After the arrival of the Hungarians, a Székely centre was established on the right bank of the Sebes River, where a church was built. The Székelys were moved by King Géza II of Hungary to the area of today's Sepsiszék (in Székelyland), which was named after their former town. In their place the king settled Germans, who were later called Saxons. The Transylvanian Saxons owed their extensive freedoms and autonomy to King Andrew II of Hungary. It became the centre of a Saxon seat, an administrative unit of the Saxons, and from 1345 it was known as a free royal town. King Sigismund allowed it to be surrounded by a wall against the Turks. In 1438, the Saxons surrendered the town at the behest of the Turks and their vassal Vlad Drakul of Wallachia, and only a Hungarian nobleman resisted with his family and a few followers. The Turks took most of the population into captivity. The Turks raided and ravaged the town several times during the century, but the Hungarian armies drove the Turks out of the country each time. During the Reformation, the Saxons converted to Lutheranism. King John I of Hungary died in the town in 1540. His son John Sigismund wanted to make it his seat, but he died in 1571. In 1659, at the Diet held here, the symbols of the Transylvanian nations were enacted into law. The Hungarian noble counties were represented by the half eagle, the Székelys by the pair of sun and moon, and the Saxons by seven bastions. In February 1849, Bem's Hungarian revolutionary troops gathered under its walls and marched from here to the victorious Battle of Piski. After the defeat of the Hungarian War of Independence, the Habsburg court abolished the autonomy of the Transylvanian Saxons who had supported them. This was later restored, but was finally abolished with the modernisation of the public administration after the Austro-Hungarian Compromise. By the end of the 19th century, the town had become a major centre for the timber industry. After the Romanian occupation, the vast estates of the Transylvanian Saxon community were confiscated. By this time, the Saxon population, depleted by war ravages, had been largely replaced by immigrant Romanians. The majority of the remaining Saxons emigrated to Germany in exchange for ransom during the Ceaușescu era.

Check out other towns in Transylvania as well!

{"item":"town","set":{"mapcenter":{"lat":"45.9572240000","long":"23.5673570000"},"townlink":"szaszsebes-sebes","town":{"townId":74,"active":1,"name_HU":"Sz\u00e1szsebes","name_LO":"Sebe\u0219","name_GE":"M\u00fchlbach","name_LT":"Sabesium","seolink":"szaszsebes-sebes","listorder":20,"oldcounty":36,"country":4,"division":19,"altitude":"248","gps_lat":"45.9572240000","gps_long":"23.5673570000","population":20,"hungarian_2011":0.43,"population_1910":7770,"hungarian_1910":7.06,"german_1910":29,"slovak_1910":0,"romanian_1910":62.51,"rusin_1910":0,"serbian_1910":0,"croatian_1910":0,"slovenian_1910":0,"coatofarms":"","coatofarms_ref":"","picture":"\u003Ca title=\u0022Levente Nuber, CC BY-SA 4.0 \u003Chttps:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by-sa\/4.0\u003E, via Wikimedia Commons\u0022 href=\u0022https:\/\/commons.wikimedia.org\/wiki\/File:Ansamblul_bisericii_evanghelice_din_Sebe%C8%99_4.jpg\u0022\u003E\u003Cimg width=\u0022512\u0022 alt=\u0022Ansamblul bisericii evanghelice din Sebe\u0219 4\u0022 src=\u0022https:\/\/upload.wikimedia.org\/wikipedia\/commons\/thumb\/1\/1a\/Ansamblul_bisericii_evanghelice_din_Sebe%C8%99_4.jpg\/512px-Ansamblul_bisericii_evanghelice_din_Sebe%C8%99_4.jpg\u0022\u003E\u003C\/a\u003E","picture_ref":"\u003Ca href=\u0022https:\/\/commons.wikimedia.org\/wiki\/File:Ansamblul_bisericii_evanghelice_din_Sebe%C8%99_4.jpg\u0022\u003ELevente Nuber\u003C\/a\u003E, \u003Ca href=\u0022https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by-sa\/4.0\u0022\u003ECC BY-SA 4.0\u003C\/a\u003E, via Wikimedia Commons","georegion":"Sz\u00e1szf\u00f6ld","river":"Sebes","description":"After the arrival of the Hungarians, a Sz\u00e9kely centre was established on the right bank of the Sebes River, where a church was built. The Sz\u00e9kelys were moved by King G\u00e9za II of Hungary to the area of today's Sepsisz\u00e9k (in Sz\u00e9kelyland), which was named after their former town. In their place the king settled Germans, who were later called Saxons. The Transylvanian Saxons owed their extensive freedoms and autonomy to King Andrew II of Hungary. It became the centre of a Saxon seat, an administrative unit of the Saxons, and from 1345 it was known as a free royal town. King Sigismund allowed it to be surrounded by a wall against the Turks. In 1438, the Saxons surrendered the town at the behest of the Turks and their vassal Vlad Drakul of Wallachia, and only a Hungarian nobleman resisted with his family and a few followers. The Turks took most of the population into captivity. The Turks raided and ravaged the town several times during the century, but the Hungarian armies drove the Turks out of the country each time. During the Reformation, the Saxons converted to Lutheranism. King John I of Hungary died in the town in 1540. His son John Sigismund wanted to make it his seat, but he died in 1571. In 1659, at the Diet held here, the symbols of the Transylvanian nations were enacted into law. The Hungarian noble counties were represented by the half eagle, the Sz\u00e9kelys by the pair of sun and moon, and the Saxons by seven bastions. In February 1849, Bem's Hungarian revolutionary troops gathered under its walls and marched from here to the victorious Battle of Piski. After the defeat of the Hungarian War of Independence, the Habsburg court abolished the autonomy of the Transylvanian Saxons who had supported them. This was later restored, but was finally abolished with the modernisation of the public administration after the Austro-Hungarian Compromise. By the end of the 19th century, the town had become a major centre for the timber industry. After the Romanian occupation, the vast estates of the Transylvanian Saxon community were confiscated. By this time, the Saxon population, depleted by war ravages, had been largely replaced by immigrant Romanians. The majority of the remaining Saxons emigrated to Germany in exchange for ransom during the Ceau\u0219escu era.","nameorigin":"","history":"#1|@after 895|After the Hungarians settled in Transylvania, a settlement was established on the right bank of the Sebes River, which developed into one of the early centres of the Sz\u00e9kelys. The remains of an ancient church and the surrounding cemetery were found under and around the Lutheran church from this era.@#3|@1150|The Sz\u00e9kely district of Sebes (terra Siculorum terrae Sebus) was mentioned. Sz\u00e9kelys lived here in the first half of the 12th century. The German name of the town\u2019s main street, Siculorumgasse, used until modern times preserved their memory. Around the middle of the century, the Sz\u00e9kelys moved to the area of the latter Sepsi Seat (Sepsisz\u00e9k, around Sepsiszentgy\u00f6rgy), whose name refers to the town of Sebes (Sz\u00e1szsebes), where its Sz\u00e9kely inhabitants came form.@1141-1161|During the reign of King G\u00e9za II of Hungary, German, Flemish and in smaller numbers also Walloon settlers arrived in southern Transylvania. The settlers probably came after the second crusade crossed Hungary in 1147. People who couldn\u2019t count on inheriting land in their homeland came from the territory of the dioceses of Cologne and Trier. They were granted new home in Hungary on lands that had recently become desolate after the Sz\u00e9kely border guards living there had been relocated to the area of H\u00e1romsz\u00e9k by order of the king. These settlers were later called collectively Saxons, which does not mean that they came from Saxony.@between 1158 and 1200|King G\u00e9za II of Hungary (1129-1162) invited Saxon settlers to the land that was still inhabited by Sz\u00e9kelys at that time.