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Transylvania / Romania

Solymos Castle

Cetatea Șoimoș
Solymos Castle
Solymos Castle
Argona, CC BY-SA 3.0, via Wikimedia Commons
Condition:
Spectacular ruins
Entrance:
Free
Historical Hungarian county:
Temes
Country:
Romania
County:
Arad
Geographic region:
Záránd Mountains
GPS coordinates:
46.108662, 21.723292
Google map:

History

895
Arrival of the Hungarians
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895
The alliance of the seven Hungarian tribes took possession of the then largely uninhabited Carpathian Basin. Until then, the sparse Slavic population of the north-western Carpathians had lived under Moravian rule for a few decades after the collapse of the Avar Khaganate in the early 9th century.
1000
Foundation of the Hungarian Kingdom
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1000
The Kingdom of Hungary was established with the coronation of King Stephen I. He converted the Hungarians to Christianity and created two archdioceses (Esztergom and Kalocsa) and ten dioceses. He divided Hungary into counties led by ispáns, who were appointed by the king.
1241-1242
Mongol Invasion
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1241-1242
The hordes of the Mongol Empire invaded Hungary and almost completely destroyed it. One third to one half of the population was destroyed. The Mongols also suffered heavy losses in the battle of Muhi and they could not hunt down the king. After their withdrawal, King Béla IV reorganized Hungary. He allowed the feudal lords to build stone castles because they were able to successfully resist the nomadic Mongols. The vast majority of stone castles were built after this. The king called in German, Vlach (Romanian) and Slavic settlers to replace the destroyed population.
1270s
Pál, bán of Szörény, built Solymos Castle as the centre of his estate. The aristocrat, who got rich from salt trade, established an Augustinian monastery as well next to the castle.
1278
Pál died without heir and left Castrum Somos on Pausa, the son of his brother.
1301
The extinction of the House of Árpád
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1301
The House of Árpád, the first Hungarian royal dynasty, died out with the death of King Andrew III. Hungary was ruled by oligarchs, the most powerful of whom was Csák Máté, whose main ally was the Aba family. King Charles I (1308-1342), supported by the Pope, eventually emerged as the most prominent of the contenders for the Hungarian throne. But it took decades to break the power of the oligarchs.
around 1300
One of the most powerful Hungarian oligarchs Kán László, vajda of Transylvania, captured the castle.
1315
Kán László deceased. The army of King Charles I of Hungary took back Solymos Castle and the town of Lippa. During the following decades, the castle was under the authority of the royal ispán of Arad County. The castle and the estate were pawned several times temporarily.
early 15th century
Ozorai Pipo organized the southern defence system of Hungary on behalf of King Sigismund. Solymos became part of it, and the castle was expanded.
1439
King Albert of Hungary pawned Solymos to Hagymás László of Berekszó.
1440
King Ulászló I of Hungary confiscated the castle from Hagymás László of Berekszó because of treason, and donated it to Országh Mihály and János of Guth, but the two families continued to quarrel with each other.
from 1444
Governor of Hungary Hunyadi János, who was also vajda of Transylvania, took the castle for himself, but the quarrellers were compensated. The outer castle was created at that time and the palace wings were also significantly expanded. Hunyadi János ordered the construction of a castle in Lippa as well.
1453, 1456
King László V of Hungary confirmed the ownership of Hunyadi János. Keszi Balázs became the castellan of Solymos.
1456
Siege of Nándorfehérvár (Belgrade)
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1456
The Turkish army of Sultan Mehmed II, the conqueror of Constantinople, besieged the castle of Nándorfehérvár (Belgrade), which was the southern gateway to Hungary. But the Hungarian army, led by Hunyadi János, won a decisive victory over the twice to three times larger Turkish army. The Pope had earlier ordered that church bells should be rung every noon to pray for the victory of the defenders. Hunyadi János died of plague in the camp after the battle.
after 1456
After the death of Hunyadi János, the castle was managed by his widow, Szilágyi Erzsébet.
after 1458
Solymos became a royal castle after King Matthias ascended to the throne of Hungary.
1462
King Matthias gave Solymos and Lippa together with 25 thousand gold forints to the Czech Hussite bandit leader Jan Jiskra in exchange for the castles occupied by his thugs in northern Hungary (which is now called Slovakia). Jiskra married the daughter of Országh János of Guth. He served in the army of King Matthias until his death in 1468, when the Crown recovered his estates.
1482
King Matthias donated the castle to Bánffy Miklós of Alsólendva, ispán of Arad and Pozsony counties, and to his brother Jakab.
1487
King Matthias confiscated the castle from Bánffy Miklós, who lost favour with the king. The king gave it to his own illegitimate son, Corvin János.
1504
Corvin János died.
1505
The only son of Corvin János, the child Kristóf, died. He was the last male member of the family.
1508
Erzsébet, the daughter of Corvin János also died. The castle was inherited by the widow of Corvin János, Frangepán Beatrix.
1509
Frangepán Beatrix married George, Margrave of Brandenburg-Ansbach, the nephew of King Ulászló II.
