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Attractions along the Carpathians
Transylvania / Romania

Vajdahunyad

Hunedoara
Vajdahunyad
Hungarian:
Vajdahunyad
Romanian:
Hunedoara
German:
Eisenmarkt, Hunnedeng
Vajdahunyad
Carcea Daniel, CC BY-SA 3.0 RO, via Wikimedia Commons
Historical Hungarian county:
Hunyad
Country:
Romania
County:
Hunedoara
River:
Cserna, Zalasd
Altitude:
278 m
GPS coordinates:
45.754753, 22.89963
Google map:
Population
Population:
58k
Hungarian:
4.1%
Population in 1910
Total 4419
Hungarian 42.9%
German 8.26%
Vlach 44.96%
Coat of Arms
Coa Romania Town Vajdahunyad History
Madboy74, Public domain, via Wikimedia Commons

Already in the 11th century there was a hillfort here, which gave the name to Hunyad County. King Sigismund of Hungary donated the estate to the kenéz Vajk, son of Serbe, probably of Cuman origin. He named his family after the estate and was the father of Hunyadi János. The family then built the predecessor of the present stone castle as the centre of the estate. In the middle of the 15th century, while Hunyadi János was governor of Hungary, his wife, Szilágyi Erzsébet, lived in the castle. The castle underwent significant construction at this time, but even then it was more of a noble residence. It became the property of his son, King Matthias, who gave it to his illegitimate son, Corvin János. His widow, Frangepán Beatrix, inherited it from him, and her new husband George, Margrave of Brandenburg-Ansbach, handed it over to King Ferdinand I in 1531, from whom Bishop Czibak Imre of Várad seized it by siege on behalf of King John I. It was of little military significance during the Principality of Transylvania, but it successfully withstood the siege of Voivode Mihai Viteazul of Wallachia, who wreaked havoc on Transylvania, and was later rebuilt and strengthened by Prince Bethlen Gábor. In 1671, the estate became the property of Thököly Imre, the future Prince of Upper Hungary, from whom it was confiscated by Prince Apafi Mihály of Transylvania after his fall. During the 18th century, the manor was passed from Apafi's heirs to the treasury and used by the offices of the estate. At the beginning of the 19th century, Emperor Francis I visited it and ordered its restoration, but a fire caused by a lightning strike prevented it. After the Austro-Hungarian Compromise, the castle was restored in several stages and a replica was built in Budapest for the millennium celebrations. Iron and gold were mined near the settlement as early as the 15th century, but iron production really took off in the 19th century, and Vajdahunyad developed into an iron metallurgical centre. The iron and steel industry continued to define the town's image throughout the 20th century.

