Fogaras Castle
Cetatea Făgăraș
Fogaras Castle
Zsolt deak, CC BY-SA 4.0, via Wikimedia Commons
Condition:
Renovated / Good
Entrance:
Entrance fee
Settlement:
Historical Hungarian county:
Fogaras
Country:
Romania
County:
Brașov
Geographic region:
Fogarasföld
GPS coordinates:
45.845159, 24.973991
Google map:
History
895
Arrival of the Hungarians
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895
The alliance of the seven Hungarian tribes took possession of the then largely uninhabited Carpathian Basin. Until then, the sparse Slavic population of the north-western Carpathians had lived under Moravian rule for a few decades after the collapse of the Avar Khaganate in the early 9th century.
1000
Foundation of the Hungarian Kingdom
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1000
The Kingdom of Hungary was established with the coronation of King Stephen I. He converted the Hungarians to Christianity and created two archdioceses (Esztergom and Kalocsa) and ten dioceses. He divided Hungary into counties led by ispáns, who were appointed by the king.
1241-1242
Mongol Invasion
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1241-1242
The hordes of the Mongol Empire invaded Hungary and almost completely destroyed it. One third to one half of the population was destroyed. The Mongols also suffered heavy losses in the battle of Muhi and they could not hunt down the king. After their withdrawal, King Béla IV reorganized Hungary. He allowed the feudal lords to build stone castles because they were able to successfully resist the nomadic Mongols. The vast majority of stone castles were built after this. The king called in German, Vlach (Romanian) and Slavic settlers to replace the destroyed population.
1291
The settlement was mentioned in the form Fogros for the first time. Master Ugrin initiated a lawsuit before King Andrew III of Hungary to recover the estates inherited from his ancestors. As a result of the trial, the king gave him back Fogaras, but the castle was still not mentioned. Other forms of the settlement’s neme were Fogaras (1369, 1556), oppidum Fugrasch (1413), Fogarasum, Fogarasch (1600). According to an explanation, the name comes from the ’fogor’ form of the Hungarian ’fogoly’ bird name used in a dialect, which means partridge. Another theory suggests that the settlement was named after the Fogaras River, which comes from the Pecheneg ’Fagar šu’ term meaning ’water with ash trees’.
1301
The extinction of the House of Árpád
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1301
The House of Árpád, the first Hungarian royal dynasty, died out with the death of King Andrew III. Hungary was ruled by oligarchs, the most powerful of whom was Csák Máté, whose main ally was the Aba family. King Charles I (1308-1342), supported by the Pope, eventually emerged as the most prominent of the contenders for the Hungarian throne. But it took decades to break the power of the oligarchs.
around 1310
The castle was built by vajda Kán László of Transylvania. It was made from wood. According to others, the foundations of the castle were laid between 1227 and 1233 by Master Pós (Pous), the cousin of comes Bás I of the Csák clan’s branch from Újlak.
1369
King Louis I of Hungary donated the royal estate of Fogaras to his vassal Prince Vladislav I of Wallachia, but it remained part of the Kingdom of Hungary.
spring 1456
Prince Vladislav II of Wallachia broke into Transylvania, captured Fogaras and took strong actions against the Saxons of the neighbourhood on the pretext that they tried to convert the Orthodox Vlachs population to the Roman Catholic faith.
1464
King Matthias I of Hungary took Fogaras back from the Prince of Wallachia and donated it to Geréb János of Vingárt, who was later appointed vajda of Transylvania. Geréb János was the husband of Zsófia, the sister of Szilágyi Erzséb, who was the mother of King Matthias.
late 15th century
The illegitimate son of King Matthias, Corvin János, became the owner of the estate.
1505
After the death of Corvin János, King Ulászló II donated Fogaras to Bornemisza János. Bornemissza appointed Tomori Pál castellan of Fogaras. Tomori Pál achieved a victory over the Turks in 1523, but he fell in the battle of Mohács on 29 August 1526 as the commander of the Hungarian army.