@1224|King Andrew II of Hungary issued the Andreanum, the golden charter of freedoms of the Transylvanian Saxons (goldener Freibrief). This recognized the Saxons as collective legal entity, removed them from the jurisdiction of the royal isp\u00e1ns (the leaders of the counties), and placed the newly appointed isp\u00e1n of Szeben over them. The territory inhabited by the Saxons became their own property, and they were legally equal. If the owner of the land died without inheritors, the property reverted to the community and not the king. The Saxons elected their own superiors and priests. Their leader, the isp\u00e1n of Szeben, also called Count of the Saxons (comes Saxonum), was appointed by the king, but after 1486 they could choose the count themselves. Saxons were allowed to hold fairs and trade freely. Their land was called King's Land (Kir\u00e1lyf\u00f6ld, Fundus Regius, K\u00f6nigsboden). Saxons had the most rights in Hungary, they were actually exempted from feudalism.@1224|King Andrew II of Hungary donated the rapidly developing settlement to the Saxons in his charter of freedoms called Andreanum issued to the Saxons. At the same time he ordered the Sz\u00e9kely inhabitants to move to the area of the H\u00e1romsz\u00e9k Basin, to tha land where later Sepsi Seat was formed (Sepsi = Sebes).@#5|@1241|The Mongol invaders destroyed the settlement and its wooden palisade.@1245|The town was mentioned as Malembach. The Hungarian name of the town comes from the name of the river Sebes (sebes means swift in Hungarian). The Romanian name comes from the Hungarian. The German name refers to the same river, it means \u2019Mill Creek\u2019.@#6|@1300|The town was called Sebus. The town was called Sebes in 1402 and Zazsebes in 1435.@1303|The Seat of Sz\u00e1szsebes (Sz\u00e1szsebessz\u00e9k) was mentioned for the first time, which included the town and 10 villages. Seats were special administrative units of the Saxons. The town was already the seat of the Deaconry of Sebes, to which the seats of Sz\u00e1szsebes, Sz\u00e1szv\u00e1ros, Szerdahely and also the settlements of Alvinc, Magyarigen and Krakk\u00f3 belonged in 1329.@1345|The town was mentioned as a free royal town.@1352|The town had a school operated by probably the Dominicans.@1376|The town had 19 guilds and its craftsmen were engaged in 25 different crafts, which made the town the third among the towns of Transylvania.@November 23, 1387|King Sigismund of Hungary allowed the town to be fortified with strong walls. The walls were built near the right bank of the Sebes River with a roughly rectangular plan shape.@1396|After the battle of Nicopolis, King Sigismund donated the town to his commanders Mih\u00e1ly and Salamon.@1437|The three nations of Transylvania (the Hungarian nobility, the Sz\u00e9kelys and the Saxons) formed an alliance in K\u00e1polna (Union of K\u00e1polna). This union gained its true significance after 1570, when Transylvania became an independent principality due to the Turkish conquest of central Hungary. These three nations were represented in the Transylvanian Diet, and they elected the prince. Vlach migrants (mostly shepherds and peasants) were a small minority at the time and were excluded from the political power just like Hungarian peasants. According to the agreement, the Saxon fortified churches were opened for the non-Saxon population of the neighbourhood as well in times of danger. This was a great concession, because only Saxons (and not even Hungarian nobles) could acquire land and purchase house in King's Land. Only Saxon monks could live in their monasteries and Saxons were strictly forbidden by their priests to adopt Hungarian customs, dress and hairstyle. The Transylvanian Saxons were never integrated into the Hungarian community that welcomed them and gave them so many privileges, and they never had any inclination to do so.@1438|Sultan Murad II sent an army of raiders against Hungary under the command of Bey Ali. He was supported by the army of Vlad Drakul of Wallachia. They crossed the Danube at Sz\u00f6r\u00e9ny Castle and marched against Sz\u00e1szsebes through Orsova and Kar\u00e1nsebes. The Saxon burghers surrendered the town when Vlad Draku called for it, but a Hungarian noble resisted and retreated to the tower with his family and his small number of followers. The Turks set a fire around the tower and when the defenders showed no sign of life, they charged in. Only a 16 years old boy was still alive, who was enslaved together with most of the coward inhabitants of the town. He returned home after 20 years of slavery, where he wrote down his sufferings and the customs of the Turks. Then the Turks attacked and captured Medgyes, but Szeben successfully resisted the siege. Finally they set the outskirts of Brass\u00f3 on fire and left Hungary through the T\u00f6rcsv\u00e1r Pass.@1442|Bey Mezid broke into Transylvania with an army of 30.000. The Turks set the town on fire.@March 18, 1442|Hunyadi J\u00e1nos with his army of 10 thousand took on a battle with the three times larger army of Bey Mezid at Marosszentimre. After the first successes, the Turks finally gained victory. Bishop L\u00e9pes Gy\u00f6rgy of Transylvania fell in the battle and Hunyadi retreated to Gyulafeh\u00e9rv\u00e1r. The Turks, hungry for the big booty, besieged the Saxon town of Nagyszeben, which repelled their attack.@March 25, 1442|Hunyadi J\u00e1nos crushed the Turkis army of Bey Mezid on the plain next to Nagyszeben. The Turks wanted to achieve victory by killing Hunyadi, who was informed of this. The hero Kem\u00e9ny Simon put on the ornate armour of Hunyadi voluntarily. The Turks assaulted him with full force and killed him. But their delight didn\u2019t last long as they noticed that in the meantime the real Hunyadi captured their camp and encircled them. 20.000 Turks fell in the battle including Bey Mezid. After that, Hunyadi defeated Beylerbey Sehabeddin of Rumelia in July next to the Iron Gates gorge. These victories brought Hunyadi the fame as Turk-beater.@#7|@1479|The army of Turkish raiders under the command of Bey Ali Kodja broke into Hungary along the valley of the Maros River and forced the town to pay tribute. The smaller Hungarian army under the command of isp\u00e1n Kinizsi P\u00e1l of Temes and vajda B\u00e1thory Istv\u00e1n of Transylvania won a decisive victory over the Turkish-Wallachian army at Keny\u00e9rmez\u0151 (Breadfield).@1486|King Matthias of Hungary confirmed the autonomy of the Saxons. The Transylvanian Saxon Universality (universitas saxonum) was established, which was the official body of self-governance of the Saxons. It had administrative, legislative and judicial powers and was only subordinate to the King of Hungary. Saxons could only be judged by the Saxon Universality. It had the right to elect the Count of the Saxons from among the 12 members of the town council of Nagyszeben. The official language of the Saxon Universality was German, while the official language of Hungary was Latin.@#8|@July 21, 1540|King John I of Hungary died in the town.@#9|@1542|The Saxon inhabitants of the town converted to the Lutheran faith.@1549|At Ny\u00edrb\u00e1tor, George Martinuzzi made a secret agreement with the envoys of King Ferdinand I, B\u00e1thory Andr\u00e1s and General Niklas Salm, on behalf of John II and his mother Queen Isabella, without her being aware of it. According to this, Queen Isabella and her child John II renounced the Hungarian throne in favour of King Ferdinand I, and they received the duchies of Oppeln And Ratibor in Silesia in exchange. George Martinuzzi was the guardian of the child John II.1550@November 13, 1550|The Sz\u00e9kely army of Kem\u00e9ny J\u00e1nos defeated the Moldavian army that broke into Hungary through the Ojtoz Pass at Sz\u00e1szsebes.@June 14, 1551|The negotiations started at Sz\u00e1szsebes between Queen Isabella, George Martinuzzi and N\u00e1dasdy Tam\u00e1s about the surrendering of Transylvania to the Habsburg emperor.@July 19, 1551|Queen Isabella signed the declaration in which she renounced the throne of Hungary on behalf of the child John II in favour of King Ferdinand I, then she left for Poland. She was forced by George Martinuzzi and the imperial army of General Castaldo. This was followed by a Turkish retaliatory campaign against Hungary during which they captured Temesv\u00e1r.