History
Sights
© OpenStreetMap contributors
895
Arrival of the Hungarians
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895
The alliance of the seven Hungarian tribes took possession of the then largely uninhabited Carpathian Basin. Until then, the sparse Slavic population of the north-western Carpathians had lived under Moravian rule for a few decades after the collapse of the Avar Khaganate in the early 9th century.
1000
Foundation of the Hungarian Kingdom
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1000
The Kingdom of Hungary was established with the coronation of King Stephen I. He converted the Hungarians to Christianity and created two archdioceses (Esztergom and Kalocsa) and ten dioceses. He divided Hungary into counties led by ispáns, who were appointed by the king.
11th century
The hillfort that gave its name to Hunyad County was standing on Saint Peter Hill (Szent Péter, Sânpetru) south of the castle. It was built during the reign of the House of Árpád. The name Hunyad probably comes from a personal name with the d affix. The Vajda prefix refers to the fact that it was the estate of the vajda of Transylvania. The Romanian name comes from the Hunyadvára (meaning Hunyad’s caste) form of the Hungarian name.
1241-1242
Mongol Invasion
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1241-1242
The hordes of the Mongol Empire invaded Hungary and almost completely destroyed it. One third to one half of the population was destroyed. The Mongols also suffered heavy losses in the battle of Muhi and they could not hunt down the king. After their withdrawal, King Béla IV reorganized Hungary. He allowed the feudal lords to build stone castles because they were able to successfully resist the nomadic Mongols. The vast majority of stone castles were built after this. The king called in German, Vlach (Romanian) and Slavic settlers to replace the destroyed population.
after 1241
The Hungarian and Saxon population was decimated by the Mongol invasion. King Béla IV of Hungary invited Vlach settlers to Transylvania in order to replenish the population. The Vlachs were shepherds from the Balkans, so first they occupied the pastures in the mountains and paid one-fiftieth of their flock as tax. Their leaders were called kenézs, and they were confirmed by the Hungarian king in their position. They borrowed the vajda office from the Hungarians, and it referred to the leader of several kenézs. It has to be distinguished from the office of the vajda of Transylvania, which was the old Hungarian office of the leader of Transylvania always appointed by the King of Hungary. This office was needed because of the geographical distance of Transylvania from the political centre of Hungary and it did not mean any kind of identity separate from Hungary. Vlach migration to Transylvania was continuous and they gradually switched to farming. Hungarian population was decimated during the 16th and 17th century by the constant war against Turkish and Habsburg invaders. After Hungary was reunited under Habsburg rule and the repopulation began, the emperors favoured foreigners over Hungarians, because they were constantly fighting to restore their country’s former independence. During the 18th century, many Hungarians also moved from Transylvania to the more fertile land of the Great Plain, formerly inhabited by Hungarians, but left desolate by the war. Masses of Vlach migrants arrived to Transylvania in their place and soon they became the majority.
1267
István, the son of King Béla IV of Hungary, retreated to the castle of Feketehalom after the battle fought against his father at Déva, and ordered the castellan of Hunyad Castle to recruit soldiers and hurry to liberate Feketehalom besieged by the army led by Lőrinc son of Kemény. It is not certain that this referred to the hillfort of Hunyad or the stone castle already existed.
1301
The extinction of the House of Árpád
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1301
The House of Árpád, the first Hungarian royal dynasty, died out with the death of King Andrew III. Hungary was ruled by oligarchs, the most powerful of whom was Csák Máté, whose main ally was the Aba family. King Charles I (1308-1342), supported by the Pope, eventually emerged as the most prominent of the contenders for the Hungarian throne. But it took decades to break the power of the oligarchs.
1307
It was the seat of an archdeaconry.
after 1330
According to a theory, King Charles I of Hungary ordered the construction of the stone castles of Hunyad and Hátszeg after his unsuccessful campaign against Wallachia, in order to protect the borders of Hungary, because Déva Castle to the north lay too far from the border.
October 18, 1409
King Sigismund of Hungary donated the estate to kenéz Vajk (Woyk) son of Serbe, the father of Hunyadi János. This estate gave the family its name. After that, the precursor of the present day castle was built by the Hunyadi family as the centre for their estate. An extensive, but scarcely populated estate belonged to the castle, which didn’t generate much income. Romanians spread that Vajk was Vlach, but in fact his origin is unknown. It is also known, that he was a kenéz, a leader, and the leading class of the Vlachs (the nobility of Wallachia) was of Cuman origin at that time. His name also is of Turk origin. Cumans later assimilated to the Vlach majority of Wallachia, just like the originally Turk Bulgars assimilated to the Slavic majority.
February 10, 1410
King Sigismund issued the permanent letter of donation, in which Vajk was already called Hunyadi. Many say that the castle did not exist yet at that time based on the fact, that it was not mentioned in the document.
1415
The settlement was mentioned as an oppidum (a serf town with some privileges).
15th century
Iron and gold was already mined here.
1446-1453
Hunyadi János was the governor of Hungary. During this period, his wife, Szilágyi Erzsébet, lived in the castle. The castle was transformed and expanded around that time.
1445
The settlement was mentioned as a town.
1448
Franciscan monks settled in Vajdahunyad.
after 1453
Szilágyi Erzsébet, the wife of Hunyadi János and mother of King Matthias, inherited the estate.
1456
Siege of Nándorfehérvár (Belgrade)
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1456
The Turkish army of Sultan Mehmed II, the conqueror of Constantinople, besieged the castle of Nándorfehérvár (Belgrade), which was the southern gateway to Hungary. But the Hungarian army, led by Hunyadi János, won a decisive victory over the twice to three times larger Turkish army. The Pope had earlier ordered that church bells should be rung every noon to pray for the victory of the defenders. Hunyadi János died of plague in the camp after the battle.
1457
Hunyadi Mátyás (later King Matthias) gave permission to his Orthodox serfs to build a stone church in the town.
1458
Hunyadi Mátyás was elected King of Hungary as King Matthias.
1482
Corvin János, the illegitimate son of King Matthias, received the castle.
1490
King Matthias died.
1494
Corvin János pawned the castle to Kinizsi Pál and his wife, Magyar Benigna.
1496
Bishop Bakócz Tamás of Eger acquired the pawn, but he could not take the castle into his possession.
1504
Corvin János died.
1505
The only son of Corvin János, the child Kristóf, died. He was the last male member of the family.
1508
Erzsébet, the daughter of Corvin János also died. The castle was inherited by the widow of Corvin János, Frangepán Beatrix.
1508
Bishop Bakócz Tamás tried to take the castle into his possession, but Castellan Nagy György and his hussars drove away the chapter of Transylvania and the men of the vajda of Transylvania coming to the official registration. After that, King Ulászló II of Hungary issued a letter of donation for the castle to Frangepán Beatrix.
1509
Frangepán Beatrix married George, Margrave of Brandenburg-Ansbach, the nephew of King Ulászló II.
1510
After the death of Frangepán Beatrix, George, Margrave of Brandenburg-Ansbach, inherited the Hunyadi estates.
1526
Battle of Mohács and the splitting of Hungary into two parts
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1526
Sultan Suleiman I launched a war against Vienna, instigated by the French. Ferdinand I, Duke of Austria, was the brother-in-law of King Louis II of Hungary. The army of the Ottoman Empire defeated the much smaller Hungarian army at Mohács, and King Louis II died in the battle. A group of the barons elected Ferdinand I of the House of Habsburg to the throne, who promised to defend Hungary from the Turks. He was the younger brother of the most powerful European monarch Emperor Charles V. But the nobility chose the most powerful Hungarian baron, Szapolyai János, who was also crowned as King John I. The country was split in two and a decades-long struggle for power began.
1528
A fire devastated the castle.
17 September 1531
George, Margrave of Brandenburg-Ansbach, handed the castle over to King Ferdinand I. He was a supporter of Ferdinand against King John I.
June 1534
Bishop Czibak Imre of Várad captured the castle on behalf of King John I by siege. Czibak Imre was assassinated by Lodovico Gritti's men later that year.
1536
King John I of Hungary donated it to Török Bálint of Enying.
1541
The Turkish occupation of the capital, Buda, and the division of Hungary into three parts
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1541
The Turks conquered Buda, the capital of Hungary, after the death of King John I. The central part of the country was under Turkish rule for 150 years. The western and northern parts (including present-day Slovakia) formed the Kingdom of Hungary ruled by the Habsburg emperors. The eastern parts (now mainly under Romanian rule) were ruled by the successors of King John I of Hungary, who later established the Principality of Transylvania.
1557
Török János had his adulterous wife, Kendi Anna, beheaded in the castle courtyard.
1570
The establishment of the Principality of Transylvania
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1570
John II (John Sigismund), the son of King John I of Hungary, renounced the title of King of Hungary in favor of King Maximilian of the House of Habsburg, and henceforth held the title of Prince. This formally created the Principality of Transylvania, which was the eastern half of Hungary not ruled by the Habsburgs and was also a vassal of the Ottoman Empire. John II died in 1571, after which the three nations of Transylvania (the Hungarian nobility, the Székelys and the Saxons) elected the prince.
1591-1606
Fifteen Years' War
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1591-1606
The Ottoman Empire started a war against the Habsburg Empire. The war was waged in the territory of Hungary. The Turks defeated the combined armies of the Habsburg Empire and the Principality of Transylvania in the battle of Mezőkeresztes in 1596, but their victory was not decisive. The war devastated the Principality of Transylvania, which was occupied by the Habsburg army, and General Basta introduced a reign of terror.
1601
Voivode Mihai Viteazul of Wallachia besieged the castle unsuccessfully, but the roofs of the castle buildings were burned.
1604-1606
Uprising of Bocskai István
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1604-1606
The alliance of the Habsburgs and the Principality of Transylvania was defeated by the Ottoman Empire in the Fifteen Years' War. The war devastated Transylvania, which was occupied by the Habsburg imperial army, and General Basta introduced a reign of terror. The nobility and the burghers were upset about the terror, the plundering mercenaries and the violent Counter-Reformation. Bocskai István decided to lead their uprising after the Habsburg emperor tried to confiscate his estates. Bocskai also rallied the hajdú warriors to his side. He was elected Prince of Transylvania and soon liberated the Kingdom of Hungary from the Habsburgs. In 1605 Bocskai István was crowned King of Hungary with the crown he received from the Turks.
23 June 1606
Peace of Vienna
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23 June 1606
Bocski István made peace with Emperor Rudolf. Their agreement secured the constitutional rights of the Estates of Hungary, and the freedom of religion. The counties of Szatmár, Bereg and Ugocsa were annexed to the Principality of Transylvania. Bocskai died of illness in the same year, leaving to his successors the idea of unifying Hungary from Transylvania.
1618
The castle was acquired by the Bethlens of Iktár. Prince Bethlen Gábor of Transylvania transformed the castle and reinforced it with outer defences, then gave it to his nephew, Bethlen István, in 1622 together with the estate. After the death of Bethlen István in 1632, his wife, Széchy Mária, lived in the castle for a short time.
1619
Prince Bethlen Gábor of Transylvania confirmed the establishment of the furrier’s guild. The tailor’s guild was formed in 1627, followed by the tanners and bootmakers in 1635, and the weavers in 1676.
1619
The campaign of Prince Bethlen Gábor of Transylvania in the Thirty Years' War
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1619
At the beginning of the Thirty Years' War (1618-1648), Prince Bethlen Gábor of Transylvania went to war against the Habsburg emperor as an ally of the rebelling Czech-Moravian-Austrian estates. The whole Kingdom of Hungary joined him, only the Austrian defenders of Pozsony had to be put to the sword. With his allies, he laid siege to Vienna. However, he was forced to abandon the siege because the Habsburg-loyal Hungarian aristocrat Homonnai Drugeth György attacked his heartland with Polish mercenaries. On 25 August 1620, the Diet of Besztercebánya elected Bethlen Gábor King of Hungary as vassal of the Turks. He continued to fight after the defeat of the Czechs at White Mountain on 8 November 1620, but without real chance to achieve decisive victory, he decided to come to an agreement with Emperor Ferdinand II.
31 December 1621
Peace of Nikolsburg
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31 December 1621
Prince Bethlen Gábor of Transylvania made peace with Emperor Ferdinand II. Their agreement secured the constitutional rights of the Estates of Hungary, and later it was supplemented with the freedom of religion. Bethlen renounced the title of King of Hungary in exchange for seven counties of the Upper Tisza region (Szabolcs, Szatmár, Bereg, Ugocsa, Zemplén, Borsod, Abaúj) for the rest of his life, other estates in Hungary as his private property and the imperial title of Duke of Oppeln and Ratibor (Opole and Racibórz), one of the Duchies of Silesia. Prince Bethlen went to war against the Habsburgs in 1623 and 1626, but was unable to negotiate more favourable terms.
1634
The Vlach language Calvinist congregation was established.
1644
The owners of the castle, Bethlen Péter and his wife, Trencséni Illésházy Katalin, built a Calvinist church near the castle.
1644-1645
The campaign of Prince Rákóczi György I of Transylvania in the Thirty Years' War
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1644-1645
Prince Rákóczi György I of Transylvania allied with the Swedes and the French in the Thirty Years' War and went to war against the Habsburg Emperor Ferdinand III. On 18 July 1645 his army joined forces with Torstenson's Swedish army under Brno (Moravia). The excellent artillery of Transylvania opened fire on the city walls. However, Rákóczi had to give up the siege, having been informed that the Turks were planning a punitive campaign against Transylvania, because he went to war against the Sultan's prohibition.
16 December 1645
Peace of Linz
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16 December 1645
Prince Rákóczi György I of Transylvania made peace with Emperor Ferdinand III. It secured the freedom of religion for the Protestants and extended it also to the serfs. Rákóczi received the same seven Hungarian counties that Prince Bethlen Gábor had also held (Abauj, Zemplén, Borsod, Bereg, Ugocsa, Szabolcs, Szatmár) until his death, and the counties of Szabolcs and Szatmár were also to be inherited by his sons. The Rákóczi family also received several new estates.
1648
Bethlen Katalin, the wife of Zólyomi Dávid, acquired the castle.
1657
Prince Rákóczi György II of Transylvania launched a campaign for the crown of Poland in alliance with Carl X Gustaf of Sweden. His aim was to unite the Hungarian-Polish-Wallachian forces against the Turks. The campaign started successfully with the prince taking Kraków and Warsawa, but then the King of Sweden abandoned him. The vengeful Poles invaded northern Transylvania, burning defenceless villages, destroying churches and castles. Soon the punitive campaign of Turkish and Tatar armies devastated Transylvania, as the prince launched his Polish campaign against the Sultan's will.
1658
The Tartars ravaged and plundered throughout Transylvania and Grand Vizier Köprülü Mehmed captured Jenő Castle. The Estates of Transylvania sent Barcsay Ákos to the camp of the grand vizier to beg for mercy. In return, the Grand Vizier demanded that the annual tax be raised from 15 to 40 thousand forints (gold coins) and that Lugos and Karansebes be ceded. This was the price for the Turks to leave Transylvania. The grand vizier appointed Barcsay prince on 14 September.
1659–1660
After the Turks occupied Karánsebes, Serb and Vlach refugees settled in the town.
1664
Victory over the Turks at Szentgotthárd and the shameful Peace of Vasvár
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1664
The imperial army achieved a significant victory over the Turks at the battle of Szentgotthárd. Despite this, Emperor Leopold I concluded a 20-year peace treaty with the Turks at Vasvár on terms that made it look as if the Turks had won. This caused a huge outcry in Europe and among the Hungarian nobility, who expected the country to be liberated after the victory. The formerly Habsburg-loyal Catholic Hungarian barons began to plot against the Emperor with the leadership of Wesselényi Ferenc. In 1668, at the end of the Franco-Spanish War, King Louis XIV of France withdrew his support for the conspiracy, and the support of the Turks was not obtained.
1671
Exposure of the Wesselényi conspiracy
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1671
After the exposure of the anti-Hapsburg Wesselényi conspiracy, the main organisers, Zrínyi Péter, Nádasdy Ferenc and Frangepán Ferenc were executed. Wesselényi Ferenc died in 1667. The Croatian uprising, which was part of the conspiracy, was crushed by the Habsburgs in 1670.
1671
Thököly Imre acquired the estate and stayed here several times.
after 1671
Kuruc Movement