1526
Battle of Mohács and the splitting of Hungary into two parts
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1526
Sultan Suleiman I launched a war against Vienna, instigated by the French. Ferdinand I, Duke of Austria, was the brother-in-law of King Louis II of Hungary. The army of the Ottoman Empire defeated the much smaller Hungarian army at Mohács, and King Louis II died in the battle. A group of the barons elected Ferdinand I of the House of Habsburg to the throne, who promised to defend Hungary from the Turks. He was the younger brother of the most powerful European monarch Emperor Charles V. But the nobility chose the most powerful Hungarian baron, Szapolyai János, who was also crowned as King John I. The country was split in two and a decades-long struggle for power began.
1527
King Ferdinand I donated half of the castle to Majláth István, because he sided with him handing over the treasures of the deceased King Louis II of Hungary guarded in Pozsony. The other half of Fogaras was received by Nádasdy Tamás.
1528
Majláth István went over to King John I in order to acquire the other half of the castle as well.
1530
Majláth István married Anna, the younger sister of Judge Royal Nádasdy Tamás. Nádasdy Tamás resigned from Fogaras in favour of her in 1532.
1534
Lodovico Gritti, governor of Hungary, had Bishop Czibak Imre of Várad assassinated and sent his head to the Franciscan monks in Brassó. The nobility rose up against Gritti, and Majláth István became their leader.
1534
Majláth István was appointed vajda of Transylvania.
September 1534
Lodovico Gritti, the governor of Hungary, retreated to Medgyes from the armies of vajda Majláth István of Transylvania, King John I of Hungary and the voivode of Wallachia. Voivode Peter of Moldova sent in his aid also joined the besiegers. The besiegers broke into the town after the walls were breached by cannons. Gritti fled to the Moldavian camp, but they handed him over to the Hungarians. He was beheaded in the castle of Medgyes on 29 September by order of vajda Majláth István. Gritti was a Venetian soldier of fortune, who arrived in Hungary in 1529 as a minion of the Turks. He soon convinced King John I to name him governor of Hungary. It was out of the ordinary, because governors were only appointed in Hungary when the king was under age. Gritti, who was only interested in forging his own fortune, held a court that diminished even the royal court. Gradually everyone turned against him, which was only made worse by his plundering and that he even tried to make a deal with King Ferdinand I. The last drop in the glass (a Hungarian saying) was that Dóczi Orbán killed Bishop Czibak Imre of Várad, one of the greatest supporters of King John I, by order of Governor Gritti. This made the nobility of Transylvania rise up under the leadership of vajda Majláth István.
1535-1540
Majláth István demolished the wooden castle of Fogaras and built a new two-storey castle from stone and brick surrounded with high walls and a moat.
1539
Majláth István, Balassa Imre and Kendy Ferenc plotted against King John I of Hungary.
1540
The country assembly held in Torda sentenced Majláth István to death and confiscation of properties, but the decision couldn’t be executed. Török Bálint was supposed to besiege Fogaras, but he did not engage in a fight because he and Majláth were old friends. After the death of King John I, Majláth István wanted to rule as a prince, but the Turks did not support him.
1541
The Turkish occupation of the capital, Buda, and the division of Hungary into three parts
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1541
The Turks conquered Buda, the capital of Hungary, after the death of King John I. The central part of the country was under Turkish rule for 150 years. The western and northern parts (including present-day Slovakia) formed the Kingdom of Hungary ruled by the Habsburg emperors. The eastern parts (now mainly under Romanian rule) were ruled by the successors of King John I of Hungary, who later established the Principality of Transylvania.
1541
Turkish and Moldavian forces encircled Fogaras. They lured Majláth István out and captured him. He was taken to Istanbul and imprisoned in the Yedikule Fortress (the so called Seven Towers). Török Bálint was also captured, when he visited the Sultan’s camp at Buda unarmed. He was also imprisoned in the Seven Towers. They died there in 1550.
1558
The widow of Majláth István, Nádasdy Anna, was granted a new donation for Fogaras by Queen Isabella, the widow of King John I. After her death, Fogaras was inherited by his son, Majláth Gábor.
1566
Bekes Gáspár made Majláth Gábor believe, that King John II wanted to hand him over to the Turks, therefore Majláth sold Fogaras to King John II for 30,000 forints in 6 August and moved to Upper Hungary.