1510
After the death of Frangepán Beatrix, George, Margrave of Brandenburg-Ansbach, inherited the Hunyadi estates. He entrusted the management of the estates to foreign experts. The lordship of Solymos reached its greatest extent by the end of the 15th century, when it consisted of the castles of Solymos and Lippa, another castle, four towns and 180 villages.
1514
Pressed by the guards, the vice castellan Georg Pratner surrendered the castle to the insurgents of Dózsa György, after the peasants threatened them that they would take revenge on their family members living in Lippa. The army of the nobility took the castle back after the peasants were defeated at Temesvár. After that the castle was in the possession of nádor Perényi Péter as well.
1526
Battle of Mohács and the splitting of Hungary into two parts
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1526
Sultan Suleiman I launched a war against Vienna, instigated by the French. Ferdinand I, Duke of Austria, was the brother-in-law of King Louis II of Hungary. The army of the Ottoman Empire defeated the much smaller Hungarian army at Mohács, and King Louis II died in the battle. A group of the barons elected Ferdinand I of the House of Habsburg to the throne, who promised to defend Hungary from the Turks. He was the younger brother of the most powerful European monarch Emperor Charles V. But the nobility chose the most powerful Hungarian baron, Szapolyai János, who was also crowned as King John I. The country was split in two and a decades-long struggle for power began.
after 1526
King John I held the castle. It was significantly transformed at the beginning of the 16th century, and it was also surrounded with an outer wall.
1541
The Turkish occupation of the capital, Buda, and the division of Hungary into three parts
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1541
The Turks conquered Buda, the capital of Hungary, after the death of King John I. The central part of the country was under Turkish rule for 150 years. The western and northern parts (including present-day Slovakia) formed the Kingdom of Hungary ruled by the Habsburg emperors. The eastern parts (now mainly under Romanian rule) were ruled by the successors of King John I of Hungary, who later established the Principality of Transylvania.
1541
Queen Isabella took a few days rest in the castle, while she was moving from Buda occupied by Suleiman to Transylvania. The ruinous balcony of the inner castle was later called ’the balcony of Queen Isabella’, where the queen had brooded over her sad fate. The palace wing built in the 1490s was named Isabella Wing after her.
1551
The imperial troops of Báthory András marched into the castle, when Transylvania was handed over to the Habsburg emperor. The Sultan sent Beylerbey Sokollu Mehmed of Rumelia to take revenge, but he did not dare to attack the Christian army gathering at Lippa. Then Báthory András marched to Várad and entrusted Pethó János of Gerse with the defence of castle. Beylerbey Mehmed took advantage of the opportunity and, helped of the Serbs, he occupied the town of Lippa, which was left undefended, but they besieged Solymos in vain.
1552
The great Turkish army captured the castle by force after Temesvár was occupied. Turks stationed in the castle until 1595.
1570
The establishment of the Principality of Transylvania
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1570
John II (John Sigismund), the son of King John I of Hungary, renounced the title of King of Hungary in favor of King Maximilian of the House of Habsburg, and henceforth held the title of Prince. This formally created the Principality of Transylvania, which was the eastern half of Hungary not ruled by the Habsburgs and was also a vassal of the Ottoman Empire. John II died in 1571, after which the three nations of Transylvania (the Hungarian nobility, the Székelys and the Saxons) elected the prince.
1591-1606
Fifteen Years' War
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1591-1606
The Ottoman Empire started a war against the Habsburg Empire. The war was waged in the territory of Hungary. The Turks defeated the combined armies of the Habsburg Empire and the Principality of Transylvania in the battle of Mezőkeresztes in 1596, but their victory was not decisive. The war devastated the Principality of Transylvania, which was occupied by the Habsburg army, and General Basta introduced a reign of terror.
1595
Prince Báthory Zsigmond of Transylvania appointed the battle hardened Borbély György bán of Karánsebes and Lugos. Borbély defeated the army of the Pasha of Temesvár on 13 August at Facsád and liberated Lippa and Solymos Castle. Then he pressed on along the Maros Valley as far as Arad and liberated that town as well along with several castles on the way.
1597
Prince Báthory Zsigmond of Transylvania donated Solymos to Chancellor Jósika István, but he had him beheaded for being involved in a conspiracy in 1598.
August 3, 1601
The combined armies of General Basta and Voivode Mihai of Wallachia defeated the Transylvanian army of Prince Báthory Zsigmond in the battle of Goroszló. After that, the army of Voivode Mihai sacked and burned the towns of Torda, Nagyenyed and Gyulafehérvár, where they robbed the tombs of the Hunyadi family, King John II of Hungary and his mother Queen Isabella. Then, on 19 August, Voivode Mihai was assassinated by the mercenaries of General Basta, because Mihai tried to usurp the throne of Transylvania once again. Genral Basta also introduced a reign of terror in Transylvania and let his mercenaries ravage freely throughout the land.
July 2, 1602
General Giorgio Basta defeated the army of Székely Mózes at Tövis. Székely Mózes became the leader of the Transylvanian uprising against the Habsburg Empire after the battle of Goroszló.