@October 1551|General Castaldo took control of the town.@1556|The Estates of Transylvania, dissatisfied with Habsburg rule, recalled Queen Isabella to the throne, to which the Sultan gave his consent. On her return, she regained control of eastern Hungary.@1556|Petrovics P\u00e9ter took back the town for Queen Isabella. The country assembly in Sz\u00e1szsebes invited Queen Isabella back to the throne with the consent of the Sultan, and also expelled the Catholic bishop Bornemisza P\u00e1l from Transylvania and confiscated his properties. The Catholic Diocese of Transylvania ceased to exist.@#10|@1571|The country assembly decided on the reinforcement of the town\u2019s defences. Prince John Sigismund of Transylvania (John II) wanted to move his seat to Sz\u00e1szsebes.@1531|The Vlach settlement on the left bank of the Sebes River was mentioned for the first time. Probably during the 17th century, Vlachs settled on the estates of the Saxon burgers and of the town institutions in the outskirts of the town and they also worked there in exchange for house plots.@#12|@1597|A country assembly took place in Sz\u00e1szsebes.@#13|@#14|@#15|@#16|@#17|@#18|@16th century|The town had a Lutheran and also a Calvinist school. An Orthodox ritual was printed in Old Slavonic language in 1580. An Orthodox printing press operated in the town also between 1683 and 1687, when it was moved to Gyulafeh\u00e9rv\u00e1r.@1657|Prince R\u00e1k\u00f3czi Gy\u00f6rgy II of Transylvania launched a campaign for the crown of Poland in alliance with Carl X Gustaf of Sweden. His aim was to unite the Hungarian-Polish-Wallachian forces against the Turks. The campaign started successfully with the prince taking Krak\u00f3w and Warsawa, but then the King of Sweden abandoned him. The vengeful Poles invaded northern Transylvania, burning defenceless villages, destroying churches and castles. Soon the punitive campaign of Turkish and Tatar armies devastated Transylvania, as the prince launched his Polish campaign against the Sultan's will.@1658|The Tartars ravaged and plundered throughout Transylvania and Grand Vizier K\u00f6pr\u00fcl\u00fc Mehmed captured Jen\u0151 Castle. The Estates of Transylvania sent Barcsay \u00c1kos to the camp of the grand vizier to beg for mercy. In return, the Grand Vizier demanded that the annual tax be raised from 15 to 40 thousand forints (gold coins) and that Lugos and Karansebes be ceded. This was the price for the Turks to leave Transylvania. The grand vizier appointed Barcsay prince on 14 September.@1658|The town paid a ransom to the Turks for its freedom, when they attacked Transylvania to take revenge on Prince R\u00e1k\u00f3czi Gy\u00f6rgy II.@1659|Prince R\u00e1k\u00f3czi Gy\u00f6rgy II returned to Transylvania and forced Barcsay \u00c1kos to retreat to Szeben and besieged him.@1659|The country assembly in Sz\u00e1szsebes passed a law on the symbols of the Transylvanian nations. On the coat of arms of Transylvania, the upper half of an eagle symbolized the counties of the Hungarian nobility, the sun and the moon symbolized the Sz\u00e9kelys and seven bastions symbolized the Saxons.@May 22, 1660|In the battle of S\u00e1szfenes, Pasha Shejdi Ahmed of Buda defeated R\u00e1k\u00f3czi Gy\u00f6rgy II, who lost his life. The Tatar armies invaded Transylvania for the second time.@November 1660|Kem\u00e9ny J\u00e1nos, the former commander of R\u00e1k\u00f3czi Gy\u00f6rgy II, defeated the army of G\u00e1sp\u00e1r, the brother of Prince Barcsay Andr\u00e1s, at \u00d6rm\u00e9nyes. Barcsay G\u00e1sp\u00e1r fell in the battle. Then, on 31 December, Barcsay \u00c1kos renounced the throne. In 1661 Kem\u00e9ny J\u00e1nos had Barcsay \u00c1kos captured and murdered.@1661|Pasha Ali marched into Transylvania and sacked the town after the country assembly of Transylvania gathered in Beszterce on 23 April declared the country independent from the Ottoman Empire and placed it under the protection of Emperor Leopold I. On 14 September, Pasha Ali forced the country assembly in Marosv\u00e1s\u00e1rhely to elect Apafi Mih\u00e1ly Prince of Transylvania. After that, the Emperor let down the dethroned prince Kem\u00e9ny J\u00e1nos, who was defeated and killed by the Turks at Nagysz\u0151l\u0151s (near Segesv\u00e1r) on 23 January 1662.@#23|@#25|@#26|@#27|@August 4, 1708|The imperials took the town from the kuruc insurgents and burned it.@from the early 18th century|The Saxon villages that were left desolate by the wars were repopulated by Vlach migrants from Wallachia. Vlachs appeared in the Saxon towns as well. This was the start of the process by the end of which Vlachs were in the majority in Transylvania instead of Hungarians.@18th century|Austrian families settled in the town. They were called durlacher, and they elected their own judge and maintained their own school. They gained full burghership only slowly and they didn\u2019t cross married with Saxons for a long time despite following the same religion.@1778|A cholera epidemic demanded many victims.@1781|The decree of Emperor Joseph II introduced \u0022concivility\u0022, which allowed non-Saxons to settle and acquire property in King's Land.@1783|Emperor Joseph II abolished the Transylvanian Saxon Universality and the Saxon seats (traditional administrative units) were incorporated into the new county system. Joseph II, who was never crowned King of Hungary, thus he was called \u2019the king in hat\u2019, made German the official language of Hungary instead of Latin, which the Saxons protested against together with the Hungarian Estates.@1790|When Emperor Joseph II, the \u2019enlightened\u2019 absolute ruler of Hungary died, bonfires were lit throughout Transylvania and Hungarians and Saxons celebrated the repeal of his decrees as one. The Transylvanian Saxon Universality was restored, but the \u0022concivility\u0022, the decree that allowed non-Saxons to settle in the land of the Saxons was not withdrawn.@1834|The Baumann Textile Manufactory was established. In 1843 the Dahinten Leather Manufactory was also established, which is the precursor of the present day Capris Leather Factory.@#28|@1848|The Transylvanian Saxons also voted in favour of the reunion with Hungary. However, during the Hungarian War of Independence, they supported the Habsburgs because of their German national consciousness and their loyalty to the Emperor.@end of July 1848|Samuel Meister and Simeon Balomiri were elected representatives of the Seat of Sz\u00e1szsebes in the Hungarian Parliament in Pest. Balomiri stayed in Debrecen until April 1849.@January 5, 1849|Deputy prefect Popovici forced the town to pay tribute, but the military leadership ordered him to pay it back. The imperials evacuated some of the inhabitants, mostly the durlacher living in the north quarter, to the top of the V\u00f6r\u00f6s gorge (szakad\u00e9k) from the approaching Hungarian army of General Bem J\u00f3zsef.@february 5, 1849|The Hungarian army of General Bem J\u00f3zsef approaching from V\u00edzakna captured the town from the garrison of Gyulafeh\u00e9rv\u00e1r with an assault. But the imperial army of General Puchner pursuing Bem also arrived around noon. The two armies were engaged in street fights in Sz\u00e1szsebes. The next day Puchner demanded Bem to surrender, but in vain.@february 9, 1849|The Hungarian army of General Bem gathered around the town\u2019s walls and set off for the victorious battle of Piski. After the victory, the Hungarian Minister of War M\u00e9sz\u00e1ros L\u00e1z\u00e1r awarder Bem the highest class order of merit in Sz\u00e1szsebes.@July 31, 1849|The Hungarian army of Stein Miksa was defeated at Sz\u00e1szsebes on its way from Gyulafeh\u00e9rv\u00e1r to Nagyszeben. He took the command of the Transylvanian army from General Bem here on 6 August, but he suffered a decisive defeat from the Russian army of General L\u00fcders on August 12.