1567
King John II pawned Fogaras to Bekes Gáspár for 30,000 forints.
1570
The establishment of the Principality of Transylvania
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1570
John II (John Sigismund), the son of King John I of Hungary, renounced the title of King of Hungary in favor of King Maximilian of the House of Habsburg, and henceforth held the title of Prince. This formally created the Principality of Transylvania, which was the eastern half of Hungary not ruled by the Habsburgs and was also a vassal of the Ottoman Empire. John II died in 1571, after which the three nations of Transylvania (the Hungarian nobility, the Székelys and the Saxons) elected the prince.
May 25, 1571
After the death of Prince John II (John Sigismund), the mostly Protestant Transylvanian estates elected the Roman Catholic aristocrat Báthory István as Prince of Transylvania. But King Maximilian I (Emperor Maximilian II) couldn’t make do with the fact that the estates of Transylvania were free to elect their own prince. The king convinced the Unitarian aristocrat Bekes Gáspár to rebel against Prince Báthory István with false promises.
October 1573
The army of Prince Báthory István of Transylvania captured Fogaras after two weeks of siege, but Bekes Gáspár managed to escape to Vienna. Báthory István became the new owner of the castle, and had it repaired.
June 1575
Bekes Gáspár returned to Transylvania with imperial support, but he suffered a decisive defeat at Kerelőszentpál from Prince Báthory István and fled to Poland. This victory secured the independence of the Principality of Transylvania from the Habsburg Empire. After Báthory István was crowned King of Poland in 1576, Bekes Gáspár became the commander of his cavalry.
1576-1581
Báthory Kristóf governed Transylvania as vajda on behalf of Báthory István, who was elected King of Poland.
1588
The son of Báthory Kristóf, Zsigmond was proclaimed to be of age and elected Prince of Transylvania.
1588-1594
Báthory Boldizsár, the cousin of Prince Báthory Zsigmond, lived in the castle. He constructed the double arcade in the south wing of the palace.
1591-1606
Fifteen Years' War
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1591-1606
The Ottoman Empire started a war against the Habsburg Empire. The war was waged in the territory of Hungary. The Turks defeated the combined armies of the Habsburg Empire and the Principality of Transylvania in the battle of Mezőkeresztes in 1596, but their victory was not decisive. The war devastated the Principality of Transylvania, which was occupied by the Habsburg army, and General Basta introduced a reign of terror.
1593
At the beginning of the 15th years war, Prince Báthory Zsigmond broke with the Turks and went over to the Habsburgs, but the estates of Transylvania did not agree with him.
1594
Prince Báthory Zsigmond renounced the throne in favour of Báthory Boldizsár, but, instigated by Bocskai István, he soon returned to power and had Báthory Boldizsár and his followers killed.
1595
Prince Báthory Zsigmond gave Fogaras Castle to his new wife Archduchess Maria Christina of the House of Habsburg as a morning-gift.
1599
Prince Báthory Zsigmond renounced the throne again in favour of the brother of Boldizsár, Cardinal Báthory András. Báthory András wanted to place Transylvania under Turkish patronage again, but he was accepted neither by the Saxons nor by the Székelys and he could gain the support of neither the Habsburgs nor the Turks.
October 17, 1599
Instigated by Emperor Rudolf, Voivode Mihai (Viteazul) of Wallachia broke into Transylvania through the Bodza Pass, after Prince Báthory Zsigmond, contrary to his promise, hand over power over Transylvania to his cousin Cardinal Báthory András instead of Emperor Rudolf. Voivode Mihai sided with the Székelys, who were dissatisfied with the Báthory dynasty, by promising to restore their rights.
October 25, 1599
Voivode Mihai occupied Fogaras and gave it to his wife, Stanca. The statue of the wife of the Wallachian usurper stands in front of the castle.
October 28, 1599
The Székelys helped Voivode Mihai of Wallachia defeat Prince Báthory András of Transylvania at Sellenberk. The Székelys hated the Báthory family for disregarding their privileges. The prince tried to flee to Moldova, but he was murdered with a shepherd’s axe (fokos) by a Székely lófő, Balázs Mihály, near Csíkszentdomonkos.