1602
Székely Mózes fled to Solymos Castle after he was defeated by General Basta at Tövis. But as he didn’t consider it strong enough, he exchanged it with the Pasha of Temesvár for the castle of Kladova. But Solymos was soon liberated by the Christians.
1603
General Basta left Transylvania with his imperial army. Székely Mózes set out from Temesvár with Székely and Turkish armies to liberate Transylvania. The estates of Transylvania, having enough of Basta’s terror, welcomed him in Gyulafehérvár and elected him Prince of Transylvania on 9 May. The Habsburgs mobilized their vassal, Voivode Radu Serban of Wallachia, who attacked the camp of Székely Mózes at Brassó at night on 17 July. The Prince was killed and General Basta returned to Transylvania.
1604-1606
Uprising of Bocskai István
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1604-1606
The alliance of the Habsburgs and the Principality of Transylvania was defeated by the Ottoman Empire in the Fifteen Years' War. The war devastated Transylvania, which was occupied by the Habsburg imperial army, and General Basta introduced a reign of terror. The nobility and the burghers were upset about the terror, the plundering mercenaries and the violent Counter-Reformation. Bocskai István decided to lead their uprising after the Habsburg emperor tried to confiscate his estates. Bocskai also rallied the hajdú warriors to his side. He was elected Prince of Transylvania and soon liberated the Kingdom of Hungary from the Habsburgs. In 1605 Bocskai István was crowned King of Hungary with the crown he received from the Turks.
23 June 1606
Peace of Vienna
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23 June 1606
Bocski István made peace with Emperor Rudolf. Their agreement secured the constitutional rights of the Estates of Hungary, and the freedom of religion. The counties of Szatmár, Bereg and Ugocsa were annexed to the Principality of Transylvania. Bocskai died of illness in the same year, leaving to his successors the idea of unifying Hungary from Transylvania.
1616
The country assembly of Transylvania ordered the castle and the town of Lippa to be surrendered to the Turks, after Prince Bethlen Gábor ascended to the throne with Turkish help. The captain of Lippa Vajda István was unwilling to carry out the order, and Prince Bethlen Gábor had to take Lippa by force so that he could hand it over to the Beylerbey of Temesvár. In exchange, Prince Bethlen Gábor could keep the castle of Borosjenő. Solymos was also taken over by the Turks. After that not much is known about the insignificant border castle, which was defended by only a small garrison.
1619
The campaign of Prince Bethlen Gábor of Transylvania in the Thirty Years' War
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1619
At the beginning of the Thirty Years' War (1618-1648), Prince Bethlen Gábor of Transylvania went to war against the Habsburg emperor as an ally of the rebelling Czech-Moravian-Austrian estates. The whole Kingdom of Hungary joined him, only the Austrian defenders of Pozsony had to be put to the sword. With his allies, he laid siege to Vienna. However, he was forced to abandon the siege because the Habsburg-loyal Hungarian aristocrat Homonnai Drugeth György attacked his heartland with Polish mercenaries. On 25 August 1620, the Diet of Besztercebánya elected Bethlen Gábor King of Hungary as vassal of the Turks. He continued to fight after the defeat of the Czechs at White Mountain on 8 November 1620, but without real chance to achieve decisive victory, he decided to come to an agreement with Emperor Ferdinand II.
31 December 1621
Peace of Nikolsburg
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31 December 1621
Prince Bethlen Gábor of Transylvania made peace with Emperor Ferdinand II. Their agreement secured the constitutional rights of the Estates of Hungary, and later it was supplemented with the freedom of religion. Bethlen renounced the title of King of Hungary in exchange for seven counties of the Upper Tisza region (Szabolcs, Szatmár, Bereg, Ugocsa, Zemplén, Borsod, Abaúj) for the rest of his life, other estates in Hungary as his private property and the imperial title of Duke of Oppeln and Ratibor (Opole and Racibórz), one of the Duchies of Silesia. Prince Bethlen went to war against the Habsburgs in 1623 and 1626, but was unable to negotiate more favourable terms.
1683
Turkish defeat at Vienna and the formation of the Holy League
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1683
The combined armies of the Habsburg Empire and the Kingdom of Poland defeated the Turkish army besieging Vienna. Emperor Leopold I wanted to make peace with the Turks, but was refused by Sultan Mehmed IV. In 1684, at the persistent urging of Pope Innocent XI, the Holy League, an alliance of the Kingdom of Poland, the Habsburg Empire, the Republic of Venice and the Papal States, was formed to expel the Turks from Hungary. Thököly Imre, who had allied himself with the Turks, was gradually driven out of northern Hungary.
1686
Recapture of Buda and the liberation of Hungary from the Turks
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1686
The army of the Holy League recaptured Buda from the Turks by siege. In 1687, the Imperial army invaded the Principality of Transylvania. The liberation was hindered by the French breaking their promise of peace in 1688 and attacking the Habsburg Empire. By 1699, when the Peace of Karlóca was signed, all of Hungary and Croatia had been liberated from the Ottoman Empire with the exception of Temesköz, the area bounded by the Maros, the Tisza and the Danube rivers. It was not until the Peace of Požarevac in 1718 that Temesköz was liberated from the Turks. However, the continuous war against the Turkish invaders and the Habsburg autocracy, which lasted for more than 150 years, wiped out large areas of the Hungarian population, which had previously made up 80% of the country's population, and was replaced by Vlachs (Romanians), Serbs and other Slavic settlers and Germans. The Habsburgs also favoured the settlement of these foreign peoples over the 'rebellious' Hungarians.