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after 1671
Many noble, burgher and preacher fled to the Principality of Transylvania and the territory under Turkish occupation from the reprisals after the exposure of the anti-Habsburg Wesselényi-conspiracy and from the violent Counter-Reformation. They were joined by dismissed Hungarian soldiers of the Turkish border forts, who were replaced by German mercenaries. They were called the fugitives (bujdosók). They started an armed movement against the Habsburg rule. Because of the Turkish ban, the Principality of Transylvania could not openly support them. From 1677, the French supported their cause with money and Polish mercenaries. They achieved their first serious success when they temporarily occupied the mining towns of northern Hungary (now central Slovakia) under the command of Thököly lmre. He then became the sole leader of the movement. In 1679, the French made peace with Emperor Leopold I and withdrew their support for the fugitives. Between 1678 and 1681 Thököly Imre led successful raids against the Habsburgs and their supporters in the territory of the Kingdom of Hungary. The insurgents were called kurucs.
1682
Thököly Imre, Prince of Upper Hungary
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1682
Thököly Imre, the leader of the kuruc insurgents, gained the support of the Turks. He launched a campaign against the Habsburgs in the Kingdom of Hungary. With the support of the Turkish army, he occupied the town of Kassa and also the important stronghold of Fülek. He was then recognized by the Turks as King of Hungary, but he chose the title of Prince of Upper Hungary.
1683
Turkish defeat at Vienna and the formation of the Holy League
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1683
The combined armies of the Habsburg Empire and the Kingdom of Poland defeated the Turkish army besieging Vienna. Emperor Leopold I wanted to make peace with the Turks, but was refused by Sultan Mehmed IV. In 1684, at the persistent urging of Pope Innocent XI, the Holy League, an alliance of the Kingdom of Poland, the Habsburg Empire, the Republic of Venice and the Papal States, was formed to expel the Turks from Hungary. Thököly Imre, who had allied himself with the Turks, was gradually driven out of northern Hungary.
1685
The Turkish captivity of Thököly Imre and the fall of the kuruc movement
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1685
The Pasha of Várad captured Thököly Imre as he was asking for Turkish help and offered him to Emperor Leopold I for peace. But the Imperial emissaries laughed at his face, because, having the upper hand, they no longer cared for Thököly. On the news of his capture, the town of Kassa and the kuruc strongholds surrendered to the Emperor one after the other. The Turks, seeing their fatal mistake, released Thököly the following year and tried to restore his authority, but his power was broken forever and the Hungarian insurgents no longer trusted the Turks. Most of the insurgents joined the imperial army and helped to liberate the rest of Hungary from the Turks.
1685
Prince Apafi Mihály of Transylvania confiscated the estate from Thököly Imre.
1686
Recapture of Buda and the liberation of Hungary from the Turks
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1686
The army of the Holy League recaptured Buda from the Turks by siege. In 1687, the Imperial army invaded the Principality of Transylvania. The liberation was hindered by the French breaking their promise of peace in 1688 and attacking the Habsburg Empire. By 1699, when the Peace of Karlóca was signed, all of Hungary and Croatia had been liberated from the Ottoman Empire with the exception of Temesköz, the area bounded by the Maros, the Tisza and the Danube rivers. It was not until the Peace of Požarevac in 1718 that Temesköz was liberated from the Turks. However, the continuous war against the Turkish invaders and the Habsburg autocracy, which lasted for more than 150 years, wiped out large areas of the Hungarian population, which had previously made up 80% of the country's population, and was replaced by Vlachs (Romanians), Serbs and other Slavic settlers and Germans. The Habsburgs also favoured the settlement of these foreign peoples over the 'rebellious' Hungarians.
1690
Transylvania became part of the Kingdom of Hungary again, with internal autonomy and freedom of religion
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1690
According to the Diploma Leopoldinum issued by Emperor Leopold I, Transylvania became part of the Kingdom of Hungary again and Hungarian law remained in force. The three nations (the Hungarians, the Székelys – who are also Hungarians –, and the Saxons) administered its internal affairs with autonomy and the freedom of religion was also preserved. The incorporation of Transylvania into the Habsburg Empire was prevented by the temporary election of Thököly Imre as Prince of Transylvania in 1690 with Turkish help.
1703-1711
Hungarian War of Independence led by Prince Rákóczi Ferenc II
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1703-1711
After the expulsion of the Turks, the Habsburgs treated Hungary as a newly conquered province and did not respect its constitution. The serfs rose up against the Habsburg ruler because of the sufferings caused by the war and the heavy burdens, and they invited Rákóczi Ferenc II to lead them. Trusting in the help promised by King Louis XIV of France, he accepted. Rákóczi rallied the nobility to his side, and soon most of the country was under his control. The rebels were called the kurucs. In 1704, the French and the Bavarians were defeated at the Battle of Blenheim, depriving the Hungarians of their international allies. The Rusyn, Slovak and Vlach peasants and the Saxons of Szepes supported the fight for freedom, while the Serbs in the south and the Saxons in Transylvania served the Habsburgs. Due to lack of funds Rákóczi could not raise a strong regular army, and in 1710, Hungary was also hit by a severe plague. Rákóczi tried unsuccessfully to forge an alliance with Tsar Peter the Great of Russia. In his absence, without his knowledge, his commander-in-chief, Károlyi Sándor, accepted Emperor Joseph I's peace offer. The Peace of Szatmár formally restored the Hungarian constitution and religious freedom and granted amnesty, but did not ease the burden of serfdom. Rákóczi refused to accept the pardon and went into exile. He died in Rodosto, Turkey.
1710
The Franciscans recovered their house that stood by the road leading to Rákosd. It regained its monastery status in 1725.
1731
Four country fairs were held in the town every year.
from 1714
Georg Steinhilbert leased the estate. There was already an ironworks in Csernabányán to the north on the Cserna stream in 1667. Steinhilbert built a second one in 1714 and a third one in 1727. It was operated directly by the Treasury from 1743. Modern iron production started in the middle of the 18th century, when the smelter of Toplica was built in its neighbourhood.
1724
The Treasury inherited the estate from Apafi Kata, the widow of Apafi Mihály II.
from 1725
The offices of the estate owned by the Treasury moved to the castle.
1784
The castle was last used for military purpose, when most of the nobility of Hunyad County found refuge here from the Vlach uprising of Horea. Here they successfully repelled the attacks of the Vlachs. The little town was an industrial centre of regional importance and the seat of one of the districts of Hunyad County. In 1784, Emperor Joseph II ordered an increase in the number of border guards. The Valch serfs in Transylvania were under the misapprehension that the conscription had been started, and began to gather en masse, as the military service was the only way for the Vlach migrants that overpopulated in the Transylvanian mountains to escape the misery. The leaders of the local administration, believing that they were being bypassed by the imperial court, tried to block the process. In addition, the Vlach Orthodox priests incited the Vlach population against the Hungarians, whom they hated, and fooled the Vlachs with the myth of their Daco-Roman origin. Horea spread the word that the emperor had appointed him as the leader of the Vlachs. The enraged Vlach peasants attacked the Hungarian and Saxon citizens and began a terrible ethnic cleansing, exterminating 133 mostly Hungarian settlements and murdering thousands of people. After the mob was crushed, two of their leaders, Horea and Cloșca, were executed by the wheel in Gyulafehérvár. The third leader, Crişan, cowardly committed suicide in the prison. There was no mass reprisal.
1760
The town became part of the newly created Military Frontier, but its inhabitants didn’t have to become soldiers.
1807
King Francis I of Hungary ordered the renovation of the castle during his visit, but the constructions were ended by a fire due to lightning strike in 1818.
between 1837 and 1840
Debreczeni Márton reorganized the iron production in the neighbourhood. Vajdahunyad became an important centre of iron metallurgy in the second half of the 19th century.
1848-1849
Hungarian Revolution and War of Independence
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1848-1849
Following the news of the Paris Revolution on 22 February 1848, the Hungarian liberal opposition led by Kossuth Lajos demanded the abolition of serfdom, the abolition of the tax exemption of the nobility, a parliament elected by the people, and an independent and accountable national government. The revolution that broke out in Pest on 15 March expressed its demands in 12 points, which, in addition to the above mentioned, included the freedom of the press, equality before the law, the release of the political prisoners and the union with Transylvania. A Hungarian government was formed, Batthyány Lajos became prime minister, and on 11 April Emperor Ferdinand V ratified the reform laws. On August 31 the Emperor demanded the repeal of the laws threatening with military intervention. In September the Emperor unleashed the army of Jelacic, Ban of Croatia, on Hungary, but they were defeated by the Hungarians in the Battle of Pákozd on 29 September. An open war began for the independence of Hungary. The Habsburgs incited the nationalities against the Hungarians. The Rusyns, the Slovenes and most of the Slovaks and Germans supported the cause persistently, but the Vlachs (Romanians) and the Serbians turned against the Hungarians. The glorious Spring Campaign in 1849 led by General Görgei Artúr liberated almost all of Hungary. On 1 May 1849, Emperor Franz Joseph, effectively admitting defeat, asked for the help of Tsar Nicholas I of Russia, who sent an intervention army of 200,000 soldiers against Hungary. The resistance became hopeless against the overwhelming enemy forces and on 13 August Görgei Artúr surrendered to the Russians at Világos. Bloody reprisals followed, and on 6 October 1849, 12 generals and a colonel of the Hungarian Revolution, the martyrs of Arad, were executed in Arad. On the same day, Batthyány Lajos, the first Hungarian Prime Minister, was executed by firing squad in Pest. The Habsburgs introduced total authoritarianism in Hungary, but they also failed to fulfil their promises to the nationalities that had betrayed the Hungarians.
1867
Austro-Hungarian Compromise
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1867
The Habsburg Empire was weakened by the defeats it suffered in the implementation of Italian and German unity. The Hungarians wanted to return to the reform laws of 1848, but they did not have the strength to do so. Emperor Franz Joseph and the Hungarian opposition, led by Deák Ferenc, finally agreed to restructure the Empire and abolish absolutism. Hungary was given autonomy in its internal affairs, with its own government and parliament, which was essential for the development of its economy and culture. However, foreign and military affairs remained in the hands of the Habsburgs and served their aspiration for becoming a great power. The majority wanted Hungary's independence, but they were excluded from political power.
1868
The doctor and university professor Arányi Lajos started a campaign to gather public donations for the renovation of the castle.
1870-1874
The architect Steindl Imre led the renovation of the castle in uniform Gothic style. He transformed the roofs to their present day form.
1884
The Vajdahunyad–Piski railway line was finished. The first large smelter was constructed the same year, which was followed by four more until 1903. The fourth smelter contracted in 1895 was the largest in Hungry with its 20 metres height.
1896
The replica of Vajdahunyad Castle was inaugurated in Budapest as part of the celebration commemorating the Millennium of Hungary. It was originally built from wood, but it was rebuilt from stone in 1908 due to its success.
1907-1913
The historically correct renovation of the castle was led by Möller István.
1914-1918
World War I
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1914-1918
As part of the Austro-Hungarian Monarchy, Hungary took part in the war on the side of the Central Powers.
1916
On 27 August, Romania declared war on the Austro-Hungarian Monarchy and launched an attack against Hungary. This triggered a huge wave of refugees from Transylvania, as the population feared a repeat of the Romanian ethnic cleansing of 1848-49. Austro-Hungarian and German forces drove the invaders out of the country by mid-October and occupied Bucharest on 6 December. Romania surrendered and signed a peace treaty with the central powers on 7 May 1918 (Treaty of Bucharest).
1918
On 3 November, the Austro-Hungarian Monarchy signed the Armistice of Padua. The already defeated Romania then declared war on Germany on 10 November, just one day before the Germans signed the armistice near Compiègne. The Romanians then launched an offensive against Hungary, which had already unconditionally ceased fighting at the demand of the Entente. Romania was only recognised by the Entente powers as one of the victors of WWI only later.
November 1918 - January 1919
The Czech, Romanian and Serbian occupation of Hungary
Little more...
November 1918 - January 1919
In Hungary, the freemasonic subversion brought the pro-Entente Károlyi Mihály to power. The new government, naively trusting the Entente powers, met all their demands and disbanded the Hungarian military, which rendered the country completely defenseless in the most dire need. Under French and Italian command, Czech, Romanian and Serbian troops invaded large parts of Hungary, where they immediately began the takeover. They fired Hungarian railway workers, officials and teachers, banned the use of the Hungarian language, abolished Hungarian education, and disposed of everything that reminded them of the country's Hungarian past. Hundreds of thousands of Hungarians were forced to leave their homeland, and the forcible assimilation of the remaining Hungarians was begun.
from 1918
By 1922, 197,000 Hungarians were forced to leave the Romanian-occupied part of the country. By 1939 a further 169,000 Hungarians had left Transylvania, mostly aristocrats, intellectuals and a significant number of farmers. Most of them moved to Hungary. Before the Romanian invasion, 1,662,000 Hungarians lived in Transylvania, 32 percent of the population.
4 June 1920
Trianon Dictate
Little more...
4 June 1920
Hungary was forced to sign the Treaty of Trianon, although the country was not invited to the peace talks. Hungary lost two thirds of its territory that had belonged to it for more than 1000 years. One-third of the Hungarian population came under foreign rule. On the basis of the national principle, countries with a more mixed and less ethnically balanced composition than the former Hungary were created, such as Czechoslovakia and the Kingdom of Serbs, Croats and Slovenes (later Yugoslavia). For example, while 48% of the population of the territory ceded to Czechoslovakia was Slovak and 30% Hungarian, 54% of the population of the former Hungary was Hungarian and 10.6% Slovak. And in the territory that is now part of Serbia, the Hungarians outnumbered the Serbs. The part of the territory allocated to Romania from Hungary was larger than the remaining territory of Hungary, despite the fact that there were 10 million Hungarians and less than 3 million Romanians in the former Hungary. While Hungary used to have the most liberal nationality policy in Europe, the successor states had no respect at all for the national and cultural rights of the indigenous Hungarians and engaged in forced assimilation. The Trianon Dictate destroyed the organic economic unity of the region. Before the First World War, Hungary had a dynamic economy, more advanced than Spain's. After 1920, the successor states formed the so-called "Little Entente", putting Hungary under an economic blockade and sabotaging it on the international stage.
between 1937 and 1940
The Siemens–Martin steelworks was constructed on 8500 m². After the Second World War, it became one of the largest centres of iron and steel metallurgy in Romania.
late 1950s
Thousands of migrants arrived from Wallachia and Moldova during the collectivization of the agricultural sector.
from the 1950s
800,000 Romanians were settled in Transylvania from Moldavia, but many also came from Wallachia. The aim was to Romanianize the still majorly Hungarian towns and to break up the ethnic Hungarian blocks. While previously there was a Romanian majority in only a few small towns, this has been reversed by now.
2002
7.2 million people lived in Transylvania, including 1.42 million Hungarians. There were 1.65 million Hungarians out of 5.2 million in 1910. The proportion of the Romanians increased from 53.78% to 74.69%, while the proportion of the Hungarians decreased from 31.64% to 19.6%. The proportion of the Germans dropped from 10.75% to below 1%. These changes were mainly the results of migration and the persecution of Hungarians and Saxons. Transylvania here refers to the entire territory that once belonged to Hungary, which is much larger than historical Transylvania.
Castles
Vajdahunyad Castle
Castelul Corvinilor
Vajdahunyad Castle
Carcea Daniel, CC BY-SA 3.0 RO, via Wikimedia Commons
Condition:
Renovated / Good
Entrance:
Entrance fee
Visit
Sights
All
Churches, religious buildings
Commerce, industry, hospitality
Town infrastructure
Memorials
Museums and Galleries
Churches, religious buildings
St. Nicholas Church
RO HD Biserica Sfantul Ierarh Nicolae din Hunedoara (8)
Țetcu Mircea Rareș, CC BY-SA 4.0, via Wikimedia Commons
Originally:
church
Currently:
church
Church:
Orthodox
Visit
St. Nicholas Church
History