@after 1849|After the fall of the Hungarian War of Independence, the Saxons\u2019 reward for supporting the Habsburgs against Hungary was that the Habsburg emperor abolished their autonomy and incorporated King's Land into the new centralized administrative system controlled from Vienna. The Count of the Saxons was removed, the locally elected magistrates were replaced by centrally assigned clerks and the Saxons lost their control over the judicial system as well.@after 1849|Most of the walls and gates, which had been well preserved until that time, were demolished.@1861|The October Diploma issued by Emperor Franz Joseph eased the absolutism and restored the autonomy of the Saxons. The old administrative system of King's Land was restored and the seat of Sz\u00e1szv\u00e1ros (Sz\u00e1szv\u00e1rossz\u00e9k) was resurrected for one and a half decades.@1865|The Lutheran pastor Friedrich Wilhelm Schuster discovered archaeological finds from the Bronze Age in the V\u00f6r\u00f6s (Red) Ravine. This is considered the earliest discovery related to the Co\u021bofeni culture.@#30|@1876|Public administration was modernized and medieval structures were abolished in Hungary. The autonomy of the Saxons was abolished (as was that of the Hungarian Sz\u00e9kelys) and their seats were incorporated into the county system. King's Land had already lost its Saxon homogeneity (which was mainly due to low Saxon fertility) by that time making territorial autonomy redundant.@until 1876|The town was the centre of the Seat of Sz\u00e1szsebes.@from 1876 to 1925|The town was the seat of the district of Sz\u00e1szsebes within Szeben County.@after 1876|The Saxon Universality was transformed into a foundation to foster culture and education.@1875|Railway reached the town.@1873|The Baiersdorf & Biach Timber Factory was established. The Baiersdorf Company was the largest company in the wood industry in Transylvania during the Austro-Hungarian Monarchy. They opened a second factory in 1898, where matches were also manufactured under the brand name Etna until 1913, when the factory burned down.@1888|The Hungarian casino was established, and the Roman Catholic school started teaching in Hungarian instead of German the same year.@1892|The Roman Catholic teacher Osv\u00e1th M\u00f3zes organized a Hungarian industrial circle with 59 members.@1906|The paper mill of P\u00e9terfalva, the Gerlai & Beck machine factory, the town and the village of P\u00e9terfalva built a hydroelectrical power plant together south of the town.@1912|The town hospital named after Saint Sophia was inaugurated.@#31|@1916|On 27 August, Romania declared war on the Austro-Hungarian Monarchy and launched an attack against Hungary. This triggered a huge wave of refugees from Transylvania, as the population feared a repeat of the Romanian ethnic cleansing of 1848-49. The Saxon Arthur Arz von Straussenberg led the defence of Transylvania until the arrival of German reinforcement. Austro-Hungarian and German forces drove the invaders out of the country by mid-October and occupied Bucharest on 6 December. Romania surrendered and signed a peace treaty with the central powers on 7 May 1918 (Treaty of Bucharest).@1918|On 3 November, the Austro-Hungarian Monarchy signed the Armistice of Padua. The already defeated Romania then declared war on Germany on 10 November, just one day before the Germans signed the armistice near Compi\u00e8gne. The Romanians then launched an offensive against Hungary, which had already unconditionally ceased fighting at the demand of the Entente. Romania was only recognised by the Entente powers as one of the victors of WWI only later.@#32|@January 8, 1919|In the shadow of Romanian occupation, the assembly of the Saxon delegates in Medgyes accepted the union with Romania with the promise of the restoration of Saxon autonomy. In 1910 only 231,000 Saxons lived in Transylvania.@#36|@1923|The Romanian government abolished all what remained of the Saxon autonomy. The vast estates of the Saxon Universality were confiscated, just like the lands of the Hungarian nobility and the historical churches, which almost exclusively financed Hungarian and Saxon education systems in Transylvania. Once again, Saxons were rewarded for betraying Hungary, though it depended by no means on their decision that Transylvania was united with Wallachia and Moldova, which was a decision similar to uniting Switzerland with Nigeria.@until 1941|As a result of the Romanian settlements, the Saxons lost their majority in every town. In desperation, the Saxons joined the SS en masse.@1944|The German high command ordered the evacuation of King's Land, just like East Prussia, but the majority stayed in their homeland. Romania betrayed their allies and sided with the Soviet Union, as soon as the first Soviet forces reached their eastern borders. After that, Saxons were also obliged to enlist in the Romanian army. Soviets despised the traitors, so they sent the Romanians to the front line to catch the bullet, which meant that Saxons had to fight against Saxons.@1950s|Illegal emigration to Germany began with the bribery of state employees. The Romanian secret service, the Securitate and the Directorate for Foreign Intelligence (DIE) became aware of the process and wanted to turn it to their own advantage.@from 1962|The state-coordinated sale of German nationalities in Romania has been launched. The so called \u2019products\u2019 were divided into four categories with different prices. For example West Germany had to pay 11,000 marks for a highly qualified person, while a student could be ransomed for only 1,800 marks.@from 1970|Romania made the process more democratic, because the FRG had to pay a uniform 8,000 marks for each German. This was the price of the one-way visa to West Germany.@from 1982|The price increased, because West Germany had to reimburse also the money the high quality education system of Romania spent on the German people wishing to leave the country. Moreover, the emigrants had to sign a declaration that they would leave their assets to the Romanian state. West Germany was allowed to pay in kind as well. For example, when the Germans said that they could only supply Volkswagen cars, the Romanians said that they would prefer Mercedes cars, but were willing to wait.@until 1990|Approximately 250 to 400 thousand Germans were ransomed to West Germany together with the Swabians that lived in the B\u00e1ns\u00e1g (Banat). Seeing the success of the deal, the Romanians also started selling Jews to Israel, and eventually they sold literally anyone, who had someone to pay the ransom.@1991-1992|With the opening of the borders, 75,000 of the remaining 95,000 Transylvanian Saxons emigrated to Germany voluntarily, leaving ghost villages behind. Those few that remained became more Romanian than Romanians, just as the example of the \u2019liberal\u2019 President of Romania, Klaus Iohannis shows, who took political advantage by accusing the \u2019social democrats\u2019 of wanting to hand over Transylvania to the Hungarians. This describes political conditions in Romania and the mental state of an average Romanian quite well.@2002|7.2 million people lived in Transylvania, including 1.42 million Hungarians. There were 1.65 million Hungarians out of 5.2 million in 1910. The proportion of the Romanians increased from 53.78% to 74.69%, while the proportion of the Hungarians decreased from 31.64% to 19.6%. The proportion of the Germans dropped from 10.75% to below 1%. These changes were mainly the results of migration and the persecution of Hungarians and Saxons. Transylvania here refers to the entire territory that once belonged to Hungary, which is much larger than historical Transylvania.&maszol.ro: Hogyan k\u00f6lt\u00f6z\u00f6tt \u00e1t Erd\u00e9ly c\u00edmere Magyarorsz\u00e1g c\u00edmer\u00e9b\u0151l Rom\u00e1nia c\u00edmer\u00e9be?