1688
The Turks were driven out permanently.
1690
Transylvania became part of the Kingdom of Hungary again, with internal autonomy and freedom of religion
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1690
According to the Diploma Leopoldinum issued by Emperor Leopold I, Transylvania became part of the Kingdom of Hungary again and Hungarian law remained in force. The three nations (the Hungarians, the Székelys – who are also Hungarians –, and the Saxons) administered its internal affairs with autonomy and the freedom of religion was also preserved. The incorporation of Transylvania into the Habsburg Empire was prevented by the temporary election of Thököly Imre as Prince of Transylvania in 1690 with Turkish help.
1699
The Treaty of Karlowitz left the towns of Lippa and Temesvár in Turkish hands. Solymos became part of the defence system maintained by the Habsburg military leadership against the Turkish threat from Temesvár. Therefore the castle escaped the Emperor’s decree ordering the destruction of many Hungarian castles in 1701.
1703-1711
Hungarian War of Independence led by Prince Rákóczi Ferenc II
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1703-1711
After the expulsion of the Turks, the Habsburgs treated Hungary as a newly conquered province and did not respect its constitution. The serfs rose up against the Habsburg ruler because of the sufferings caused by the war and the heavy burdens, and they invited Rákóczi Ferenc II to lead them. Trusting in the help promised by King Louis XIV of France, he accepted. Rákóczi rallied the nobility to his side, and soon most of the country was under his control. The rebels were called the kurucs. In 1704, the French and the Bavarians were defeated at the Battle of Blenheim, depriving the Hungarians of their international allies. The Rusyn, Slovak and Vlach peasants and the Saxons of Szepes supported the fight for freedom, while the Serbs in the south and the Saxons in Transylvania served the Habsburgs. Due to lack of funds Rákóczi could not raise a strong regular army, and in 1710, Hungary was also hit by a severe plague. Rákóczi tried unsuccessfully to forge an alliance with Tsar Peter the Great of Russia. In his absence, without his knowledge, his commander-in-chief, Károlyi Sándor, accepted Emperor Joseph I's peace offer. The Peace of Szatmár formally restored the Hungarian constitution and religious freedom and granted amnesty, but did not ease the burden of serfdom. Rákóczi refused to accept the pardon and went into exile. He died in Rodosto, Turkey.
between 1703 and 1711
The attacks of Rákóczi’s insurgents avoided Solymos Castle, which remained firmly in Habsburg hands.
1716
After Temesvár was liberated from the Turks, the castles along the valley of the Maros River lost their purpose. The size of the garrison of Solymos was minimized.
1784
In 1784, Emperor Joseph II ordered an increase in the number of border guards. The Valch serfs in Transylvania were under the misapprehension that the conscription had been started, and began to gather en masse, as the military service was the only way for the Vlach migrants that overpopulated in the Transylvanian mountains to escape the misery. The leaders of the local administration, believing that they were being bypassed by the imperial court, tried to block the process. In addition, the Vlach Orthodox priests incited the Vlach population against the Hungarians, whom they hated, and fooled the Vlachs with the myth of their Daco-Roman origin. Horea spread the word that the emperor had appointed him as the leader of the Vlachs. The enraged Vlach peasants attacked the Hungarian and Saxon citizens and began a terrible ethnic cleansing, exterminating 133 mostly Hungarian settlements and murdering thousands of people. After the mob was crushed, two of their leaders, Horea and Cloșca, were executed by the wheel in Gyulafehérvár. The third leader, Crişan, cowardly committed suicide in the prison. There was no mass reprisal.
1784
One group of the Vlach insurgents of Horea was defeated under the Castle Hill by the army of the nobility.
1788
Solymos Castle was abandoned and its walls and buildings were damaged using gunpowder by order of the Viennese military leadership. The castle was never rebuilt and the ruins were left to decay.