The church's wooden tower, which gives the impression of a fortress, was built in 1458. In 1634 it belonged to the Reformed Church. It was rebuilt before 1654, and its interior painting from this period is the work of Constantine and Stan Caian. In 1827 it was enlarged and a Byzantine bell tower was added, which was not in accordance with the style of the building. The church preserves two 15th century icons of great artistic merit (St Nicholas and the Mother of God - Hodegetria), which were brought here from the destroyed monastery of Ploska in the second half of the 18th century. The iconostasis of 1654 is the oldest surviving complete iconostasis in Transylvania.

Assumption Roman Catholic Church
Biserica Romano-Catolică
RO HD Hunedoara Biserica romano-catolica (2)
Țetcu Mircea Rareș, CC BY-SA 4.0, via Wikimedia Commons
Originally:
church
Currently:
church
Church:
Roman Catholic
Visit
Assumption Roman Catholic Church
History

The church was built in 1910 and consecrated by Fetzer Antal, Bishop of Nagyvárad, on 26 May 1912.

Calvinist Church
Biserica Reformată
Reformed church Hunedoara
Oguszt, CC BY-SA 3.0, via Wikimedia Commons
Originally:
church
Currently:
church
Church:
Calvinist
Visit
Calvinist Church
History

The church was built in the early 17th century. Its Renaissance door frames date from 1644 and bear the family coat of arms of the patron couple, Bethlen Péter and Illésházi Kata.

Transfiguration of Our Lord Orthodox Church
Biserica Schimbarea la Față
Transfiguration orthodox church Hunedoara
Oguszt, CC BY-SA 3.0, via Wikimedia Commons
Originally:
church
Currently:
church
Church:
Orthodox
Visit
Transfiguration of Our Lord Orthodox Church
History

The church was built in the 19th century.

Saints Constantine and Helena Orthodox Cathedral
Catedrala Sfinții Împărați Constantin și Elena
RO HD Hunedoara Piata Libertatii (2)
Țetcu Mircea Rareș, CC BY-SA 4.0, via Wikimedia Commons
Originally:
church
Currently:
church
Church:
Orthodox
Visit
Saints Constantine and Helena Orthodox Cathedral
History

Built between 1939 and 1944.

Chapel of St. John of Nepomuk
Corvin Castle Hunedoara Romania Travel Photography (225889455)
Giuseppe Milo, CC BY 3.0, via Wikimedia Commons
Originally:
chapel
Currently:
chapel
Church:
Roman Catholic
Visit
Chapel of St. John of Nepomuk
History

St John of Nepomuk is the patron saint of those who travel on roads and water, so his statues are often placed on bridges. He was canonised in the 18th century and developed a significant cult during the Baroque period.

Commerce, industry, hospitality
Former Hungarian Royal Iron Foundry Administration
Steel plant building Hunedoara
Oguszt, CC BY-SA 3.0, via Wikimedia Commons
Originally:
factory
Currently:
abandoned
Visit
Former Hungarian Royal Iron Foundry Administration
History

Town infrastructure
History Archeology and Ethnography Museum
Muzeul de Arheologie Istorie și Etnografie Hunedoara
Castelul Huniazilor 42
LilianaWW, CC BY-SA 3.0 RO, via Wikimedia Commons
Originally:
castle / fortification
Currently:
museum
Note:
In the Huszár Courtyard of Vajdahunyad Castle.
Visit
History Archeology and Ethnography Museum
History

Guild House Museum
Muzeul Casa Breslelor
Castelul Huniazilor 42
LilianaWW, CC BY-SA 3.0 RO, via Wikimedia Commons
Originally:
castle / fortification
Currently:
museum
Note:
In the Huszár Courtyard of Vajdahunyad Castle.
Visit
Guild House Museum
History

Torture Exhibition
Expozitia De Tortura
Originally:
castle / fortification
Currently:
museum
Note:
In the Huszár Courtyard of Vajdahunyad Castle.
Visit
Torture Exhibition
History

Railway Station
Gara Hunedoara - panoramio
Daniel Șuteu, CC BY 3.0, via Wikimedia Commons
Originally:
railway station
Currently:
railway station
Visit
Railway Station
History

The station was built between 1951 and 1953, with a tower reminiscent of a Romanian wooden churches and a socialist realist fresco by Paul Miracovici in the waiting room.

Memorials
Bust of Petőfi Sándor
Originally:
statue / memorial / relief
Currently:
statue / memorial / relief
Note:
Directly next to the Calvinist church.
Visit
Bust of Petőfi Sándor
History

On 14 April 2002, the work of painter and sculptor Balázs Tibor from Vajdahunyad was inaugurated. The sculpture commemorates the fact that on 14 April 1849 at noon, Petőfi Sándor and General Bem József's Hungarian army stopped at Vajdahunyad for a few hours to visit the castle with the general staff. It was then that Petőfi wrote his poem "At Vajdahunyad".

Statue of Hunyadi János
Statuia lui Iancu de Hunedoara
Originally:
statue / memorial / relief
Currently:
statue / memorial / relief
Visit
Statue of Hunyadi János
History

The statue was set up on 11 August 2017.

Museums and Galleries
History Archeology and Ethnography Museum
Muzeul de Arheologie Istorie și Etnografie Hunedoara
Castelul Huniazilor 42
LilianaWW, CC BY-SA 3.0 RO, via Wikimedia Commons
Originally:
castle / fortification
Currently:
museum
Note:
In the Huszár Courtyard of Vajdahunyad Castle.
Visit
History Archeology and Ethnography Museum
History

Guild House Museum
Muzeul Casa Breslelor
Castelul Huniazilor 42
LilianaWW, CC BY-SA 3.0 RO, via Wikimedia Commons
Originally:
castle / fortification
Currently:
museum
Note:
In the Huszár Courtyard of Vajdahunyad Castle.
Visit
Guild House Museum
History

Torture Exhibition
Expozitia De Tortura
Originally:
castle / fortification
Currently:
museum
Note:
In the Huszár Courtyard of Vajdahunyad Castle.
Visit
Torture Exhibition
History