November 1, 1599
Voivode Mihai Viteazul of Wallachia marched into Gyulafehérvár, the capitol of Transylvania, and took over power as governor appointed by Emperor Rudolf. But soon he started to act on his own behalf and introduced a reign of terror. He arbitrarily appointed Wallachian boyars to every position, looted the treasury and his unpaid mercenaries plundered and murdered throughout the land. The Vlach peasants rose up and started to exterminate Hungarian and Saxon population in Transylvania, which had a Hungarian majority at that time.
September 18, 1600
Voivode Mihai of Wallachia was defeated in the battle of Miriszló and driven out by the combined armies of the Transylvanian nobility led by Báthory Zsigmond and General Basta’s imperial mercenaries. The Transylvanian estates donated Fogaras to Csáky István, captain of Transylvania. At the beginning of next year, the Estates of Transylvanian broke with the Emperor and Báthory Zsigmond was elected prince once more.
August 3, 1601
The combined armies of General Basta and Voivode Mihai of Wallachia defeated the Transylvanian army of Prince Báthory Zsigmond in the battle of Goroszló. After that, the army of Voivode Mihai sacked and burned the towns of Torda, Nagyenyed and Gyulafehérvár, where they robbed the tombs of the Hunyadi family, King John II of Hungary and his mother Queen Isabella. Then, on 19 August, Voivode Mihai was assassinated by the mercenaries of General Basta, because Mihai tried to usurp the throne of Transylvania once again. Genral Basta also introduced a reign of terror in Transylvania and let his mercenaries ravage freely throughout the land.
1604-1606
Uprising of Bocskai István
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1604-1606
The alliance of the Habsburgs and the Principality of Transylvania was defeated by the Ottoman Empire in the Fifteen Years' War. The war devastated Transylvania, which was occupied by the Habsburg imperial army, and General Basta introduced a reign of terror. The nobility and the burghers were upset about the terror, the plundering mercenaries and the violent Counter-Reformation. Bocskai István decided to lead their uprising after the Habsburg emperor tried to confiscate his estates. Bocskai also rallied the hajdú warriors to his side. He was elected Prince of Transylvania and soon liberated the Kingdom of Hungary from the Habsburgs. In 1605 Bocskai István was crowned King of Hungary with the crown he received from the Turks.
1605
During the uprising of Bocskai István, the German garrison of Fogaras mutinied and surrendered the castle after having been informed of the approaching army of Gyulaffy László, commander of the Transylvanian forces. After that, Fogaras became the property of the princes of Transylvania, who regularly gave it to their wives.
23 June 1606
Peace of Vienna
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23 June 1606
Bocski István made peace with Emperor Rudolf. Their agreement secured the constitutional rights of the Estates of Hungary, and the freedom of religion. The counties of Szatmár, Bereg and Ugocsa were annexed to the Principality of Transylvania. Bocskai died of illness in the same year, leaving to his successors the idea of unifying Hungary from Transylvania.
1619
The campaign of Prince Bethlen Gábor of Transylvania in the Thirty Years' War
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1619
At the beginning of the Thirty Years' War (1618-1648), Prince Bethlen Gábor of Transylvania went to war against the Habsburg emperor as an ally of the rebelling Czech-Moravian-Austrian estates. The whole Kingdom of Hungary joined him, only the Austrian defenders of Pozsony had to be put to the sword. With his allies, he laid siege to Vienna. However, he was forced to abandon the siege because the Habsburg-loyal Hungarian aristocrat Homonnai Drugeth György attacked his heartland with Polish mercenaries. On 25 August 1620, the Diet of Besztercebánya elected Bethlen Gábor King of Hungary as vassal of the Turks. He continued to fight after the defeat of the Czechs at White Mountain on 8 November 1620, but without real chance to achieve decisive victory, he decided to come to an agreement with Emperor Ferdinand II.