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The aristocrat, who got rich from salt trade, established an Augustinian monastery as well next to the castle.@1278|P\u00e1l died without heir and left Castrum Somos on Pausa, the son of his brother.@#6|@around 1300|One of the most powerful Hungarian oligarchs K\u00e1n L\u00e1szl\u00f3, vajda of Transylvania, captured the castle.@1315|K\u00e1n L\u00e1szl\u00f3 deceased. The army of King Charles I of Hungary took back Solymos Castle and the town of Lippa. During the following decades, the castle was under the authority of the royal isp\u00e1n of Arad County. The castle and the estate were pawned several times temporarily.@early 15th century|Ozorai Pipo organized the southern defence system of Hungary on behalf of King Sigismund. Solymos became part of it, and the castle was expanded.@1439|King Albert of Hungary pawned Solymos to Hagym\u00e1s L\u00e1szl\u00f3 of Bereksz\u00f3.@1440|King Ul\u00e1szl\u00f3 I of Hungary confiscated the castle from Hagym\u00e1s L\u00e1szl\u00f3 of Bereksz\u00f3 because of treason, and donated it to Orsz\u00e1gh Mih\u00e1ly and J\u00e1nos of Guth, but the two families continued to quarrel with each other.@from 1444|Governor of Hungary Hunyadi J\u00e1nos, who was also vajda of Transylvania, took the castle for himself, but the quarrellers were compensated. The outer castle was created at that time and the palace wings were also significantly expanded. Hunyadi J\u00e1nos ordered the construction of a castle in Lippa as well.@1453, 1456|King L\u00e1szl\u00f3 V of Hungary confirmed the ownership of Hunyadi J\u00e1nos. Keszi Bal\u00e1zs became the castellan of Solymos.@#7|@after 1456|After the death of Hunyadi J\u00e1nos, the castle was managed by his widow, Szil\u00e1gyi Erzs\u00e9bet.@after 1458|Solymos became a royal castle after King Matthias ascended to the throne of Hungary.@1462|King Matthias gave Solymos and Lippa together with 25 thousand gold forints to the Czech Hussite bandit leader Jan Jiskra in exchange for the castles occupied by his thugs in northern Hungary (which is now called Slovakia). Jiskra married the daughter of Orsz\u00e1gh J\u00e1nos of Guth. He served in the army of King Matthias until his death in 1468, when the Crown recovered his estates.@1482|King Matthias donated the castle to B\u00e1nffy Mikl\u00f3s of Als\u00f3lendva, isp\u00e1n of Arad and Pozsony counties, and to his brother Jakab.@1487|King Matthias confiscated the castle from B\u00e1nffy Mikl\u00f3s, who lost favour with the king. The king gave it to his own illegitimate son, Corvin J\u00e1nos.@1504|Corvin J\u00e1nos died.@1505|The only son of Corvin J\u00e1nos, the child Krist\u00f3f, died. He was the last male member of the family.@1508|Erzs\u00e9bet, the daughter of Corvin J\u00e1nos also died. The castle was inherited by the widow of Corvin J\u00e1nos, Frangep\u00e1n Beatrix.@1509|Frangep\u00e1n Beatrix married George, Margrave of Brandenburg-Ansbach, the nephew of King Ul\u00e1szl\u00f3 II.@1510|After the death of Frangep\u00e1n Beatrix, George, Margrave of Brandenburg-Ansbach, inherited the Hunyadi estates. He entrusted the management of the estates to foreign experts. The lordship of Solymos reached its greatest extent by the end of the 15th century, when it consisted of the castles of Solymos and Lippa, another castle, four towns and 180 villages.@1514|Pressed by the guards, the vice castellan Georg Pratner surrendered the castle to the insurgents of D\u00f3zsa Gy\u00f6rgy, after the peasants threatened them that they would take revenge on their family members living in Lippa. The army of the nobility took the castle back after the peasants were defeated at Temesv\u00e1r. After that the castle was in the possession of n\u00e1dor Per\u00e9nyi P\u00e9ter as well.@#8|@after 1526|King John I held the castle. It was significantly transformed at the beginning of the 16th century, and it was also surrounded with an outer wall.@#9|@1541|Queen Isabella took a few days rest in the castle, while she was moving from Buda occupied by Suleiman to Transylvania. The ruinous balcony of the inner castle was later called \u2019the balcony of Queen Isabella\u2019, where the queen had brooded over her sad fate. The palace wing built in the 1490s was named Isabella Wing after her.