{"item":"town","set":{"mapcenter":{"lat":"45.7547530000","long":"22.8996300000"},"townlink":"vajdahunyad-hunedoara","town":{"townId":70,"active":1,"name_HU":"Vajdahunyad","name_LO":"Hunedoara","name_GE":"Eisenmarkt; Hunnedeng","name_LT":"","seolink":"vajdahunyad-hunedoara","listorder":33,"oldcounty":35,"country":4,"division":20,"altitude":"278","gps_lat":"45.7547530000","gps_long":"22.8996300000","population":58,"hungarian_2011":4.1,"population_1910":4419,"hungarian_1910":42.9,"german_1910":8.26,"slovak_1910":0,"romanian_1910":44.96,"rusin_1910":0,"serbian_1910":0,"croatian_1910":0,"slovenian_1910":0,"coatofarms":"","coatofarms_ref":"","picture":"\u003Ca title=\u0022Carcea Daniel, CC BY-SA 3.0 RO \u003Chttps:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by-sa\/3.0\/ro\/deed.en\u003E, via Wikimedia Commons\u0022 href=\u0022https:\/\/commons.wikimedia.org\/wiki\/File:Castelul_Corvinilor_HD.jpg\u0022\u003E\u003Cimg width=\u0022512\u0022 alt=\u0022Castelul Corvinilor HD\u0022 src=\u0022https:\/\/upload.wikimedia.org\/wikipedia\/commons\/thumb\/b\/b4\/Castelul_Corvinilor_HD.jpg\/512px-Castelul_Corvinilor_HD.jpg\u0022\u003E\u003C\/a\u003E","picture_ref":"\u003Ca href=\u0022https:\/\/commons.wikimedia.org\/wiki\/File:Castelul_Corvinilor_HD.jpg\u0022\u003ECarcea Daniel\u003C\/a\u003E, \u003Ca href=\u0022https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by-sa\/3.0\/ro\/deed.en\u0022\u003ECC BY-SA 3.0 RO\u003C\/a\u003E, via Wikimedia Commons","georegion":"Hunyad","river":"Cserna, Zalasd","description":"Already in the 11th century there was a hillfort here, which gave the name to Hunyad County. King Sigismund of Hungary donated the estate to the ken\u00e9z Vajk, son of Serbe, probably of Cuman origin. He named his family after the estate and was the father of Hunyadi J\u00e1nos. The family then built the predecessor of the present stone castle as the centre of the estate. In the middle of the 15th century, while Hunyadi J\u00e1nos was governor of Hungary, his wife, Szil\u00e1gyi Erzs\u00e9bet, lived in the castle. The castle underwent significant construction at this time, but even then it was more of a noble residence. It became the property of his son, King Matthias, who gave it to his illegitimate son, Corvin J\u00e1nos. His widow, Frangep\u00e1n Beatrix, inherited it from him, and her new husband George, Margrave of Brandenburg-Ansbach, handed it over to King Ferdinand I in 1531, from whom Bishop Czibak Imre of V\u00e1rad seized it by siege on behalf of King John I. It was of little military significance during the Principality of Transylvania, but it successfully withstood the siege of Voivode Mihai Viteazul of Wallachia, who wreaked havoc on Transylvania, and was later rebuilt and strengthened by Prince Bethlen G\u00e1bor. In 1671, the estate became the property of Th\u00f6k\u00f6ly Imre, the future Prince of Upper Hungary, from whom it was confiscated by Prince Apafi Mih\u00e1ly of Transylvania after his fall. During the 18th century, the manor was passed from Apafi's heirs to the treasury and used by the offices of the estate. At the beginning of the 19th century, Emperor Francis I visited it and ordered its restoration, but a fire caused by a lightning strike prevented it. After the Austro-Hungarian Compromise, the castle was restored in several stages and a replica was built in Budapest for the millennium celebrations. Iron and gold were mined near the settlement as early as the 15th century, but iron production really took off in the 19th century, and Vajdahunyad developed into an iron metallurgical centre. The iron and steel industry continued to define the town's image throughout the 20th century.","nameorigin":"","history":"#1|@#3|@11th century|The hillfort that gave its name to Hunyad County was standing on Saint Peter Hill (Szent P\u00e9ter, S\u00e2npetru) south of the castle. It was built during the reign of the House of \u00c1rp\u00e1d. The name Hunyad probably comes from a personal name with the d affix. The Vajda prefix refers to the fact that it was the estate of the vajda of Transylvania. The Romanian name comes from the Hunyadv\u00e1ra (meaning Hunyad\u2019s caste) form of the Hungarian name.@#5|@after 1241|The Hungarian and Saxon population was decimated by the Mongol invasion. King B\u00e9la IV of Hungary invited Vlach settlers to Transylvania in order to replenish the population. The Vlachs were shepherds from the Balkans, so first they occupied the pastures in the mountains and paid one-fiftieth of their flock as tax. Their leaders were called ken\u00e9zs, and they were confirmed by the Hungarian king in their position. They borrowed the vajda office from the Hungarians, and it referred to the leader of several ken\u00e9zs. It has to be distinguished from the office of the vajda of Transylvania, which was the old Hungarian office of the leader of Transylvania always appointed by the King of Hungary. This office was needed because of the geographical distance of Transylvania from the political centre of Hungary and it did not mean any kind of identity separate from Hungary. Vlach migration to Transylvania was continuous and they gradually switched to farming. Hungarian population was decimated during the 16th and 17th century by the constant war against Turkish and Habsburg invaders. After Hungary was reunited under Habsburg rule and the repopulation began, the emperors favoured foreigners over Hungarians, because they were constantly fighting to restore their country\u2019s former independence. During the 18th century, many Hungarians also moved from Transylvania to the more fertile land of the Great Plain, formerly inhabited by Hungarians, but left desolate by the war. Masses of Vlach migrants arrived to Transylvania in their place and soon they became the majority.@1267|Istv\u00e1n, the son of King B\u00e9la IV of Hungary, retreated to the castle of Feketehalom after the battle fought against his father at D\u00e9va, and ordered the castellan of Hunyad Castle to recruit soldiers and hurry to liberate Feketehalom besieged by the army led by L\u0151rinc son of Kem\u00e9ny. It is not certain that this referred to the hillfort of Hunyad or the stone castle already existed.@#6|@1307|It was the seat of an archdeaconry.@after 1330|According to a theory, King Charles I of Hungary ordered the construction of the stone castles of Hunyad and H\u00e1tszeg after his unsuccessful campaign against Wallachia, in order to protect the borders of Hungary, because D\u00e9va Castle to the north lay too far from the border.@October 18, 1409|King Sigismund of Hungary donated the estate to ken\u00e9z Vajk (Woyk) son of Serbe, the father of Hunyadi J\u00e1nos. This estate gave the family its name. After that, the precursor of the present day castle was built by the Hunyadi family as the centre for their estate. An extensive, but scarcely populated estate belonged to the castle, which didn\u2019t generate much income. Romanians spread that Vajk was Vlach, but in fact his origin is unknown. It is also known, that he was a ken\u00e9z, a leader, and the leading class of the Vlachs (the nobility of Wallachia) was of Cuman origin at that time. His name also is of Turk origin. Cumans later assimilated to the Vlach majority of Wallachia, just like the originally Turk Bulgars assimilated to the Slavic majority.@February 10, 1410|King Sigismund issued the permanent letter of donation, in which Vajk was already called Hunyadi. Many say that the castle did not exist yet at that time based on the fact, that it was not mentioned in the document.@1415|The settlement was mentioned as an oppidum (a serf town with some privileges).@15th century|Iron and gold was already mined here.@1446-1453|Hunyadi J\u00e1nos was the governor of Hungary. During this period, his wife, Szil\u00e1gyi Erzs\u00e9bet, lived in the castle. The castle was transformed and expanded around that time.@1445|The settlement was mentioned as a town.@1448|Franciscan monks settled in Vajdahunyad.@after 1453|Szil\u00e1gyi Erzs\u00e9bet, the wife of Hunyadi J\u00e1nos and mother of King Matthias, inherited the estate.@#7|@1457|Hunyadi M\u00e1ty\u00e1s (later King Matthias) gave permission to his Orthodox serfs to build a stone church in the town.@1458|Hunyadi M\u00e1ty\u00e1s was elected King of Hungary as King Matthias.@1482|Corvin J\u00e1nos, the illegitimate son of King Matthias, received the castle.@1490|King Matthias died.@1494|Corvin J\u00e1nos pawned the castle to Kinizsi P\u00e1l and his wife, Magyar Benigna.@1496|Bishop Bak\u00f3cz Tam\u00e1s of Eger acquired the pawn, but he could not take the castle into his possession.@1504|Corvin J\u00e1nos died.@1505|The only son of Corvin J\u00e1nos, the child Krist\u00f3f, died. He was the last male member of the family.@1508|Erzs\u00e9bet, the daughter of Corvin J\u00e1nos also died. The castle was inherited by the widow of Corvin J\u00e1nos, Frangep\u00e1n Beatrix.@1508|Bishop Bak\u00f3cz Tam\u00e1s tried to take the castle into his possession, but Castellan Nagy Gy\u00f6rgy and his hussars drove away the chapter of Transylvania and the men of the vajda of Transylvania coming to the official registration. After that, King Ul\u00e1szl\u00f3 II of Hungary issued a letter of donation for the castle to Frangep\u00e1n Beatrix.@1509|Frangep\u00e1n Beatrix married George, Margrave of Brandenburg-Ansbach, the nephew of King Ul\u00e1szl\u00f3 II.@1510|After the death of Frangep\u00e1n Beatrix, George, Margrave of Brandenburg-Ansbach, inherited the Hunyadi estates.@#8|@1528|A fire devastated the castle.@17 September 1531|George, Margrave of Brandenburg-Ansbach, handed the castle over to King Ferdinand I. He was a supporter of Ferdinand against King John I.@June 1534|Bishop Czibak Imre of V\u00e1rad captured the castle on behalf of King John I by siege. Czibak Imre was assassinated by Lodovico Gritti's men later that year.@1536|King John I of Hungary donated it to T\u00f6r\u00f6k B\u00e1lint of Enying.@#9|@1557|T\u00f6r\u00f6k J\u00e1nos had his adulterous wife, Kendi Anna, beheaded in the castle courtyard.@#10|@#12|@1601|Voivode Mihai Viteazul of Wallachia besieged the castle unsuccessfully, but the roofs of the castle buildings were burned.@#13|@#14|@1618|The castle was acquired by the Bethlens of Ikt\u00e1r. Prince Bethlen G\u00e1bor of Transylvania transformed the castle and reinforced it with outer defences, then gave it to his nephew, Bethlen Istv\u00e1n, in 1622 together with the estate. After the death of Bethlen Istv\u00e1n in 1632, his wife, Sz\u00e9chy M\u00e1ria, lived in the castle for a short time.@1619|Prince Bethlen G\u00e1bor of Transylvania confirmed the establishment of the furrier\u2019s guild. The tailor\u2019s guild was formed in 1627, followed by the tanners and bootmakers in 1635, and the weavers in 1676.@#15|@#16|@1634|The Vlach language Calvinist congregation was established.@1644|The owners of the castle, Bethlen P\u00e9ter and his wife, Trencs\u00e9ni Ill\u00e9sh\u00e1zy Katalin, built a Calvinist church near the castle.@#17|@#18|@1648|Bethlen Katalin, the wife of Z\u00f3lyomi D\u00e1vid, acquired the castle.@1657|Prince R\u00e1k\u00f3czi Gy\u00f6rgy II of Transylvania launched a campaign for the crown of Poland in alliance with Carl X Gustaf of Sweden. His aim was to unite the Hungarian-Polish-Wallachian forces against the Turks. The campaign started successfully with the prince taking Krak\u00f3w and Warsawa, but then the King of Sweden abandoned him. The vengeful Poles invaded northern Transylvania, burning defenceless villages, destroying churches and castles. Soon the punitive campaign of Turkish and Tatar armies devastated Transylvania, as the prince launched his Polish campaign against the Sultan's will.