31 December 1621
Peace of Nikolsburg
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31 December 1621
Prince Bethlen Gábor of Transylvania made peace with Emperor Ferdinand II. Their agreement secured the constitutional rights of the Estates of Hungary, and later it was supplemented with the freedom of religion. Bethlen renounced the title of King of Hungary in exchange for seven counties of the Upper Tisza region (Szabolcs, Szatmár, Bereg, Ugocsa, Zemplén, Borsod, Abaúj) for the rest of his life, other estates in Hungary as his private property and the imperial title of Duke of Oppeln and Ratibor (Opole and Racibórz), one of the Duchies of Silesia. Prince Bethlen went to war against the Habsburgs in 1623 and 1626, but was unable to negotiate more favourable terms.
1623
The Italian Agostino Serena transformed the castle by order of Prince Bethlen Gábor of Transylvania. The Prince gifted Fogaras to his second wife, Catherine of Brandenburg in 1626.
1630
Catherine of Brandenburg sold Fogaras to the newly elected Prince Rákóczi György I of Transylvania, who gave it to his wife, Lorántffy Zsuzsanna.
1644-1645
The campaign of Prince Rákóczi György I of Transylvania in the Thirty Years' War
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1644-1645
Prince Rákóczi György I of Transylvania allied with the Swedes and the French in the Thirty Years' War and went to war against the Habsburg Emperor Ferdinand III. On 18 July 1645 his army joined forces with Torstenson's Swedish army under Brno (Moravia). The excellent artillery of Transylvania opened fire on the city walls. However, Rákóczi had to give up the siege, having been informed that the Turks were planning a punitive campaign against Transylvania, because he went to war against the Sultan's prohibition.
16 December 1645
Peace of Linz
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16 December 1645
Prince Rákóczi György I of Transylvania made peace with Emperor Ferdinand III. It secured the freedom of religion for the Protestants and extended it also to the serfs. Rákóczi received the same seven Hungarian counties that Prince Bethlen Gábor had also held (Abauj, Zemplén, Borsod, Bereg, Ugocsa, Szabolcs, Szatmár) until his death, and the counties of Szabolcs and Szatmár were also to be inherited by his sons. The Rákóczi family also received several new estates.
1652
Rákóczi Zsigmond, general of the Székelys and son of Rákóczi György I, died here.
1657
Prince Rákóczi György II of Transylvania launched a campaign for the crown of Poland in alliance with Carl X Gustaf of Sweden. His aim was to unite the Hungarian-Polish-Wallachian forces against the Turks. The campaign started successfully with the prince taking Kraków and Warsawa, but then the King of Sweden abandoned him. The vengeful Poles invaded northern Transylvania, burning defenceless villages, destroying churches and castles. Soon the punitive campaign of Turkish and Tatar armies devastated Transylvania, as the prince launched his Polish campaign against the Sultan's will.
1658
The Tartars ravaged and plundered throughout Transylvania and Grand Vizier Köprülü Mehmed captured Jenő Castle. The Estates of Transylvania sent Barcsay Ákos to the camp of the grand vizier to beg for mercy. In return, the Grand Vizier demanded that the annual tax be raised from 15 to 40 thousand forints (gold coins) and that Lugos and Karansebes be ceded. This was the price for the Turks to leave Transylvania. The grand vizier appointed Barcsay prince on 14 September.
1659
Prince Rákóczi György II returned to Transylvania and forced Barcsay Ákos to retreat to Szeben and besieged him.
May 22, 1660
In the battle of Sászfenes, Pasha Shejdi Ahmed of Buda defeated Rákóczi György II, who lost his life. The Tatar armies invaded Transylvania for the second time.
1660
Kemény János, the former commander of Prince Rákóczi György II, besieged Fogaras Castle defended by Barcsay András, the brother of Prince Barcsay Ákos. He surrendered the castle by order of the prince. Kemény János hanged him on 16 May for trying to negotiate with the Turks.
November 1660
Kemény János defeated the army of Gáspár, the other brother of Prince Barcsay András, at Örményes. Barcsay Gáspár fell in the battle. Then, on 31 December, Barcsay Ákos renounced the throne. In 1661 Kemény János had Barcsay Ákos captured and murdered.
1661
The army of Pasha Seydi Ahmed of Buda marched into Transylvania, after the country assembly held in Beszterce on 23 April declared the independence of Transylvania from the Ottoman Empire and placed the country under the protection of Emperor Leopold I. On 14 September, Pasha Ali forced the country assembly to elect Apafi Mihály Prince of Transylvania in Marosvásárhely.