@1551|The imperial troops of B\u00e1thory Andr\u00e1s marched into the castle, when Transylvania was handed over to the Habsburg emperor. The Sultan sent Beylerbey Sokollu Mehmed of Rumelia to take revenge, but he did not dare to attack the Christian army gathering at Lippa. Then B\u00e1thory Andr\u00e1s marched to V\u00e1rad and entrusted Peth\u00f3 J\u00e1nos of Gerse with the defence of castle. Beylerbey Mehmed took advantage of the opportunity and, helped of the Serbs, he occupied the town of Lippa, which was left undefended, but they besieged Solymos in vain.@1552|The great Turkish army captured the castle by force after Temesv\u00e1r was occupied. Turks stationed in the castle until 1595.@#10|@#12|@1595|Prince B\u00e1thory Zsigmond of Transylvania appointed the battle hardened Borb\u00e9ly Gy\u00f6rgy b\u00e1n of Kar\u00e1nsebes and Lugos. Borb\u00e9ly defeated the army of the Pasha of Temesv\u00e1r on 13 August at Facs\u00e1d and liberated Lippa and Solymos Castle. Then he pressed on along the Maros Valley as far as Arad and liberated that town as well along with several castles on the way.@1597|Prince B\u00e1thory Zsigmond of Transylvania donated Solymos to Chancellor J\u00f3sika Istv\u00e1n, but he had him beheaded for being involved in a conspiracy in 1598.@August 3, 1601|The combined armies of General Basta and Voivode Mihai of Wallachia defeated the Transylvanian army of Prince B\u00e1thory Zsigmond in the battle of Goroszl\u00f3. After that, the army of Voivode Mihai sacked and burned the towns of Torda, Nagyenyed and Gyulafeh\u00e9rv\u00e1r, where they robbed the tombs of the Hunyadi family, King John II of Hungary and his mother Queen Isabella. Then, on 19 August, Voivode Mihai was assassinated by the mercenaries of General Basta, because Mihai tried to usurp the throne of Transylvania once again. Genral Basta also introduced a reign of terror in Transylvania and let his mercenaries ravage freely throughout the land.@July 2, 1602|General Giorgio Basta defeated the army of Sz\u00e9kely M\u00f3zes at T\u00f6vis. Sz\u00e9kely M\u00f3zes became the leader of the Transylvanian uprising against the Habsburg Empire after the battle of Goroszl\u00f3.@1602|Sz\u00e9kely M\u00f3zes fled to Solymos Castle after he was defeated by General Basta at T\u00f6vis. But as he didn\u2019t consider it strong enough, he exchanged it with the Pasha of Temesv\u00e1r for the castle of Kladova. But Solymos was soon liberated by the Christians.@1603|General Basta left Transylvania with his imperial army. Sz\u00e9kely M\u00f3zes set out from Temesv\u00e1r with Sz\u00e9kely and Turkish armies to liberate Transylvania. The estates of Transylvania, having enough of Basta\u2019s terror, welcomed him in Gyulafeh\u00e9rv\u00e1r and elected him Prince of Transylvania on 9 May. The Habsburgs mobilized their vassal, Voivode Radu Serban of Wallachia, who attacked the camp of Sz\u00e9kely M\u00f3zes at Brass\u00f3 at night on 17 July. The Prince was killed and General Basta returned to Transylvania.@#13|@#14|@1616|The country assembly of Transylvania ordered the castle and the town of Lippa to be surrendered to the Turks, after Prince Bethlen G\u00e1bor ascended to the throne with Turkish help. The captain of Lippa Vajda Istv\u00e1n was unwilling to carry out the order, and Prince Bethlen G\u00e1bor had to take Lippa by force so that he could hand it over to the Beylerbey of Temesv\u00e1r. In exchange, Prince Bethlen G\u00e1bor could keep the castle of Borosjen\u0151. Solymos was also taken over by the Turks. After that not much is known about the insignificant border castle, which was defended by only a small garrison.@#15|@#16|@#23|@#25|@1688|The Turks were driven out permanently.@#26|@1699|The Treaty of Karlowitz left the towns of Lippa and Temesv\u00e1r in Turkish hands. Solymos became part of the defence system maintained by the Habsburg military leadership against the Turkish threat from Temesv\u00e1r. Therefore the castle escaped the Emperor\u2019s decree ordering the destruction of many Hungarian castles in 1701.@#27|@between 1703 and 1711|The attacks of R\u00e1k\u00f3czi\u2019s insurgents avoided Solymos Castle, which remained firmly in Habsburg hands.@1716|After Temesv\u00e1r was liberated from the Turks, the castles along the valley of the Maros River lost their purpose. The size of the garrison of Solymos was minimized.