@1658|The Tartars ravaged and plundered throughout Transylvania and Grand Vizier K\u00f6pr\u00fcl\u00fc Mehmed captured Jen\u0151 Castle. The Estates of Transylvania sent Barcsay \u00c1kos to the camp of the grand vizier to beg for mercy. In return, the Grand Vizier demanded that the annual tax be raised from 15 to 40 thousand forints (gold coins) and that Lugos and Karansebes be ceded. This was the price for the Turks to leave Transylvania. The grand vizier appointed Barcsay prince on 14 September.@1659\u20131660|After the Turks occupied Kar\u00e1nsebes, Serb and Vlach refugees settled in the town.@#19|@#20|@1671|Th\u00f6k\u00f6ly Imre acquired the estate and stayed here several times.@#21|@#22|@#23|@#24|@1685|Prince Apafi Mih\u00e1ly of Transylvania confiscated the estate from Th\u00f6k\u00f6ly Imre.@#25|@#26|@#27|@1710|The Franciscans recovered their house that stood by the road leading to R\u00e1kosd. It regained its monastery status in 1725.@1731|Four country fairs were held in the town every year.@from 1714|Georg Steinhilbert leased the estate. There was already an ironworks in Csernab\u00e1ny\u00e1n to the north on the Cserna stream in 1667. Steinhilbert built a second one in 1714 and a third one in 1727. It was operated directly by the Treasury from 1743. Modern iron production started in the middle of the 18th century, when the smelter of Toplica was built in its neighbourhood.@1724|The Treasury inherited the estate from Apafi Kata, the widow of Apafi Mih\u00e1ly II.@from 1725|The offices of the estate owned by the Treasury moved to the castle.@1784|The castle was last used for military purpose, when most of the nobility of Hunyad County found refuge here from the Vlach uprising of Horea. Here they successfully repelled the attacks of the Vlachs. The little town was an industrial centre of regional importance and the seat of one of the districts of Hunyad County. In 1784, Emperor Joseph II ordered an increase in the number of border guards. The Valch serfs in Transylvania were under the misapprehension that the conscription had been started, and began to gather en masse, as the military service was the only way for the Vlach migrants that overpopulated in the Transylvanian mountains to escape the misery. The leaders of the local administration, believing that they were being bypassed by the imperial court, tried to block the process. In addition, the Vlach Orthodox priests incited the Vlach population against the Hungarians, whom they hated, and fooled the Vlachs with the myth of their Daco-Roman origin. Horea spread the word that the emperor had appointed him as the leader of the Vlachs. The enraged Vlach peasants attacked the Hungarian and Saxon citizens and began a terrible ethnic cleansing, exterminating 133 mostly Hungarian settlements and murdering thousands of people. After the mob was crushed, two of their leaders, Horea and Clo\u0219ca, were executed by the wheel in Gyulafeh\u00e9rv\u00e1r. The third leader, Cri\u015fan, cowardly committed suicide in the prison. There was no mass reprisal.@1760|The town became part of the newly created Military Frontier, but its inhabitants didn\u2019t have to become soldiers.@1807|King Francis I of Hungary ordered the renovation of the castle during his visit, but the constructions were ended by a fire due to lightning strike in 1818.@between 1837 and 1840|Debreczeni M\u00e1rton reorganized the iron production in the neighbourhood. Vajdahunyad became an important centre of iron metallurgy in the second half of the 19th century.@#28|@#30|@1868|The doctor and university professor Ar\u00e1nyi Lajos started a campaign to gather public donations for the renovation of the castle.@1870-1874|The architect Steindl Imre led the renovation of the castle in uniform Gothic style. He transformed the roofs to their present day form.@1884|The Vajdahunyad\u2013Piski railway line was finished. The first large smelter was constructed the same year, which was followed by four more until 1903. The fourth smelter contracted in 1895 was the largest in Hungry with its 20 metres height.@1896|The replica of Vajdahunyad Castle was inaugurated in Budapest as part of the celebration commemorating the Millennium of Hungary. It was originally built from wood, but it was rebuilt from stone in 1908 due to its success.@1907-1913|The historically correct renovation of the castle was led by M\u00f6ller Istv\u00e1n.@#31|@1916|On 27 August, Romania declared war on the Austro-Hungarian Monarchy and launched an attack against Hungary. This triggered a huge wave of refugees from Transylvania, as the population feared a repeat of the Romanian ethnic cleansing of 1848-49. Austro-Hungarian and German forces drove the invaders out of the country by mid-October and occupied Bucharest on 6 December. Romania surrendered and signed a peace treaty with the central powers on 7 May 1918 (Treaty of Bucharest).@1918|On 3 November, the Austro-Hungarian Monarchy signed the Armistice of Padua. The already defeated Romania then declared war on Germany on 10 November, just one day before the Germans signed the armistice near Compi\u00e8gne. The Romanians then launched an offensive against Hungary, which had already unconditionally ceased fighting at the demand of the Entente. Romania was only recognised by the Entente powers as one of the victors of WWI only later.@#32|@from 1918|By 1922, 197,000 Hungarians were forced to leave the Romanian-occupied part of the country. By 1939 a further 169,000 Hungarians had left Transylvania, mostly aristocrats, intellectuals and a significant number of farmers. Most of them moved to Hungary. Before the Romanian invasion, 1,662,000 Hungarians lived in Transylvania, 32 percent of the population.@#36|@between 1937 and 1940|The Siemens\u2013Martin steelworks was constructed on 8500 m\u00b2. After the Second World War, it became one of the largest centres of iron and steel metallurgy in Romania.@late 1950s|Thousands of migrants arrived from Wallachia and Moldova during the collectivization of the agricultural sector.@from the 1950s|800,000 Romanians were settled in Transylvania from Moldavia, but many also came from Wallachia. The aim was to Romanianize the still majorly Hungarian towns and to break up the ethnic Hungarian blocks. While previously there was a Romanian majority in only a few small towns, this has been reversed by now.@2002|7.2 million people lived in Transylvania, including 1.42 million Hungarians. There were 1.65 million Hungarians out of 5.2 million in 1910. The proportion of the Romanians increased from 53.78% to 74.69%, while the proportion of the Hungarians decreased from 31.64% to 19.6%. The proportion of the Germans dropped from 10.75% to below 1%. These changes were mainly the results of migration and the persecution of Hungarians and Saxons. Transylvania here refers to the entire territory that once belonged to Hungary, which is much larger than historical Transylvania.&studhist.blog.hu: Vajdahunyad v\u00e1ra \u00e9s a Hunyadi csal\u00e1d|https:\/\/studhist.blog.hu\/2017\/12\/19\/vajdahunyad_vara_es_a_hunyadi_csalad\nmaszol.ro|https:\/\/maszol.ro\/kultura\/122792-kincsesladank-erdely-buszke-vartornyok-es-bed-lt-kemenyek-varosa-vajdahunyad\nstudhist.blog.hu: Vajdahunyad v\u00e1ra \u00e9s Bethlen G\u00e1bor erd\u00e9lyi fejedelem|https:\/\/studhist.blog.hu\/2017\/12\/27\/vajdahunyad_vara_es_bethlen_gabor_erdelyi_fejedelem"},"castles":[{"castleId":145,"townId":70,"active":1,"name_LO":"Castelul Corvinilor","settlement_HU":"Vajdahunyad","settlement_LO":"Hunedoara","address":"Curtea Corvine\u0219tilor nr. 1-3","listorder":1,"gps_lat":"45.7491580000","gps_long":"22.8881390000","oldcounty":35,"country":4,"division":20,"cond":1,"entrance":1,"varaklink":"https:\/\/varak.hu\/latnivalo\/index\/1439-Vajdahunyad-Vajdahunyad-vara\/","homepage":"http:\/\/www.castelulcorvinilor.ro\/","openinghours":"http:\/\/www.castelulcorvinilor.ro\/info-vizitatori\/?lang=ro","picture":"\u003Ca title=\u0022Carcea Daniel, CC BY-SA 3.0 RO \u003Chttps:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by-sa\/3.0\/ro\/deed.en\u003E, via Wikimedia Commons\u0022 href=\u0022https:\/\/commons.wikimedia.org\/wiki\/File:Castelul_Corvinilor_HD.jpg\u0022\u003E\u003Cimg width=\u0022512\u0022 alt=\u0022Castelul Corvinilor HD\u0022 src=\u0022https:\/\/upload.wikimedia.org\/wikipedia\/commons\/thumb\/b\/b4\/Castelul_Corvinilor_HD.jpg\/512px-Castelul_Corvinilor_HD.jpg\u0022\u003E\u003C\/a\u003E","picture_ref":"\u003Ca href=\u0022https:\/\/commons.wikimedia.org\/wiki\/File:Castelul_Corvinilor_HD.jpg\u0022\u003ECarcea Daniel\u003C\/a\u003E, \u003Ca href=\u0022https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by-sa\/3.0\/ro\/deed.en\u0022\u003ECC BY-SA 3.0 RO\u003C\/a\u003E, via Wikimedia Commons","name":"Vajdahunyad Castle","seolink":"vajdahunyad-castle-castelul-corvinilor","georegion":"Hunyad","description":"","nameorigin":"","history":"#1|@#3|@11th century|King Stephen I established a royal county whose centre was the hillfort (\u00d3hunyad, Old Hunyad) on Saint Peter Hill (Szent P\u00e9ter, S\u00e2npetru) south of the present day castle. It was the military and political centre of the county led by the royal isp\u00e1n. The fort lost its significance after the Mongol invasion. The name Hunyad probably comes from a personal name with the d affix. The Vajda prefix refers to the fact that it was the estate of the vajda of Transylvania. The Romanian name comes from the Hunyadv\u00e1ra (meaning Hunyad\u2019s caste) form of the Hungarian name.@#5|@1267|Istv\u00e1n, the son of King B\u00e9la IV of Hungary, retreated to the castle of Feketehalom after the battle fought against his father at D\u00e9va, and ordered the castellan of Hunyad Castle to recruit soldiers and hurry to liberate Feketehalom besieged by the army led by L\u0151rinc son of Kem\u00e9ny. It is not certain that this referred to the hillfort of Hunyad or the stone castle already existed at this time.@#6|@14th century|The castle that is now known as Sebes Castle located in the historical Kolozs County was called Hunyad, therefore every document from the reign of the Anjou kings refer to that castle.@after 1330|According to a theory, King Charles I of Hungary ordered the construction of the stone castles of Hunyad and H\u00e1tszeg after his unsuccessful campaign against Wallachia, in order to protect the borders of Hungary, because D\u00e9va Castle to the north lay too far from the border.@October 18, 1409|King Sigismund of Hungary donated the estate to ken\u00e9z Vajk (Woyk) son of Serbe, the father of Hunyadi J\u00e1nos. Vajk fled to Transylvania from Wallachia. This estate gave the family its name. Romanians spread that Vajk was Vlach, but in fact his origin is unknown. It is also known, that he was a ken\u00e9z, a leader, and the leading class of the Vlachs (the nobility of Wallachia) was of Cuman origin at that time. His name also is of Turk origin. Cumans later assimilated to the Vlach majority of Wallachia, just like the originally Turk Bulgars assimilated to the Slavic majority. An extensive, but scarcely populated estate belonged to the castle, which didn\u2019t generate much income.@February 10, 1410|King Sigismund issued the permanent letter of donation, in which Vajk was already called Hunyadi. It is most likely the castle did not exist at that time based on the fact, that it was not mentioned in the document. The present day castle was probably built by Vajk's son Hunyadi J\u00e1nos as the centre of the estate.@1446|The castle was mentioned for the first time by written sources.