1661
Pasha Kücsük Mehmed besieged Fogaras. The captain of the castle Bethlen Gergely, who served Kemény János, surrendered after 15 days.
January 23, 1662
The deposed prince Kemény János, having been abandoned by his imperial allies, was defeated by the Turks at Nagyszőlős (near Segesvár), where he fell.
1663
Prince Apafi Mihály I donated Fogaras to his wife, Bornemissza Anna. The prince held here country assemblies 10 times during his reign.
1664
Victory over the Turks at Szentgotthárd and the shameful Peace of Vasvár
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1664
The imperial army achieved a significant victory over the Turks at the battle of Szentgotthárd. Despite this, Emperor Leopold I concluded a 20-year peace treaty with the Turks at Vasvár on terms that made it look as if the Turks had won. This caused a huge outcry in Europe and among the Hungarian nobility, who expected the country to be liberated after the victory. The formerly Habsburg-loyal Catholic Hungarian barons began to plot against the Emperor with the leadership of Wesselényi Ferenc. In 1668, at the end of the Franco-Spanish War, King Louis XIV of France withdrew his support for the conspiracy, and the support of the Turks was not obtained.
1671
Exposure of the Wesselényi conspiracy
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1671
After the exposure of the anti-Hapsburg Wesselényi conspiracy, the main organisers, Zrínyi Péter, Nádasdy Ferenc and Frangepán Ferenc were executed. Wesselényi Ferenc died in 1667. The Croatian uprising, which was part of the conspiracy, was crushed by the Habsburgs in 1670.
after 1671
Kuruc Movement
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after 1671
Many noble, burgher and preacher fled to the Principality of Transylvania and the territory under Turkish occupation from the reprisals after the exposure of the anti-Habsburg Wesselényi-conspiracy and from the violent Counter-Reformation. They were joined by dismissed Hungarian soldiers of the Turkish border forts, who were replaced by German mercenaries. They were called the fugitives (bujdosók). They started an armed movement against the Habsburg rule. Because of the Turkish ban, the Principality of Transylvania could not openly support them. From 1677, the French supported their cause with money and Polish mercenaries. They achieved their first serious success when they temporarily occupied the mining towns of northern Hungary (now central Slovakia) under the command of Thököly lmre. He then became the sole leader of the movement. In 1679, the French made peace with Emperor Leopold I and withdrew their support for the fugitives. Between 1678 and 1681 Thököly Imre led successful raids against the Habsburgs and their supporters in the territory of the Kingdom of Hungary. The insurgents were called kurucs.
April 28, 1675
According to the Treaty of Fogaras, the kings of Poland and France obliged themselves to support the Hungarian insurgents against the Habsburgs. It was never fulfilled.
1682
Thököly Imre, Prince of Upper Hungary
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1682
Thököly Imre, the leader of the kuruc insurgents, gained the support of the Turks. He launched a campaign against the Habsburgs in the Kingdom of Hungary. With the support of the Turkish army, he occupied the town of Kassa and also the important stronghold of Fülek. He was then recognized by the Turks as King of Hungary, but he chose the title of Prince of Upper Hungary.
1683
Turkish defeat at Vienna and the formation of the Holy League
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1683
The combined armies of the Habsburg Empire and the Kingdom of Poland defeated the Turkish army besieging Vienna. Emperor Leopold I wanted to make peace with the Turks, but was refused by Sultan Mehmed IV. In 1684, at the persistent urging of Pope Innocent XI, the Holy League, an alliance of the Kingdom of Poland, the Habsburg Empire, the Republic of Venice and the Papal States, was formed to expel the Turks from Hungary. Thököly Imre, who had allied himself with the Turks, was gradually driven out of northern Hungary.
1685
The Turkish captivity of Thököly Imre and the fall of the kuruc movement
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1685
The Pasha of Várad captured Thököly Imre as he was asking for Turkish help and offered him to Emperor Leopold I for peace. But the Imperial emissaries laughed at his face, because, having the upper hand, they no longer cared for Thököly. On the news of his capture, the town of Kassa and the kuruc strongholds surrendered to the Emperor one after the other. The Turks, seeing their fatal mistake, released Thököly the following year and tried to restore his authority, but his power was broken forever and the Hungarian insurgents no longer trusted the Turks. Most of the insurgents joined the imperial army and helped to liberate the rest of Hungary from the Turks.