@1784|In 1784, Emperor Joseph II ordered an increase in the number of border guards. The Valch serfs in Transylvania were under the misapprehension that the conscription had been started, and began to gather en masse, as the military service was the only way for the Vlach migrants that overpopulated in the Transylvanian mountains to escape the misery. The leaders of the local administration, believing that they were being bypassed by the imperial court, tried to block the process. In addition, the Vlach Orthodox priests incited the Vlach population against the Hungarians, whom they hated, and fooled the Vlachs with the myth of their Daco-Roman origin. Horea spread the word that the emperor had appointed him as the leader of the Vlachs. The enraged Vlach peasants attacked the Hungarian and Saxon citizens and began a terrible ethnic cleansing, exterminating 133 mostly Hungarian settlements and murdering thousands of people. After the mob was crushed, two of their leaders, Horea and Clo\u0219ca, were executed by the wheel in Gyulafeh\u00e9rv\u00e1r. The third leader, Cri\u015fan, cowardly committed suicide in the prison. There was no mass reprisal.@1784|One group of the Vlach insurgents of Horea was defeated under the Castle Hill by the army of the nobility.@1788|Solymos Castle was abandoned and its walls and buildings were damaged using gunpowder by order of the Viennese military leadership. The castle was never rebuilt and the ruins were left to decay.&studhist.blog.hu: Solymos \u00e9s Lippa v\u00e1rai Arad megy\u00e9ben I. r\u00e9sz|https:\/\/studhist.blog.hu\/2017\/11\/18\/solymos_es_lippa_varai_arad_megyeben_i_resz\nstudhist.blog.hu: Solymos \u00e9s Lippa v\u00e1rai Arad megy\u00e9ben II. r\u00e9sz|https:\/\/studhist.blog.hu\/2017\/11\/18\/solymos_es_lippa_varai_arad_megyeben_ii_resz"},"language":"en","region":"romania","regionid":4,"offer":[{"id":"112","settlement_HU":"Szal\u00e1rd","settlement_LO":"S\u0103lard","gps_lat":"47.2378340000","gps_long":"22.0440240000","cond":"6","picture":"\u003Ca title=\u0022Utilizator:Grossecali at ro.wikipedia, CC BY-SA 3.0 <http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by-sa\/3.0\/>, via Wikimedia Commons\u0022 href=\u0022https:\/\/commons.wikimedia.org\/wiki\/File:Cetatea_Adorjan_Salard.jpg\u0022\u003E\u003Cimg width=\u0022256\u0022 alt=\u0022Cetatea Adorjan Salard\u0022 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href=\u0022https:\/\/commons.wikimedia.org\/wiki\/File:Csics%C3%B3v%C3%A1r_(Vas%C3%A1rnapi_%C3%BAjs%C3%A1g_1866._35._sz%C3%A1m).jpg\u0022\u003E\u003Cimg width=\u0022512\u0022 alt=\u0022Csics\u00f3v\u00e1r (Vas\u00e1rnapi \u00fajs\u00e1g 1866. 35. sz\u00e1m)\u0022 src=\u0022https:\/\/upload.wikimedia.org\/wikipedia\/commons\/6\/6f\/Csics%C3%B3v%C3%A1r_%28Vas%C3%A1rnapi_%C3%BAjs%C3%A1g_1866._35._sz%C3%A1m%29.jpg\u0022\u003E\u003C\/a\u003E","picture_ref":"\u003Ca href=\u0022https:\/\/commons.wikimedia.org\/wiki\/File:Csics%C3%B3v%C3%A1r_(Vas%C3%A1rnapi_%C3%BAjs%C3%A1g_1866._35._sz%C3%A1m).jpg\u0022\u003EUnknown author\u003C\/a\u003E, Public domain, via Wikimedia Commons","name":"Csics\u00f3 Castle","seolink":"csicso-castle-cetatea-ciceului"},{"id":"122","settlement_HU":"Sz\u00e9kelyudvarhely","settlement_LO":"Odorheiu Secuiesc","gps_lat":"46.3055270000","gps_long":"25.2960670000","cond":"4","picture":"\u003Ca title=\u0022Andrei kokelburg, CC BY-SA 3.0 RO 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title=\u0022Nenea hartia, CC BY-SA 4.0 <https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by-sa\/4.0>, via Wikimedia Commons\u0022 href=\u0022https:\/\/commons.wikimedia.org\/wiki\/File:Drencova_Romania.jpg\u0022\u003E\u003Cimg width=\u0022512\u0022 alt=\u0022Drencova Romania\u0022 src=\u0022https:\/\/upload.wikimedia.org\/wikipedia\/commons\/thumb\/e\/eb\/Drencova_Romania.jpg\/512px-Drencova_Romania.jpg\u0022\u003E\u003C\/a\u003E","picture_ref":"\u003Ca href=\u0022https:\/\/commons.wikimedia.org\/wiki\/File:Drencova_Romania.jpg\u0022\u003ENenea hartia\u003C\/a\u003E, \u003Ca href=\u0022https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by-sa\/4.0\u0022\u003ECC BY-SA 4.0\u003C\/a\u003E, via Wikimedia Commons","name":"Drank\u00f3 Castle","seolink":"dranko-castle"},{"id":"124","settlement_HU":"Facs\u00e1d","settlement_LO":"F\u0103get","gps_lat":"45.8662280000","gps_long":"22.1741410000","cond":"6","picture":"\u003Ca title=\u0022Yo6own, CC BY-SA 3.0 RO <https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by-sa\/3.0\/ro\/deed.en>, via Wikimedia Commons\u0022 href=\u0022https:\/\/commons.wikimedia.org\/wiki\/File:Faget_Cetate_1.JPG\u0022\u003E\u003Cimg width=\u0022512\u0022 alt=\u0022Faget Cetate 1\u0022 