@1446-1453|Hunyadi J\u00e1nos was the governor of Hungary. During this period, his wife, Szil\u00e1gyi Erzs\u00e9bet, lived in the castle. The castle was transformed and expanded around that time. The castle lay far from the battlefields of the Turkish wars at that time and was considered an aristocratic residence rather than a military fortress.@#7|@1482|King Matthias of Hungary gave the castle to his illegitimate son, Corvin J\u00e1nos, Prince of Lipt\u00f3, who was later forced to pawn it to Kinizsi P\u00e1l, the isp\u00e1n of Temes County.@1490|King Matthias died.@1494|Corvin J\u00e1nos pawned the castle to Kinizsi P\u00e1l and his wife, Magyar Benigna.@1496|Bishop Bak\u00f3cz Tam\u00e1s of Eger acquired the pawn, but he could not take the castle into his possession.@1504|Corvin J\u00e1nos died.@1505|The only son of Corvin J\u00e1nos, the child Krist\u00f3f, died. He was the last male member of the family.@1508|Erzs\u00e9bet, the daughter of Corvin J\u00e1nos also died. The castle was inherited by the widow of Corvin J\u00e1nos, Frangep\u00e1n Beatrix.@1508|Bishop Bak\u00f3cz Tam\u00e1s tried to take the castle into his possession, but Castellan Nagy Gy\u00f6rgy and his hussars drove away the chapter of Transylvania and the men of the vajda of Transylvania coming to the official registration. After that, King Ul\u00e1szl\u00f3 II of Hungary issued a letter of donation for the castle to Frangep\u00e1n Beatrix.@1509|Frangep\u00e1n Beatrix married George, Margrave of Brandenburg-Ansbach, the nephew of King Ul\u00e1szl\u00f3 II.@1510|After the death of Frangep\u00e1n Beatrix, George, Margrave of Brandenburg-Ansbach, inherited the Hunyadi estates.@#8|@1528|A fire devastated the castle.@17 September 1531|George, Margrave of Brandenburg-Ansbach, handed the castle over to King Ferdinand I. He was a supporter of Ferdinand against King John I.@June 1534|Bishop Czibak Imre of V\u00e1rad captured the castle on behalf of King John I by siege. Czibak Imre was assassinated by Lodovico Gritti's men later that year.@1536|King John I of Hungary donated it to T\u00f6r\u00f6k B\u00e1lint of Enying.@#9|@1557|T\u00f6r\u00f6k J\u00e1nos had his adulterous wife, Kendi Anna, beheaded in the castle courtyard.@#10|@#12|@1601|Mihai Viteazul, Voivode of the Wallachia, besieged the castle without any success, although he burnt the roofs of the castle buildings.@#13|@#14|@1618|The castle was acquired by the Bethlens of Ikt\u00e1r. Prince Bethlen G\u00e1bor of Transylvania transformed the castle and reinforced it with outer defences, then gave it to his nephew, Bethlen Istv\u00e1n, in 1622 together with the estate. After the death of Bethlen Istv\u00e1n in 1632, his wife, Sz\u00e9chy M\u00e1ria, lived in the castle for a short time.@#15|@#16|@#17|@#18|@1648|Bethlen Katalin, the wife of Z\u00f3lyomi D\u00e1vid, acquired the castle.@#19|@#20|@#21|@1671|Th\u00f6k\u00f6ly Imre acquired the estate and stayed here several times. The Th\u00f6k\u00f6ly family had estates in northern Hungary (now Slovakia) and made their fortune from the cattle trade.@#22|@#23|@#24|@1685|Prince Apafi Mih\u00e1ly of Transylvania confiscated the estate from Th\u00f6k\u00f6ly Imre, when Transylvania broke with the Turks after they lost power in Hungary. Apafi Mih\u00e1ly I left the estate to his son Mih\u00e1ly.@#25|@August 21, 1690|Th\u00f6k\u00f6ly Imre, the former leader of the anti-Habsburg Hungarian kuruc uprising, crossed the mountains with Turkish and Wallachian auxiliaries, attacked the imperial army of General Heisler from behind and defeated him.@September 21, 1690|The nobility of Transylvania joined Th\u00f6k\u00f6ly Imre and he was elected Prince of Transylvania in Szeben. Soon the combined armies of Castelli and Heisler pushed him out of Transylvania.@#26|@#27|@1724|The Treasury inherited the estate from Bethlen Kata, the widow of Apafi Mih\u00e1ly II.@from 1725|The offices of the estate owned by the Treasury moved to the castle.@1784|The castle was last used for military purpose, when most of the nobility of Hunyad County found refuge here from the Vlach uprising of Horea. Here they successfully repelled the attacks of the Vlachs. The little town was an industrial centre of regional importance and the seat of one of the districts of Hunyad County. In 1784, Emperor Joseph II ordered an increase in the number of border guards. The Valch serfs in Transylvania were under the misapprehension that the conscription had been started, and began to gather en masse, as the military service was the only way for the Vlach migrants that overpopulated in the Transylvanian mountains to escape the misery. The leaders of the local administration, believing that they were being bypassed by the imperial court, tried to block the process. In addition, the Vlach Orthodox priests incited the Vlach population against the Hungarians, whom they hated, and fooled the Vlachs with the myth of their Daco-Roman origin. Horea spread the word that the emperor had appointed him as the leader of the Vlachs. The enraged Vlach peasants attacked the Hungarian and Saxon citizens and began a terrible ethnic cleansing, exterminating 133 mostly Hungarian settlements and murdering thousands of people. After the mob was crushed, two of their leaders, Horea and Clo\u0219ca, were executed by the wheel in Gyulafeh\u00e9rv\u00e1r. The third leader, Cri\u015fan, cowardly committed suicide in the prison. There was no mass reprisal.@1807|King Francis I of Hungary ordered the renovation of the castle during his visit, but the constructions were ended by a fire due to lightning strike in 1818.@#28|@after 1849|After the suppression of the Hungarian War of Independence, offices operated within the centuries-old walls until 1854, when another fire destroyed the roofs of the buildings.@1868|The doctor and university professor Ar\u00e1nyi Lajos started a campaign to gather public donations for the renovation of the castle.@1870-1874|The architect Steindl Imre led the renovation of the castle in uniform Gothic style. He transformed the roofs to their present day form.@1896|The replica of Vajdahunyad Castle was inaugurated in Budapest as part of the celebration commemorating the Millennium of Hungary. It was originally built from wood, but it was rebuilt from stone in 1908 due to its success.@1907-1913|The historically correct renovation of the castle was led by M\u00f6ller Istv\u00e1n.&studhist.blog.hu: Vajdahunyad v\u00e1ra \u00e9s a Hunyadi csal\u00e1d|https:\/\/studhist.blog.hu\/2017\/12\/19\/vajdahunyad_vara_es_a_hunyadi_csalad\nmaszol.ro|https:\/\/maszol.ro\/kultura\/122792-kincsesladank-erdely-buszke-vartornyok-es-bed-lt-kemenyek-varosa-vajdahunyad\nstudhist.blog.hu: Vajdahunyad v\u00e1ra \u00e9s Bethlen G\u00e1bor erd\u00e9lyi fejedelem|https:\/\/studhist.blog.hu\/2017\/12\/27\/vajdahunyad_vara_es_bethlen_gabor_erdelyi_fejedelem"}],"sights":[{"sightId":1792,"townId":70,"active":1,"name_LO":"Biserica Romano-Catolic\u0103","address":"Strada Revolu\u021biei 5","mapdata":"1|1606|169","gps_lat":"45.7522327747","gps_long":"22.8985757571","religion":1,"oldtype":"1","newtype":"1","homepage":"https:\/\/ersekseg.ro\/hu\/templom\/649","openinghours":"","muemlekemlink":"","csemadoklink":"","picture":"\u003Ca title=\u0022\u021aetcu Mircea Rare\u0219, CC BY-SA 4.0 <https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by-sa\/4.0>, via Wikimedia Commons\u0022 href=\u0022https:\/\/commons.wikimedia.org\/wiki\/File:RO_HD_Hunedoara_Biserica_romano-catolica_(2).jpg\u0022\u003E\u003Cimg width=\u0022256\u0022 alt=\u0022RO HD Hunedoara Biserica romano-catolica (2)\u0022 src=\u0022https:\/\/upload.wikimedia.org\/wikipedia\/commons\/thumb\/6\/6f\/RO_HD_Hunedoara_Biserica_romano-catolica_%282%29.jpg\/256px-RO_HD_Hunedoara_Biserica_romano-catolica_%282%29.jpg\u0022\u003E\u003C\/a\u003E","picture_ref":"\u003Ca href=\u0022https:\/\/commons.wikimedia.org\/wiki\/File:RO_HD_Hunedoara_Biserica_romano-catolica_(2).jpg\u0022\u003E\u021aetcu Mircea Rare\u0219\u003C\/a\u003E, \u003Ca href=\u0022https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by-sa\/4.0\u0022\u003ECC BY-SA 4.0\u003C\/a\u003E, via Wikimedia Commons","name":"Assumption Roman Catholic Church","seolink":"assumption-roman-catholic-church","note":"","history":"The church was built in 1910 and consecrated by Fetzer Antal, Bishop of Nagyv\u00e1rad, on 26 May 1912."},{"sightId":1793,"townId":70,"active":1,"name_LO":"","address":"","mapdata":"1|370|559","gps_lat":"45.7499318739","gps_long":"22.8879279839","religion":1,"oldtype":"2","newtype":"2","homepage":"","openinghours":"","muemlekemlink":"https:\/\/www.muemlekem.hu\/hatareset\/Nepomuki-Szent-Janos-kapolna-Vajdahunyad-3123","csemadoklink":"","picture":"\u003Ca title=\u0022Giuseppe Milo, CC BY 3.0 <https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/3.0>, via Wikimedia Commons\u0022 href=\u0022https:\/\/commons.wikimedia.org\/wiki\/File:Corvin_Castle_Hunedoara_Romania_Travel_Photography_(225889455).jpeg\u0022\u003E\u003Cimg width=\u0022512\u0022 alt=\u0022Corvin Castle Hunedoara Romania Travel Photography (225889455)\u0022 src=\u0022https:\/\/upload.wikimedia.org\/wikipedia\/commons\/thumb\/b\/be\/Corvin_Castle_Hunedoara_Romania_Travel_Photography_%28225889455%29.jpeg\/512px-Corvin_Castle_Hunedoara_Romania_Travel_Photography_%28225889455%29.jpeg\u0022\u003E\u003C\/a\u003E","picture_ref":"\u003Ca href=\u0022https:\/\/commons.wikimedia.org\/wiki\/File:Corvin_Castle_Hunedoara_Romania_Travel_Photography_(225889455).jpeg\u0022\u003EGiuseppe Milo\u003C\/a\u003E, \u003Ca href=\u0022https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/3.0\u0022\u003ECC BY 3.0\u003C\/a\u003E, via Wikimedia Commons","name":"Chapel of St. John of Nepomuk","seolink":"chapel-of-st-john-of-nepomuk","note":"","history":"St John of Nepomuk is the patron saint of those who travel on roads and water, so his statues are often placed on bridges. He was canonised in the 18th century and developed a significant cult during the Baroque period."},{"sightId":1794,"townId":70,"active":1,"name_LO":"Biserica Reformat\u0103","address":"Strada Gabriel Bethlen","mapdata":"1|668|792","gps_lat":"45.7485163556","gps_long":"22.8905510897","religion":2,"oldtype":"1","newtype":"1","homepage":"","openinghours":"","muemlekemlink":"","csemadoklink":"","picture":"\u003Ca title=\u0022Oguszt, CC BY-SA 3.0 <https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by-sa\/3.0>, via Wikimedia Commons\u0022 href=\u0022https:\/\/commons.wikimedia.org\/wiki\/File:Reformed_church_Hunedoara.jpg\u0022\u003E\u003Cimg width=\u0022256\u0022 alt=\u0022Reformed church Hunedoara\u0022 src=\u0022https:\/\/upload.wikimedia.org\/wikipedia\/commons\/thumb\/3\/3a\/Reformed_church_Hunedoara.jpg\/256px-Reformed_church_Hunedoara.jpg\u0022\u003E\u003C\/a\u003E","picture_ref":"\u003Ca href=\u0022https:\/\/commons.wikimedia.org\/wiki\/File:Reformed_church_Hunedoara.jpg\u0022\u003EOguszt\u003C\/a\u003E, \u003Ca href=\u0022https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by-sa\/3.0\u0022\u003ECC BY-SA 3.0\u003C\/a\u003E, via Wikimedia Commons","name":"Calvinist Church","seolink":"calvinist-church","note":"","history":"The church was built in the early 17th century. Its Renaissance door frames date from 1644 and bear the family coat of arms of the patron couple, Bethlen P\u00e9ter and Ill\u00e9sh\u00e1zi Kata."