|https:\/\/maszol.ro\/kultura\/102598-hogyan-koltozott-at-erdely-cimere-magyarorszag-cimereb-l-romania-cimerebe\npangea.blog.hu: Az erd\u00e9lyi sz\u00e1sz etnikai t\u00e9rszerkezet kialakul\u00e1sa|https:\/\/pangea.blog.hu\/2014\/12\/03\/erdelyi_szasz_etnikai_terszerkezet_kialakulasa\npangea.blog.hu: Az erd\u00e9lyi sz\u00e1sz etnikai t\u00e9rszerkezet megsemmis\u00fcl\u00e9se|https:\/\/pangea.blog.hu\/2014\/12\/31\/az_erdelyi_szasz_etnikai_terszerkezet_megsemmisulese"},"sights":[{"sightId":1884,"townId":74,"active":2,"name_LO":"Biserica Evanghelic\u0103 Luteran\u0103","address":"Pia\u021ba Prim\u0103riei 5","mapdata":"1|1271|994","gps_lat":"45.9575351297","gps_long":"23.5677470757","religion":3,"oldtype":"1","newtype":"1","homepage":"","openinghours":"","muemlekemlink":"https:\/\/www.muemlekem.hu\/hatareset\/Evangelikus-templom-Szaszsebes-16","csemadoklink":"","picture":"\u003Ca title=\u0022Levente Nuber, CC BY-SA 4.0 \u003Chttps:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by-sa\/4.0\u003E, via Wikimedia Commons\u0022 href=\u0022https:\/\/commons.wikimedia.org\/wiki\/File:Ansamblul_bisericii_evanghelice_din_Sebe%C8%99_4.jpg\u0022\u003E\u003Cimg width=\u0022512\u0022 alt=\u0022Ansamblul bisericii evanghelice din Sebe\u0219 4\u0022 src=\u0022https:\/\/upload.wikimedia.org\/wikipedia\/commons\/thumb\/1\/1a\/Ansamblul_bisericii_evanghelice_din_Sebe%C8%99_4.jpg\/512px-Ansamblul_bisericii_evanghelice_din_Sebe%C8%99_4.jpg\u0022\u003E\u003C\/a\u003E","picture_ref":"\u003Ca href=\u0022https:\/\/commons.wikimedia.org\/wiki\/File:Ansamblul_bisericii_evanghelice_din_Sebe%C8%99_4.jpg\u0022\u003ELevente Nuber\u003C\/a\u003E, \u003Ca href=\u0022https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by-sa\/4.0\u0022\u003ECC BY-SA 4.0\u003C\/a\u003E, via Wikimedia Commons","name":"Lutheran Church","seolink":"lutheran-church","note":"","history":"The church was built as a three-nave basilica at the turn of the 12th and 13th centuries on the site of an earlier church. Two towers were planned, but construction was interrupted by the Mongol invasion. Around 1255, a new Gothic sanctuary and vault were built in the style of the Cistercian monastery church in Kerc, and a centrally placed tower was erected in place of the two towers planned earlier. Between 1370 and 1382, the development of the town made it necessary to enlarge and lengthen the church, making it one of the largest in Transylvania. The statues on the outer pillars date from this period. Between 1453 and 1464, the aisles were widened and raised. In 1661, the roof of the tower burnt down and was raised. Its Renaissance winged altar was built between 1518 and 1523, probably by Veit Stoss' son. Its pulpit is late Gothic. Its Anatolian carpets date from the 15th and 17th centuries. The church was once surrounded by a 4,5 m high wall with three towers. The wall still stands on the south side."},{"sightId":1885,"townId":74,"active":2,"name_LO":"Capela Sf. Iacob","address":"Pia\u021ba Prim\u0103riei","mapdata":"1|1303|963","gps_lat":"45.9577089610","gps_long":"23.5681482121","religion":1,"oldtype":"2","newtype":"2","homepage":"","openinghours":"","muemlekemlink":"https:\/\/www.muemlekem.hu\/hatareset\/Szent-Jakab-kapolna-Szaszsebes-29","csemadoklink":"","picture":"\u003Ca title=\u0022Radueduard, CC BY-SA 4.0 \u003Chttps:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by-sa\/4.0\u003E, via Wikimedia Commons\u0022 href=\u0022https:\/\/commons.wikimedia.org\/wiki\/File:Ansamblul_bisericii_evanghelice_Sebes,_Alba_10.jpg\u0022\u003E\u003Cimg width=\u0022256\u0022 alt=\u0022Ansamblul bisericii evanghelice Sebes, Alba 10\u0022 src=\u0022https:\/\/upload.wikimedia.org\/wikipedia\/commons\/thumb\/9\/91\/Ansamblul_bisericii_evanghelice_Sebes%2C_Alba_10.jpg\/256px-Ansamblul_bisericii_evanghelice_Sebes%2C_Alba_10.jpg\u0022\u003E\u003C\/a\u003E","picture_ref":"\u003Ca href=\u0022https:\/\/commons.wikimedia.org\/wiki\/File:Ansamblul_bisericii_evanghelice_Sebes,_Alba_10.jpg\u0022\u003ERadueduard\u003C\/a\u003E, \u003Ca href=\u0022https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by-sa\/4.0\u0022\u003ECC BY-SA 4.0\u003C\/a\u003E, via Wikimedia Commons","name":"St. James Chapel","seolink":"st-james-chapel","note":"","history":"The chapel stands next to the Lutheran church, built around 1400 in Gothic style."},{"sightId":1886,"townId":74,"active":1,"name_LO":"","address":"Strada Mihai Viteazul","mapdata":"1|1855|914","gps_lat":"45.9580158248","gps_long":"23.5729193825","religion":1,"oldtype":"9","newtype":"9","homepage":"http:\/\/sebesiferencesek.info\/multunk.php","openinghours":"","muemlekemlink":"","csemadoklink":"","picture":"\u003Ca title=\u0022Oguszt, CC BY-SA 3.0 <https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by-sa\/3.0>, via Wikimedia Commons\u0022 href=\u0022https:\/\/commons.wikimedia.org\/wiki\/File:Ferences_templom_szaszsebes.jpg\u0022\u003E\u003Cimg width=\u0022512\u0022 alt=\u0022Ferences templom szaszsebes\u0022 src=\u0022https:\/\/upload.wikimedia.org\/wikipedia\/commons\/thumb\/8\/8a\/Ferences_templom_szaszsebes.jpg\/512px-Ferences_templom_szaszsebes.jpg\u0022\u003E\u003C\/a\u003E","picture_ref":"\u003Ca href=\u0022https:\/\/commons.wikimedia.org\/wiki\/File:Ferences_templom_szaszsebes.jpg\u0022\u003EOguszt\u003C\/a\u003E, \u003Ca href=\u0022https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by-sa\/3.0\u0022\u003ECC BY-SA 3.0\u003C\/a\u003E, via Wikimedia Commons","name":"St. Bartholomew Church and Franciscan Monastery","seolink":"st-bartholomew-church-and-franciscan-monastery","note":"","history":"Originally built in the 13th century, the monastery was inhabited by Dominicans in 1322, Franciscans in 1523, and Dominicans again in 1529. The Franciscans moved back to Sz\u00e1szsebes in 1731 and rebuilt the church from its ruins between 1740 and 1769. The monastery was not finished until 1775. General Bem J\u00f3zsef received the order awarded by Kossuth Lajos here in 1849. Its monks were deported in 1951. The monastery was renovated in the 2000s."},{"sightId":1887,"townId":74,"active":1,"name_LO":"","address":"Pia\u0163a P. Dorin nr, Strada Dorin Pavel 21","mapdata":"1|1102|1355","gps_lat":"45.9554565553","gps_long":"23.5662972050","religion":2,"oldtype":"1","newtype":"1","homepage":"","openinghours":"","muemlekemlink":"","csemadoklink":"","picture":"\u003Ca title=\u0022Oguszt, CC BY-SA 3.0 <https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by-sa\/3.0>, via Wikimedia Commons\u0022 href=\u0022https:\/\/commons.wikimedia.org\/wiki\/File:Reformed_church_sebes.jpg\u0022\u003E\u003Cimg width=\u0022256\u0022 alt=\u0022Reformed church sebes\u0022 src=\u0022https:\/\/upload.wikimedia.org\/wikipedia\/commons\/thumb\/6\/6f\/Reformed_church_sebes.jpg\/256px-Reformed_church_sebes.jpg\u0022\u003E\u003C\/a\u003E","picture_ref":"\u003Ca href=\u0022https:\/\/commons.wikimedia.org\/wiki\/File:Reformed_church_sebes.jpg\u0022\u003EOguszt\u003C\/a\u003E, \u003Ca href=\u0022https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by-sa\/3.0\u0022\u003ECC BY-SA 3.0\u003C\/a\u003E, via Wikimedia Commons","name":"Calvinist Church","seolink":"calvinist-church","note":"","history":"The church was built in 1900 for the Hungarian Calvinist faithful."},{"sightId":1888,"townId":74,"active":1,"name_LO":"Biserica Adormirea Maicii Domnului","address":"Strada Mihail Kog\u0103lniceanu 22","mapdata":"1|143|287","gps_lat":"45.9617657209","gps_long":"23.5580997280","religion":5,"oldtype":"1","newtype":"1","homepage":"","openinghours":"","muemlekemlink":"","csemadoklink":"","picture":"","picture_ref":"","name":"Dormition of the Mother of God Orthodox (Former Greek Catholic) Church","seolink":"dormition-of-the-mother-of-god-orthodox-former-greek-catholic-church","note":"","history":"The church was built in 1778 on the site of an earlier church. In 1701, the town was the centre of a Greek-Catholic district of 35 villages. In 1733 it had five Vlach priests, in 1761 the Orthodox had four priests and the Greek Catholics one. In 1756, the Orthodox youth removed the Greek Catholic preast Samuel Pop from the church, but in 1762 a royal decree again granted the church to the Greek Catholics. After it proved cramped, the Greek Catholics abandoned it in 1817."