src=\u0022https:\/\/upload.wikimedia.org\/wikipedia\/commons\/thumb\/4\/45\/Faget_Cetate_1.JPG\/512px-Faget_Cetate_1.JPG\u0022\u003E\u003C\/a\u003E","picture_ref":"\u003Ca href=\u0022https:\/\/commons.wikimedia.org\/wiki\/File:Faget_Cetate_1.JPG\u0022\u003EYo6own\u003C\/a\u003E, \u003Ca href=\u0022https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by-sa\/3.0\/ro\/deed.en\u0022\u003ECC BY-SA 3.0 RO\u003C\/a\u003E, via Wikimedia Commons","name":"Facset Castle","seolink":"facset-castle-cetatea-fagetului"},{"id":"125","settlement_HU":"Brass\u00f3","settlement_LO":"Bra\u0219ov","gps_lat":"45.6493030000","gps_long":"25.5916990000","cond":"1","picture":"\u003Ca title=\u0022Andrei Dan Suciu, CC BY 3.0 \u003Chttps:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/3.0\u003E, via Wikimedia Commons\u0022 href=\u0022https:\/\/commons.wikimedia.org\/wiki\/File:Cet%C4%83%C5%A3uia_Bra%C5%9Fov_-_panoramio_(9).jpg\u0022\u003E\u003Cimg width=\u0022512\u0022 alt=\u0022Cet\u0103\u0163uia Bra\u015fov - panoramio (9)\u0022 src=\u0022https:\/\/upload.wikimedia.org\/wikipedia\/commons\/thumb\/f\/f0\/Cet%C4%83%C5%A3uia_Bra%C5%9Fov_-_panoramio_%289%29.jpg\/512px-Cet%C4%83%C5%A3uia_Bra%C5%9Fov_-_panoramio_%289%29.jpg\u0022\u003E\u003C\/a\u003E","picture_ref":"\u003Ca href=\u0022https:\/\/commons.wikimedia.org\/wiki\/File:Cet%C4%83%C5%A3uia_Bra%C5%9Fov_-_panoramio_(9).jpg\u0022\u003EAndrei Dan Suciu\u003C\/a\u003E, \u003Ca href=\u0022https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/3.0\u0022\u003ECC BY 3.0\u003C\/a\u003E, via Wikimedia Commons","name":"Brass\u00f3, Citadel","seolink":"brasso-citadel-brasov-cetatuia"},{"id":"126","settlement_HU":"V\u00e1rasfenes","settlement_LO":"Fini\u015f","gps_lat":"46.6168680000","gps_long":"22.2971320000","cond":"6","picture":"\u003Ca title=\u0022No machine-readable author provided. Petitpeton assumed (based on copyright claims)., Public domain, via Wikimedia Commons\u0022 href=\u0022https:\/\/commons.wikimedia.org\/wiki\/File:B%C3%A9lavar_caslte_2.jpg\u0022\u003E\u003Cimg width=\u0022512\u0022 alt=\u0022B\u00e9lavar caslte 2\u0022 src=\u0022https:\/\/upload.wikimedia.org\/wikipedia\/commons\/f\/fe\/B%C3%A9lavar_caslte_2.jpg\u0022\u003E\u003C\/a\u003E","picture_ref":"\u003Ca href=\u0022https:\/\/commons.wikimedia.org\/wiki\/File:B%C3%A9lavar_caslte_2.jpg\u0022\u003ENo machine-readable author provided. Petitpeton assumed (based on copyright claims).\u003C\/a\u003E, Public domain, via Wikimedia Commons","name":"Fenes Castle; B\u00e9lav\u00e1r","seolink":"fenes-castle-cetatea-finis"},{"id":"127","settlement_HU":"G\u00f6rg\u00e9nyszentimre","settlement_LO":"Gurghiu","gps_lat":"46.7744120000","gps_long":"24.8653210000","cond":"6","picture":"\u003Ca title=\u0022SahkuRO, CC BY-SA 3.0 <https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by-sa\/3.0>, via Wikimedia Commons\u0022 href=\u0022https:\/\/commons.wikimedia.org\/wiki\/File:Gurghiu_panoramic.gif\u0022\u003E\u003Cimg width=\u0022512\u0022 alt=\u0022Gurghiu panoramic\u0022 src=\u0022https:\/\/upload.wikimedia.org\/wikipedia\/commons\/7\/7e\/Gurghiu_panoramic.gif\u0022\u003E\u003C\/a\u003E","picture_ref":"\u003Ca href=\u0022https:\/\/commons.wikimedia.org\/wiki\/File:Gurghiu_panoramic.gif\u0022\u003ESahkuRO\u003C\/a\u003E, \u003Ca href=\u0022https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by-sa\/3.0\u0022\u003ECC BY-SA 3.0\u003C\/a\u003E, via Wikimedia Commons","name":"G\u00f6rg\u00e9ny Castle","seolink":"gorgeny-castle"},{"id":"128","settlement_HU":"Szinice","settlement_LO":"Svini\u0163a","gps_lat":"44.4798350000","gps_long":"22.1426560000","cond":"6","picture":"\u003Ca title=\u0022Nenea hartia, CC BY-SA 4.0 <https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by-sa\/4.0>, via Wikimedia Commons\u0022 href=\u0022https:\/\/commons.wikimedia.org\/wiki\/File:Trikule_Svini%C8%9Ba_01.jpg\u0022\u003E\u003Cimg width=\u0022512\u0022 alt=\u0022Trikule Svini\u021ba 01\u0022 src=\u0022https:\/\/upload.wikimedia.org\/wikipedia\/commons\/thumb\/1\/14\/Trikule_Svini%C8%9Ba_01.jpg\/512px-Trikule_Svini%C8%9Ba_01.jpg\u0022\u003E\u003C\/a\u003E","picture_ref":"\u003Ca href=\u0022https:\/\/commons.wikimedia.org\/wiki\/File:Trikule_Svini%C8%9Ba_01.jpg\u0022\u003ENenea hartia\u003C\/a\u003E, \u003Ca href=\u0022https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by-sa\/4.0\u0022\u003ECC BY-SA 4.0\u003C\/a\u003E, via Wikimedia Commons","name":"Three 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