},{"sightId":1795,"townId":70,"active":2,"name_LO":"","address":"Pia\u0163a Unirii","mapdata":"1|1241|1166","gps_lat":"45.7462219569","gps_long":"22.8954163892","religion":5,"oldtype":"1","newtype":"1","homepage":"","openinghours":"","muemlekemlink":"","csemadoklink":"","picture":"\u003Ca title=\u0022\u021aetcu Mircea Rare\u0219, CC BY-SA 4.0 \u003Chttps:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by-sa\/4.0\u003E, via Wikimedia Commons\u0022 href=\u0022https:\/\/commons.wikimedia.org\/wiki\/File:RO_HD_Biserica_Sfantul_Ierarh_Nicolae_din_Hunedoara_(8).jpg\u0022\u003E\u003Cimg width=\u0022512\u0022 alt=\u0022RO HD Biserica Sfantul Ierarh Nicolae din Hunedoara (8)\u0022 src=\u0022https:\/\/upload.wikimedia.org\/wikipedia\/commons\/thumb\/0\/00\/RO_HD_Biserica_Sfantul_Ierarh_Nicolae_din_Hunedoara_%288%29.jpg\/512px-RO_HD_Biserica_Sfantul_Ierarh_Nicolae_din_Hunedoara_%288%29.jpg\u0022\u003E\u003C\/a\u003E","picture_ref":"\u003Ca href=\u0022https:\/\/commons.wikimedia.org\/wiki\/File:RO_HD_Biserica_Sfantul_Ierarh_Nicolae_din_Hunedoara_(8).jpg\u0022\u003E\u021aetcu Mircea Rare\u0219\u003C\/a\u003E, \u003Ca href=\u0022https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by-sa\/4.0\u0022\u003ECC BY-SA 4.0\u003C\/a\u003E, via Wikimedia Commons","name":"St. Nicholas Church","seolink":"st-nicholas-church","note":"","history":"The church's wooden tower, which gives the impression of a fortress, was built in 1458. In 1634 it belonged to the Reformed Church. It was rebuilt before 1654, and its interior painting from this period is the work of Constantine and Stan Caian. In 1827 it was enlarged and a Byzantine bell tower was added, which was not in accordance with the style of the building. The church preserves two 15th century icons of great artistic merit (St Nicholas and the Mother of God - Hodegetria), which were brought here from the destroyed monastery of Ploska in the second half of the 18th century. The iconostasis of 1654 is the oldest surviving complete iconostasis in Transylvania."},{"sightId":1796,"townId":70,"active":1,"name_LO":"Biserica Schimbarea la Fa\u021b\u0103","address":"Strada Popa \u015eapc\u0103","mapdata":"1|1365|1006","gps_lat":"45.7472166058","gps_long":"22.8964043606","religion":5,"oldtype":"1","newtype":"1","homepage":"","openinghours":"","muemlekemlink":"","csemadoklink":"","picture":"\u003Ca title=\u0022Oguszt, CC BY-SA 3.0 <https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by-sa\/3.0>, via Wikimedia Commons\u0022 href=\u0022https:\/\/commons.wikimedia.org\/wiki\/File:Transfiguration_orthodox_church_Hunedoara.jpg\u0022\u003E\u003Cimg width=\u0022512\u0022 alt=\u0022Transfiguration orthodox church Hunedoara\u0022 src=\u0022https:\/\/upload.wikimedia.org\/wikipedia\/commons\/thumb\/a\/a5\/Transfiguration_orthodox_church_Hunedoara.jpg\/512px-Transfiguration_orthodox_church_Hunedoara.jpg\u0022\u003E\u003C\/a\u003E","picture_ref":"\u003Ca href=\u0022https:\/\/commons.wikimedia.org\/wiki\/File:Transfiguration_orthodox_church_Hunedoara.jpg\u0022\u003EOguszt\u003C\/a\u003E, \u003Ca href=\u0022https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by-sa\/3.0\u0022\u003ECC BY-SA 3.0\u003C\/a\u003E, via Wikimedia Commons","name":"Transfiguration of Our Lord Orthodox Church","seolink":"transfiguration-of-our-lord-orthodox-church","note":"","history":"The church was built in the 19th century."},{"sightId":1797,"townId":70,"active":1,"name_LO":"Catedrala Sfin\u021bii \u00cemp\u0103ra\u021bi Constantin \u0219i Elena","address":"Bulevardul Libert\u0103\u021bii","mapdata":"1|1310|257","gps_lat":"45.7516979604","gps_long":"22.8959478578","religion":5,"oldtype":"1","newtype":"1","homepage":"","openinghours":"","muemlekemlink":"","csemadoklink":"","picture":"\u003Ca title=\u0022\u021aetcu Mircea Rare\u0219, CC BY-SA 4.0 <https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by-sa\/4.0>, via Wikimedia Commons\u0022 href=\u0022https:\/\/commons.wikimedia.org\/wiki\/File:RO_HD_Hunedoara_Piata_Libertatii_(2).jpg\u0022\u003E\u003Cimg width=\u0022512\u0022 alt=\u0022RO HD Hunedoara Piata Libertatii (2)\u0022 src=\u0022https:\/\/upload.wikimedia.org\/wikipedia\/commons\/thumb\/f\/fd\/RO_HD_Hunedoara_Piata_Libertatii_%282%29.jpg\/512px-RO_HD_Hunedoara_Piata_Libertatii_%282%29.jpg\u0022\u003E\u003C\/a\u003E","picture_ref":"\u003Ca href=\u0022https:\/\/commons.wikimedia.org\/wiki\/File:RO_HD_Hunedoara_Piata_Libertatii_(2).jpg\u0022\u003E\u021aetcu Mircea Rare\u0219\u003C\/a\u003E, \u003Ca href=\u0022https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by-sa\/4.0\u0022\u003ECC BY-SA 4.0\u003C\/a\u003E, via Wikimedia Commons","name":"Saints Constantine and Helena Orthodox Cathedral","seolink":"saints-constantine-and-helena-orthodox-cathedral","note":"","history":"Built between 1939 and 1944."},{"sightId":1798,"townId":70,"active":1,"name_LO":"Muzeul de Arheologie Istorie \u0219i Etnografie Hunedoara","address":"Curtea Husarilor","mapdata":"1|373|416","gps_lat":"45.7507686179","gps_long":"22.8879376189","religion":0,"oldtype":"22","newtype":"98","homepage":"https:\/\/www.primariahunedoara.ro\/ro\/info-util\/servicii-publice\/muzeul-de-arheologie-istorie-si-etnografie-hunedoara","openinghours":"","muemlekemlink":"","csemadoklink":"","picture":"\u003Ca title=\u0022LilianaWW, CC BY-SA 3.0 RO <https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by-sa\/3.0\/ro\/deed.en>, via Wikimedia Commons\u0022 href=\u0022https:\/\/commons.wikimedia.org\/wiki\/File:Castelul_Huniazilor_42.JPG\u0022\u003E\u003Cimg width=\u0022512\u0022 alt=\u0022Castelul Huniazilor 42\u0022 src=\u0022https:\/\/upload.wikimedia.org\/wikipedia\/commons\/thumb\/9\/97\/Castelul_Huniazilor_42.JPG\/512px-Castelul_Huniazilor_42.JPG\u0022\u003E\u003C\/a\u003E","picture_ref":"\u003Ca href=\u0022https:\/\/commons.wikimedia.org\/wiki\/File:Castelul_Huniazilor_42.JPG\u0022\u003ELilianaWW\u003C\/a\u003E, \u003Ca href=\u0022https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by-sa\/3.0\/ro\/deed.en\u0022\u003ECC BY-SA 3.0 RO\u003C\/a\u003E, via Wikimedia Commons","name":"History Archeology and Ethnography Museum","seolink":"history-archeology-and-ethnography-museum","note":"In the Husz\u00e1r Courtyard of Vajdahunyad Castle.","history":""},{"sightId":1799,"townId":70,"active":1,"name_LO":"Muzeul Casa Breslelor","address":"Curtea Husarilor","mapdata":"1|432|407","gps_lat":"45.7508219583","gps_long":"22.8884821091","religion":0,"oldtype":"22","newtype":"98","homepage":"http:\/\/casabreslelor.ro\/en\/","openinghours":"","muemlekemlink":"","csemadoklink":"","picture":"\u003Ca title=\u0022LilianaWW, CC BY-SA 3.0 RO <https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by-sa\/3.0\/ro\/deed.en>, via Wikimedia Commons\u0022 href=\u0022https:\/\/commons.wikimedia.org\/wiki\/File:Castelul_Huniazilor_42.JPG\u0022\u003E\u003Cimg width=\u0022512\u0022 alt=\u0022Castelul Huniazilor 42\u0022 src=\u0022https:\/\/upload.wikimedia.org\/wikipedia\/commons\/thumb\/9\/97\/Castelul_Huniazilor_42.JPG\/512px-Castelul_Huniazilor_42.JPG\u0022\u003E\u003C\/a\u003E","picture_ref":"\u003Ca href=\u0022https:\/\/commons.wikimedia.org\/wiki\/File:Castelul_Huniazilor_42.JPG\u0022\u003ELilianaWW\u003C\/a\u003E, \u003Ca href=\u0022https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by-sa\/3.0\/ro\/deed.en\u0022\u003ECC BY-SA 3.0 RO\u003C\/a\u003E, via Wikimedia Commons","name":"Guild House Museum","seolink":"guild-house-museum","note":"In the Husz\u00e1r Courtyard of Vajdahunyad Castle.","history":""},{"sightId":1800,"townId":70,"active":1,"name_LO":"Expozitia De Tortura","address":"Curtea Husarilor","mapdata":"1|360|504","gps_lat":"45.7501930397","gps_long":"22.8878470686","religion":0,"oldtype":"22","newtype":"98","homepage":"","openinghours":"","muemlekemlink":"","csemadoklink":"","picture":"","picture_ref":"","name":"Torture Exhibition","seolink":"torture-exhibition","note":"In the Husz\u00e1r Courtyard of Vajdahunyad Castle.","history":""},{"sightId":1801,"townId":70,"active":1,"name_LO":"","address":"Strada Constantin Bursan","mapdata":"1|713|99","gps_lat":"45.7526541919","gps_long":"22.8910564068","religion":0,"oldtype":"111","newtype":"121","homepage":"","openinghours":"","muemlekemlink":"","csemadoklink":"","picture":"\u003Ca title=\u0022Oguszt, CC BY-SA 3.0 <https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by-sa\/3.0>, via Wikimedia Commons\u0022 href=\u0022https:\/\/commons.wikimedia.org\/wiki\/File:Steel_plant_building_Hunedoara.jpg\u0022\u003E\u003Cimg width=\u0022512\u0022 alt=\u0022Steel plant building Hunedoara\u0022 src=\u0022https:\/\/upload.wikimedia.org\/wikipedia\/commons\/thumb\/5\/56\/Steel_plant_building_Hunedoara.jpg\/512px-Steel_plant_building_Hunedoara.jpg\u0022\u003E\u003C\/a\u003E","picture_ref":"\u003Ca href=\u0022https:\/\/commons.wikimedia.org\/wiki\/File:Steel_plant_building_Hunedoara.jpg\u0022\u003EOguszt\u003C\/a\u003E, \u003Ca href=\u0022https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by-sa\/3.0\u0022\u003ECC BY-SA 3.0\u003C\/a\u003E, via Wikimedia Commons","name":"Former Hungarian Royal Iron Foundry Administration","seolink":"former-hungarian-royal-iron-foundry-administration","note":"","history":""},{"sightId":1802,"townId":70,"active":1,"name_LO":"","address":"Pia\u021ba G\u0103rii","mapdata":"2|1017|95","gps_lat":"45.7609486945","gps_long":"22.9008555811","religion":0,"oldtype":"31","newtype":"31","homepage":"","openinghours":"","muemlekemlink":"","csemadoklink":"","picture":"\u003Ca title=\u0022Daniel \u0218uteu, CC BY 3.0 <https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/3.0>, via Wikimedia Commons\u0022 href=\u0022https:\/\/commons.wikimedia.org\/wiki\/File:Gara_Hunedoara_-_panoramio.jpg\u0022\u003E\u003Cimg width=\u0022512\u0022 alt=\u0022Gara Hunedoara - panoramio\u0022 src=\u0022https:\/\/upload.wikimedia.org\/wikipedia\/commons\/thumb\/8\/80\/Gara_Hunedoara_-_panoramio.jpg\/512px-Gara_Hunedoara_-_panoramio.jpg\u0022\u003E\u003C\/a\u003E","picture_ref":"\u003Ca href=\u0022https:\/\/commons.wikimedia.org\/wiki\/File:Gara_Hunedoara_-_panoramio.jpg\u0022\u003EDaniel \u0218uteu\u003C\/a\u003E, \u003Ca href=\u0022https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/3.0\u0022\u003ECC BY 3.0\u003C\/a\u003E, via Wikimedia Commons","name":"Railway Station","seolink":"railway-station","note":"","history":"The station was built between 1951 and 1953, with a tower reminiscent of a Romanian wooden churches and a socialist realist fresco by Paul Miracovici in the waiting room."},{"sightId":1803,"townId":70,"active":1,"name_LO":"","address":"Strada Gabriel Bethlen","mapdata":"1|654|811","gps_lat":"45.7484635371","gps_long":"22.8903978402","religion":0,"oldtype":"38","newtype":"38","homepage":"https:\/\/www.kozterkep.hu\/30570\/petofi-sandor#","openinghours":"","muemlekemlink":"","csemadoklink":"","picture":"","picture_ref":"","name":"Bust of Pet\u0151fi S\u00e1ndor","seolink":"bust-of-petofi-sandor","note":"Directly next to the Calvinist church.","history":"On 14 April 2002, the work of painter and sculptor Bal\u00e1zs Tibor from Vajdahunyad was inaugurated. The sculpture commemorates the fact that on 14 April 1849 at noon, Pet\u0151fi S\u00e1ndor and General Bem J\u00f3zsef's Hungarian army stopped at Vajdahunyad for a few hours to visit the castle with the general staff. It was then that Pet\u0151fi wrote his poem \u0022At Vajdahunyad\u0022."},{"sightId":1804,"townId":70,"active":1,"name_LO":"Statuia lui Iancu de Hunedoara","address":"Bulevardul Dacia","mapdata":"2|1423|390","gps_lat":"45.7574924173","gps_long":"22.9077182281","religion":0,"oldtype":"38","newtype":"38","homepage":"https:\/\/www.kozterkep.hu\/34417\/hunyadi-janos","openinghours":"","muemlekemlink":"","csemadoklink":"","picture":"","picture_ref":"","name":"Statue of Hunyadi J\u00e1nos","seolink":"statue-of-hunyadi-janos","note":"","history":"The statue was set up on 11 August 2017."}]},"language":"en","region":"romania","regionid":4,"offer":[],"gallery":false,"album":false}