},{"sightId":1889,"townId":74,"active":1,"name_LO":"Biserica din Greci cu hramul Schimbarea la Fa\u0163\u0103","address":"Strada Valea Frumoas\u0103 28","mapdata":"1|662|814","gps_lat":"45.9585284478","gps_long":"23.5623534547","religion":5,"oldtype":"1","newtype":"1","homepage":"","openinghours":"","muemlekemlink":"","csemadoklink":"","picture":"\u003Ca title=\u0022\u021aetcu Mircea Rare\u0219, CC BY-SA 3.0 <https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by-sa\/3.0>, via Wikimedia Commons\u0022 href=\u0022https:\/\/commons.wikimedia.org\/wiki\/File:SebesAB_(6).JPG\u0022\u003E\u003Cimg width=\u0022256\u0022 alt=\u0022SebesAB (6)\u0022 src=\u0022https:\/\/upload.wikimedia.org\/wikipedia\/commons\/thumb\/0\/0e\/SebesAB_%286%29.JPG\/256px-SebesAB_%286%29.JPG\u0022\u003E\u003C\/a\u003E","picture_ref":"\u003Ca href=\u0022https:\/\/commons.wikimedia.org\/wiki\/File:SebesAB_(6).JPG\u0022\u003E\u021aetcu Mircea Rare\u0219\u003C\/a\u003E, \u003Ca href=\u0022https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by-sa\/3.0\u0022\u003ECC BY-SA 3.0\u003C\/a\u003E, via Wikimedia Commons","name":"Transfiguration of Our Lord Orthodox (Former Greek Catholic) Church","seolink":"transfiguration-of-our-lord-orthodox-former-greek-catholic-church","note":"","history":"The church was built by Greek Catholics in 1818, in the former \u0022Greek\u0022 quarter between the Sebes and the Mill Canal, connecting the town centre with the former western suburbs, and inhabited by members of the Greek merchant community, Macedonian, Armenian and Vlach merchants. The district was rebuilt at the end of the 19th century and originally consisted of bourgeois houses similar to those in the town centre. Alexandru Roman and the Balomiri family are buried in the crypt of the church.\n"},{"sightId":1890,"townId":74,"active":1,"name_LO":"","address":"Strada Augustin Bena 4","mapdata":"1|471|742","gps_lat":"45.9590426130","gps_long":"23.5609680938","religion":5,"oldtype":"1","newtype":"1","homepage":"","openinghours":"","muemlekemlink":"","csemadoklink":"","picture":"\u003Ca title=\u0022Oguszt, CC BY-SA 3.0 <https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by-sa\/3.0>, via Wikimedia Commons\u0022 href=\u0022https:\/\/commons.wikimedia.org\/wiki\/File:Ortodox_templom_szaszsebes.jpg\u0022\u003E\u003Cimg width=\u0022256\u0022 alt=\u0022Ortodox templom szaszsebes\u0022 src=\u0022https:\/\/upload.wikimedia.org\/wikipedia\/commons\/thumb\/4\/4b\/Ortodox_templom_szaszsebes.jpg\/256px-Ortodox_templom_szaszsebes.jpg\u0022\u003E\u003C\/a\u003E","picture_ref":"\u003Ca href=\u0022https:\/\/commons.wikimedia.org\/wiki\/File:Ortodox_templom_szaszsebes.jpg\u0022\u003EOguszt\u003C\/a\u003E, \u003Ca href=\u0022https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by-sa\/3.0\u0022\u003ECC BY-SA 3.0\u003C\/a\u003E, via Wikimedia Commons","name":"Resurrection of the Lord Orthodox Church","seolink":"resurrection-of-the-lord-orthodox-church","note":"","history":"The church was built in the western, Vlach quarter of the town between 1819 and 1827. Its iconostasis was painted by Constantin Lecca. Behind it stands the cemetery chapel, which is actually the surviving apse of the first stone Orthodox church in the town, built at the turn of the 17th and 18th centuries."},{"sightId":1891,"townId":74,"active":2,"name_LO":"\u0218coala Gimnazial\u0103 Nr. 2","address":"Pia\u021ba Libert\u0103\u021bii 1","mapdata":"1|1192|982","gps_lat":"45.9576346436","gps_long":"23.5670445351","religion":3,"oldtype":"74","newtype":"74","homepage":"","openinghours":"","muemlekemlink":"","csemadoklink":"","picture":"\u003Ca title=\u0022Turbojet, CC BY-SA 4.0 \u003Chttps:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by-sa\/4.0\u003E, via Wikimedia Commons\u0022 href=\u0022https:\/\/commons.wikimedia.org\/wiki\/File:Sebes,_Gimnaziul_evanghelic.jpg\u0022\u003E\u003Cimg width=\u0022512\u0022 alt=\u0022Sebes, Gimnaziul evanghelic\u0022 src=\u0022https:\/\/upload.wikimedia.org\/wikipedia\/commons\/thumb\/6\/6e\/Sebes%2C_Gimnaziul_evanghelic.jpg\/512px-Sebes%2C_Gimnaziul_evanghelic.jpg\u0022\u003E\u003C\/a\u003E","picture_ref":"\u003Ca href=\u0022https:\/\/commons.wikimedia.org\/wiki\/File:Sebes,_Gimnaziul_evanghelic.jpg\u0022\u003ETurbojet\u003C\/a\u003E, \u003Ca href=\u0022https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by-sa\/4.0\u0022\u003ECC BY-SA 4.0\u003C\/a\u003E, via Wikimedia Commons","name":"Former Saxon Lutheran High School","seolink":"former-saxon-lutheran-high-school","note":"","history":"Originally dating from 1784, the present building was constructed between 1863 and 1869, after the demolition of the western side of the church fortification. Its western facade overlooks the Little Market and its eastern one the garden of the Great Church. Lucian Blaga was a pupil of the school."},{"sightId":1892,"townId":74,"active":1,"name_LO":"Liceul Tehnologic","address":"Strada Dorin Pavel 2","mapdata":"1|944|1023","gps_lat":"45.9573704924","gps_long":"23.5650312503","religion":0,"oldtype":"74","newtype":"74","homepage":"https:\/\/www.ltsebes.ro\/2017\/04\/12\/istoricul-liceului-tehnologic-din-sebes\/","openinghours":"","muemlekemlink":"","csemadoklink":"","picture":"","picture_ref":"","name":"Former Hungarian State School","seolink":"former-hungarian-state-school","note":"","history":"The school was built in 1916."},{"sightId":1893,"townId":74,"active":1,"name_LO":"Turnul Croitorilor","address":"Strada Traian","mapdata":"1|1849|1310","gps_lat":"45.9556914446","gps_long":"23.5728890379","religion":0,"oldtype":"24","newtype":"24","homepage":"","openinghours":"","muemlekemlink":"https:\/\/www.muemlekem.hu\/hatareset\/Varoserodites-Szaszsebes-3432","csemadoklink":"","picture":"\u003Ca title=\u0022Andrei kokelburg, CC BY-SA 3.0 RO <https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by-sa\/3.0\/ro\/deed.en>, via Wikimedia Commons\u0022 href=\u0022https:\/\/commons.wikimedia.org\/wiki\/File:Sebes_Fortificatiile.JPG\u0022\u003E\u003Cimg width=\u0022256\u0022 alt=\u0022Sebes Fortificatiile\u0022 src=\u0022https:\/\/upload.wikimedia.org\/wikipedia\/commons\/thumb\/d\/d8\/Sebes_Fortificatiile.JPG\/256px-Sebes_Fortificatiile.JPG\u0022\u003E\u003C\/a\u003E","picture_ref":"\u003Ca href=\u0022https:\/\/commons.wikimedia.org\/wiki\/File:Sebes_Fortificatiile.JPG\u0022\u003EAndrei kokelburg\u003C\/a\u003E, \u003Ca href=\u0022https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by-sa\/3.0\/ro\/deed.en\u0022\u003ECC BY-SA 3.0 RO\u003C\/a\u003E, via Wikimedia Commons","name":"Studententurm (Students' Tower), Schneiderturm (Tailors' Tower)","seolink":"studententurm-students-tower-schneiderturm-tailors-tower","note":"","history":"It dates from the 14th century. During the siege of 1438, this tower held out the longest, and it was here that the later Georgius de Hungaria, the 'nameless one of Sebes', was taken prisoner as a student of the Dominicans, defending the town."},{"sightId":1894,"townId":74,"active":1,"name_LO":"Turnul Semicircular","address":"Strada Cet\u0103\u0163ii 9","mapdata":"1|1113|771","gps_lat":"45.9588282058","gps_long":"23.5664880338","religion":0,"oldtype":"24","newtype":"24","homepage":"","openinghours":"","muemlekemlink":"https:\/\/www.muemlekem.hu\/hatareset\/Varoserodites-Szaszsebes-3432","csemadoklink":"","picture":"\u003Ca title=\u0022Andrei kokelburg, CC BY-SA 3.0 RO <https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by-sa\/3.0\/ro\/deed.en>, via Wikimedia Commons\u0022 href=\u0022https:\/\/commons.wikimedia.org\/wiki\/File:Sebes_Fortificatiile_(3).jpg\u0022\u003E\u003Cimg width=\u0022256\u0022 alt=\u0022Sebes Fortificatiile (3)\u0022 src=\u0022https:\/\/upload.wikimedia.org\/wikipedia\/commons\/thumb\/8\/82\/Sebes_Fortificatiile_%283%29.jpg\/256px-Sebes_Fortificatiile_%283%29.jpg\u0022\u003E\u003C\/a\u003E","picture_ref":"\u003Ca href=\u0022https:\/\/commons.wikimedia.org\/wiki\/File:Sebes_Fortificatiile_(3).jpg\u0022\u003EAndrei kokelburg\u003C\/a\u003E, \u003Ca href=\u0022https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by-sa\/3.0\/ro\/deed.en\u0022\u003ECC BY-SA 3.0 RO\u003C\/a\u003E, via Wikimedia Commons","name":"Schmiedturm (Smiths' Tower)","seolink":"schmiedturm-smiths-tower","note":"","history":""},{"sightId":1895,"townId":74,"active":1,"name_LO":"Turnul Cizmarilor","address":"","mapdata":"1|1181|723","gps_lat":"45.9591936672","gps_long":"23.5672283234","religion":0,"oldtype":"24","newtype":"24","homepage":"","openinghours":"","muemlekemlink":"https:\/\/www.muemlekem.hu\/hatareset\/Varoserodites-Szaszsebes-3432","csemadoklink":"","picture":"","picture_ref":"","name":"Schusterturm (Shoemakers' Tower)","seolink":"schusterturm-shoemakers-tower","note":"","history":""},{"sightId":1896,"townId":74,"active":1,"name_LO":"Turnul Octogonal","address":"Strada Pene\u0219 Curcanul","mapdata":"1|1900|833","gps_lat":"45.9585344266","gps_long":"23.5732293105","religion":0,"oldtype":"24","newtype":"24","homepage":"","openinghours":"","muemlekemlink":"https:\/\/www.muemlekem.hu\/hatareset\/Varoserodites-Szaszsebes-3432","csemadoklink":"","picture":"\u003Ca title=\u0022Andrei kokelburg, CC BY-SA 3.0 RO <https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by-sa\/3.0\/ro\/deed.en>, via Wikimedia Commons\u0022 href=\u0022https:\/\/commons.wikimedia.org\/wiki\/File:Sebes_Fortificatiile_(1).JPG\u0022\u003E\u003Cimg width=\u0022256\u0022 alt=\u0022Sebes Fortificatiile (1)\u0022 src=\u0022https:\/\/upload.wikimedia.org\/wikipedia\/commons\/thumb\/5\/53\/Sebes_Fortificatiile_%281%29.JPG\/256px-Sebes_Fortificatiile_%281%29.JPG\u0022\u003E\u003C\/a\u003E","picture_ref":"\u003Ca href=\u0022https:\/\/commons.wikimedia.org\/wiki\/File:Sebes_Fortificatiile_(1).JPG\u0022\u003EAndrei kokelburg\u003C\/a\u003E, \u003Ca href=\u0022https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by-sa\/3.0\/ro\/deed.en\u0022\u003ECC BY-SA 3.0 RO\u003C\/a\u003E, via Wikimedia Commons","name":"Octagonal Tower","seolink":"octagonal-tower","note":"","history":""},{"sightId":1897,"townId":74,"active":1,"name_LO":"","address":"","mapdata":"1|1806|1340","gps_lat":"45.9555423481","gps_long":"23.5724304614","religion":0,"oldtype":"24","newtype":"24","homepage":"","openinghours":"","muemlekemlink":"","csemadoklink":"","picture":"\u003Ca title=\u0022Roamata, Public domain, via Wikimedia Commons\u0022 href=\u0022https:\/\/commons.wikimedia.org\/wiki\/File:Sebes_citadel.JPG\u0022\u003E\u003Cimg width=\u0022512\u0022 alt=\u0022Sebes citadel\u0022 src=\u0022https:\/\/upload.wikimedia.org\/wikipedia\/commons\/thumb\/b\/b5\/Sebes_citadel.JPG\/512px-Sebes_citadel.JPG\u0022\u003E\u003C\/a\u003E","picture_ref":"\u003Ca href=\u0022https:\/\/commons.wikimedia.org\/wiki\/File:Sebes_citadel.JPG\u0022\u003ERoamata\u003C\/a\u003E, Public domain, via Wikimedia Commons","name":"Town Walls","seolink":"town-walls","note":"","history":"The town was surrounded by walls and fortifications on the basis of a licence granted by King Sigismund of Hungary in 1387. The town walls were roughly rectangular in plan. There were gate towers to the north and west. A rectangular tower stood near the north gate tower, while the west gate tower was supported by a semicircular barbican. At the corners were the Bootmaker's tower to the north-west, a polygonal tower to the north-east and the Tailor's or Student's tower to the south-east.@\nIn 1438 Murad II laid siege to the town. After a short battle, the Saxon citizens surrendered the town, mediated by the Voivode of the Wallachia Vlad Dracul, who accompanied the Turks. However, some of the Hungarian defenders retreated to the Tailor's Tower, which the Turks set on fire. The defenders who ran out were killed by the Turks. Following a decree of King Matthias of Hungary in 1485, the walls were repaired and raised. After 1849, the gates were demolished, along with the barbican and other fortifications on the south and east sides, but the walls themselves still almost completely surround the town core. "},{"sightId":1898,"townId":74,"active":1,"name_LO":"Muzeul Municipal Ioan Raica","address":"Pia\u021ba Prim\u0103riei 3","mapdata":"1|1488|925","gps_lat":"45.9579032233","gps_long":"23.5695978476","religion":0,"oldtype":"53,16","newtype":"98","homepage":"https:\/\/muzeul-municipal-ioan-raica.business.site\/","openinghours":"","muemlekemlink":"","csemadoklink":"","picture":"\u003Ca title=\u0022Oguszt, CC BY-SA 3.0 <https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by-sa\/3.0>, via Wikimedia Commons\u0022 href=\u0022https:\/\/commons.wikimedia.org\/wiki\/File:Zapolya_building_sebes.jpg\u0022\u003E\u003Cimg width=\u0022512\u0022 alt=\u0022Zapolya building sebes\u0022 src=\u0022https:\/\/upload.wikimedia.org\/wikipedia\/commons\/thumb\/9\/91\/Zapolya_building_sebes.jpg\/512px-Zapolya_building_sebes.jpg\u0022\u003E\u003C\/a\u003E","picture_ref":"\u003Ca href=\u0022https:\/\/commons.wikimedia.org\/wiki\/File:Zapolya_building_sebes.jpg\u0022\u003EOguszt\u003C\/a\u003E, \u003Ca href=\u0022https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by-sa\/3.0\u0022\u003ECC BY-SA 3.0\u003C\/a\u003E, via Wikimedia Commons","name":"Z\u00e1polya House, Ioan Raica Town Museum","seolink":"zapolya-house-ioan-raica-town-museum","note":"","history":"King John I of Hungary (Szapolyai J\u00e1nos) died in 1540 in the Z\u00e1polya House (K\u00f6nigshaus) on the Main Square. The one-storey building originally dates from the 15th century and was extended in the 16th century. Its courtyard entrance is guarded by two stone lions from the Roman period. It was built for the assembly of Sz\u00e1szsebes sz\u00e9k (Sz\u00e1szsebes Seat, a Saxon administrative unit centered in Sz\u00e1szsebes). In the time of the Principality of Transylvania it was the residence of princes and the venue of country assemblies. It houses the Ioan Raica Museum with exhibitions of books, town history, fine arts, Romanian and Saxon folk art. Its African ethnographic and natural history material was bequeathed by Franz Binder, who owned the town pharmacy."},{"sightId":1899,"townId":74,"active":2,"name_LO":"","address":"Pia\u021ba Prim\u0103riei","mapdata":"1|1302|1038","gps_lat":"45.9572574162","gps_long":"23.5682148887","religion":0,"oldtype":"12","newtype":"120","homepage":"","openinghours":"","muemlekemlink":"","csemadoklink":"","picture":"\u003Ca title=\u0022Roamata, Public domain, via Wikimedia Commons\u0022 href=\u0022https:\/\/commons.wikimedia.org\/wiki\/File:Sebes_citadel_2.JPG\u0022\u003E\u003Cimg width=\u0022512\u0022 alt=\u0022Sebes citadel 2\u0022 src=\u0022https:\/\/upload.wikimedia.org\/wikipedia\/commons\/thumb\/8\/82\/Sebes_citadel_2.JPG\/512px-Sebes_citadel_2.JPG\u0022\u003E\u003C\/a\u003E","picture_ref":"\u003Ca href=\u0022https:\/\/commons.wikimedia.org\/wiki\/File:Sebes_citadel_2.JPG\u0022\u003ERoamata\u003C\/a\u003E, Public domain, via Wikimedia Commons","name":"Old Town Hall","seolink":"old-town-hall","note":"","history":"South of St James's Chapel."},{"sightId":1900,"townId":74,"active":1,"name_LO":"Prim\u0103ria","address":"Pia\u021ba Prim\u0103riei 1","mapdata":"1|1410|919","gps_lat":"45.9579746791","gps_long":"23.5689661714","religion":0,"oldtype":"12","newtype":"12","homepage":"https:\/\/www.primariasebes.ro\/","openinghours":"","muemlekemlink":"","csemadoklink":"","picture":"\u003Ca title=\u0022Andrei kokelburg, CC BY-SA 3.0 RO <https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by-sa\/3.0\/ro\/deed.en>, via Wikimedia Commons\u0022 href=\u0022https:\/\/commons.wikimedia.org\/wiki\/File:Sebes_Primaria_(1).JPG\u0022\u003E\u003Cimg width=\u0022512\u0022 alt=\u0022Sebes Primaria (1)\u0022 src=\u0022https:\/\/upload.wikimedia.org\/wikipedia\/commons\/thumb\/4\/4b\/Sebes_Primaria_%281%29.JPG\/512px-Sebes_Primaria_%281%29.JPG\u0022\u003E\u003C\/a\u003E","picture_ref":"\u003Ca href=\u0022https:\/\/commons.wikimedia.org\/wiki\/File:Sebes_Primaria_(1).JPG\u0022\u003EAndrei kokelburg\u003C\/a\u003E, \u003Ca href=\u0022https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by-sa\/3.0\/ro\/deed.en\u0022\u003ECC BY-SA 3.0 RO\u003C\/a\u003E, via Wikimedia Commons","name":"Town Hall","seolink":"town-hall","note":"","history":"The town hall was built in 1909, during the mayoralty of Johann Sch\u00f6pp (1907-1918)."