX0tPTllfTWFneWFyTmVtemV0VG9ydGVuZXRlXzlBMjMiXX0sICJxdWVyeSI6ICJib2dkXHUwMGUxbiJ9\nhirmagazin.sulinet.hu|https:\/\/hirmagazin.sulinet.hu\/oroksegtar\/data\/magyarorszagi_nemzetisegek\/altalanos\/a_rutenek\/pages\/006_teves_tanitasok_a_rutenek.htm"},"language":"en","region":"ukraine","regionid":3,"offer":[{"id":"101","settlement_HU":"Szuhabaranka","settlement_LO":"\u0411\u0440\u043e\u043d\u044c\u043a\u0430","gps_lat":"48.4105640000","gps_long":"23.2875710000","cond":"7","picture":"\u003Ca title=\u0022Stylenotes \/ Public domain\u0022 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