},{"sightId":1901,"townId":74,"active":1,"name_LO":"Hotel Turn Sebes","address":"Strada Aviator Olteanu Nr 2,","mapdata":"1|1032|917","gps_lat":"45.9579084624","gps_long":"23.5657230061","religion":0,"oldtype":"64","newtype":"80,81","homepage":"https:\/\/hotelturn.ro\/","openinghours":"","muemlekemlink":"","csemadoklink":"","picture":"","picture_ref":"","name":"Old Post Office","seolink":"old-post-office","note":"","history":"The post office was built in the early 1900s during the mayoralty of Johann Sch\u00f6pp (1907-1918)."},{"sightId":1902,"townId":74,"active":1,"name_LO":"Halele Breslelor","address":"Pia\u021ba Prim\u0103riei","mapdata":"1|1337|1004","gps_lat":"45.9574062159","gps_long":"23.5684277879","religion":0,"oldtype":"83","newtype":"120","homepage":"","openinghours":"","muemlekemlink":"","csemadoklink":"","picture":"","picture_ref":"","name":"The Guilds Halls","seolink":"the-guilds-halls","note":"","history":"Built in the 17th century, it was restored by the butchers' guild in 1838. It served as a market place."},{"sightId":1903,"townId":74,"active":1,"name_LO":"","address":"Strada C\u0103l\u0103ra\u0219i","mapdata":"1|2694|178","gps_lat":"45.9623797159","gps_long":"23.5802953284","religion":0,"oldtype":"21","newtype":"121","homepage":"","openinghours":"","muemlekemlink":"","csemadoklink":"","picture":"","picture_ref":"","name":"Former Austro-Hungarian Cavalry Barracks","seolink":"former-austro-hungarian-cavalry-barracks","note":"","history":"The barracks was built in 1910."},{"sightId":1904,"townId":74,"active":1,"name_LO":"","address":"Bulevardul Lucian Blaga 10-12","mapdata":"1|1145|1048","gps_lat":"45.9572268393","gps_long":"23.5667702764","religion":0,"oldtype":"53","newtype":"53","homepage":"","openinghours":"","muemlekemlink":"","csemadoklink":"","picture":"\u003Ca title=\u0022Turbojet, CC BY-SA 4.0 <https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by-sa\/4.0>, via Wikimedia Commons\u0022 href=\u0022https:\/\/commons.wikimedia.org\/wiki\/File:Sebes,_str_Lucian_Blaga_10-12.jpg\u0022\u003E\u003Cimg width=\u0022512\u0022 alt=\u0022Sebes, str Lucian Blaga 10-12\u0022 src=\u0022https:\/\/upload.wikimedia.org\/wikipedia\/commons\/thumb\/b\/b3\/Sebes%2C_str_Lucian_Blaga_10-12.jpg\/512px-Sebes%2C_str_Lucian_Blaga_10-12.jpg\u0022\u003E\u003C\/a\u003E","picture_ref":"\u003Ca href=\u0022https:\/\/commons.wikimedia.org\/wiki\/File:Sebes,_str_Lucian_Blaga_10-12.jpg\u0022\u003ETurbojet\u003C\/a\u003E, \u003Ca href=\u0022https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by-sa\/4.0\u0022\u003ECC BY-SA 4.0\u003C\/a\u003E, via Wikimedia Commons","name":"Filtsch House","seolink":"filtsch-house","note":"","history":"18th century, birthplace of the child prodigy Carl Filtsch."},{"sightId":1905,"townId":74,"active":1,"name_LO":"","address":"Bulevardul Lucian Blaga 32","mapdata":"1|1355|1096","gps_lat":"45.9569346336","gps_long":"23.5685465860","religion":0,"oldtype":"53","newtype":"53","homepage":"","openinghours":"","muemlekemlink":"","csemadoklink":"","picture":"\u003Ca title=\u0022Roamata, Public domain, via Wikimedia Commons\u0022 href=\u0022https:\/\/commons.wikimedia.org\/wiki\/File:Sebes_building.JPG\u0022\u003E\u003Cimg width=\u0022512\u0022 alt=\u0022Sebes building\u0022 src=\u0022https:\/\/upload.wikimedia.org\/wikipedia\/commons\/thumb\/1\/1a\/Sebes_building.JPG\/512px-Sebes_building.JPG\u0022\u003E\u003C\/a\u003E","picture_ref":"\u003Ca href=\u0022https:\/\/commons.wikimedia.org\/wiki\/File:Sebes_building.JPG\u0022\u003ERoamata\u003C\/a\u003E, Public domain, via Wikimedia Commons","name":"Binder House","seolink":"binder-house","note":"","history":"In 1861, the house became the property of Franz Binder, a traveller to Africa, and was previously the headquarters of the town garrison in 1820. Binder rebuilt it, adding a frieze below the facade's upstairs windows on two sides and above the central balcony. The relief on the left shows the pyramids of Cheops, Khafre and Menkaure and some buildings in Cairo, on the right the Isis temple in Philae and one of the gates of Cairo, and in the centre above a caravan crossing the Nubian Desert."},{"sightId":1906,"townId":74,"active":1,"name_LO":"","address":"Bulevardul Lucian Blaga 16","mapdata":"1|1203|1067","gps_lat":"45.9570889606","gps_long":"23.5672963468","religion":0,"oldtype":"53","newtype":"53","homepage":"","openinghours":"","muemlekemlink":"","csemadoklink":"","picture":"\u003Ca title=\u0022Turbojet, CC BY-SA 4.0 <https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by-sa\/4.0>, via Wikimedia Commons\u0022 href=\u0022https:\/\/commons.wikimedia.org\/wiki\/File:Sebes,_str_Lucian_Blaga_16.jpg\u0022\u003E\u003Cimg width=\u0022512\u0022 alt=\u0022Sebes, str Lucian Blaga 16\u0022 src=\u0022https:\/\/upload.wikimedia.org\/wikipedia\/commons\/thumb\/4\/46\/Sebes%2C_str_Lucian_Blaga_16.jpg\/512px-Sebes%2C_str_Lucian_Blaga_16.jpg\u0022\u003E\u003C\/a\u003E","picture_ref":"\u003Ca href=\u0022https:\/\/commons.wikimedia.org\/wiki\/File:Sebes,_str_Lucian_Blaga_16.jpg\u0022\u003ETurbojet\u003C\/a\u003E, \u003Ca href=\u0022https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by-sa\/4.0\u0022\u003ECC BY-SA 4.0\u003C\/a\u003E, via Wikimedia Commons","name":"Roth House","seolink":"roth-house","note":"","history":"16-19th century."},{"sightId":1907,"townId":74,"active":1,"name_LO":"","address":"Bulevardul Lucian Blaga 26","mapdata":"1|1288|1088","gps_lat":"45.9569827248","gps_long":"23.5679760693","religion":0,"oldtype":"53","newtype":"53","homepage":"","openinghours":"","muemlekemlink":"","csemadoklink":"","picture":"","picture_ref":"","name":"Art Nouveau House","seolink":"art-nouveau-house","note":"","history":""},{"sightId":1908,"townId":74,"active":1,"name_LO":"","address":"Bulevardul Lucian Blaga 39","mapdata":"1|1863|1119","gps_lat":"45.9568184720","gps_long":"23.5729770592","religion":0,"oldtype":"53","newtype":"53","homepage":"","openinghours":"","muemlekemlink":"","csemadoklink":"","picture":"\u003Ca title=\u0022Turbojet, CC BY-SA 4.0 <https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by-sa\/4.0>, via Wikimedia Commons\u0022 href=\u0022https:\/\/commons.wikimedia.org\/wiki\/File:Sebes,_str_Lucian_Blaga_39.jpg\u0022\u003E\u003Cimg width=\u0022512\u0022 alt=\u0022Sebes, str Lucian Blaga 39\u0022 src=\u0022https:\/\/upload.wikimedia.org\/wikipedia\/commons\/thumb\/4\/47\/Sebes%2C_str_Lucian_Blaga_39.jpg\/512px-Sebes%2C_str_Lucian_Blaga_39.jpg\u0022\u003E\u003C\/a\u003E","picture_ref":"\u003Ca href=\u0022https:\/\/commons.wikimedia.org\/wiki\/File:Sebes,_str_Lucian_Blaga_39.jpg\u0022\u003ETurbojet\u003C\/a\u003E, \u003Ca href=\u0022https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by-sa\/4.0\u0022\u003ECC BY-SA 4.0\u003C\/a\u003E, via Wikimedia Commons","name":"Heitz-Konrad House","seolink":"heitz-konrad-house","note":"","history":"16-19th century."},{"sightId":1909,"townId":74,"active":1,"name_LO":"","address":"Bulevardul Lucian Blaga 52","mapdata":"1|1590|1134","gps_lat":"45.9567236685","gps_long":"23.5706057077","religion":0,"oldtype":"53","newtype":"53","homepage":"","openinghours":"","muemlekemlink":"","csemadoklink":"","picture":"\u003Ca title=\u0022Turbojet, CC BY-SA 4.0 <https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by-sa\/4.0>, via Wikimedia Commons\u0022 href=\u0022https:\/\/commons.wikimedia.org\/wiki\/File:Sebes,_str_Lucian_Blaga_52.jpg\u0022\u003E\u003Cimg width=\u0022512\u0022 alt=\u0022Sebes, str Lucian Blaga 52\u0022 src=\u0022https:\/\/upload.wikimedia.org\/wikipedia\/commons\/thumb\/e\/e5\/Sebes%2C_str_Lucian_Blaga_52.jpg\/512px-Sebes%2C_str_Lucian_Blaga_52.jpg\u0022\u003E\u003C\/a\u003E","picture_ref":"\u003Ca href=\u0022https:\/\/commons.wikimedia.org\/wiki\/File:Sebes,_str_Lucian_Blaga_52.jpg\u0022\u003ETurbojet\u003C\/a\u003E, \u003Ca href=\u0022https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by-sa\/4.0\u0022\u003ECC BY-SA 4.0\u003C\/a\u003E, via Wikimedia Commons","name":"Mauksch House","seolink":"mauksch-house","note":"","history":"16-19th century."}]},"language":"en","region":"romania","regionid":4,"offer":[],"gallery":false,"album":false}