1686
Recapture of Buda and the liberation of Hungary from the Turks
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1686
The army of the Holy League recaptured Buda from the Turks by siege. In 1687, the Imperial army invaded the Principality of Transylvania. The liberation was hindered by the French breaking their promise of peace in 1688 and attacking the Habsburg Empire. By 1699, when the Peace of Karlóca was signed, all of Hungary and Croatia had been liberated from the Ottoman Empire with the exception of Temesköz, the area bounded by the Maros, the Tisza and the Danube rivers. It was not until the Peace of Požarevac in 1718 that Temesköz was liberated from the Turks. However, the continuous war against the Turkish invaders and the Habsburg autocracy, which lasted for more than 150 years, wiped out large areas of the Hungarian population, which had previously made up 80% of the country's population, and was replaced by Vlachs (Romanians), Serbs and other Slavic settlers and Germans. The Habsburgs also favoured the settlement of these foreign peoples over the 'rebellious' Hungarians.
May 9, 1688
After most of Hungary was liberated from the Turks, General Caraffa, the commander of the imperial forces in Transylvania, made Prince Apafi Mihály and the Estates of Transylvania accept and sign the so called Declaration of Fogaras in Szeben. This annulled the Turkish patronage over Transylvania, which became part of the Kingdom of Hungary again and the authority of Emperor Leopold I as King of Hungary was extended over Transylvania.
April 15, 1690
Prince Apafi Mihály I of Transylvania died in Fogaras. The castle was inherited by his son, Apafi Mihály II.
August 21, 1690
Thököly Imre, the former leader of the anti-Habsburg Hungarian kuruc uprising, crossed the mountains with Turkish and Wallachian auxiliaries, attacked the imperial army of General Heisler from behind and defeated him.
September 21, 1690
The nobility of Transylvania joined Thököly Imre and he was elected Prince of Transylvania in Szeben. Soon the combined armies of Castelli and Heisler pushed him out of Transylvania.
1690
Transylvania became part of the Kingdom of Hungary again, with internal autonomy and freedom of religion
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1690
According to the Diploma Leopoldinum issued by Emperor Leopold I, Transylvania became part of the Kingdom of Hungary again and Hungarian law remained in force. The three nations (the Hungarians, the Székelys – who are also Hungarians –, and the Saxons) administered its internal affairs with autonomy and the freedom of religion was also preserved. The incorporation of Transylvania into the Habsburg Empire was prevented by the temporary election of Thököly Imre as Prince of Transylvania in 1690 with Turkish help.
1691
The Diploma Leopoldinum was announced at the country assembly in Fogaras.
1703-1711
Hungarian War of Independence led by Prince Rákóczi Ferenc II
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1703-1711
After the expulsion of the Turks, the Habsburgs treated Hungary as a newly conquered province and did not respect its constitution. The serfs rose up against the Habsburg ruler because of the sufferings caused by the war and the heavy burdens, and they invited Rákóczi Ferenc II to lead them. Trusting in the help promised by King Louis XIV of France, he accepted. Rákóczi rallied the nobility to his side, and soon most of the country was under his control. The rebels were called the kurucs. In 1704, the French and the Bavarians were defeated at the Battle of Blenheim, depriving the Hungarians of their international allies. The Rusyn, Slovak and Vlach peasants and the Saxons of Szepes supported the fight for freedom, while the Serbs in the south and the Saxons in Transylvania served the Habsburgs. Due to lack of funds Rákóczi could not raise a strong regular army, and in 1710, Hungary was also hit by a severe plague. Rákóczi tried unsuccessfully to forge an alliance with Tsar Peter the Great of Russia. In his absence, without his knowledge, his commander-in-chief, Károlyi Sándor, accepted Emperor Joseph I's peace offer. The Peace of Szatmár formally restored the Hungarian constitution and religious freedom and granted amnesty, but did not ease the burden of serfdom. Rákóczi refused to accept the pardon and went into exile. He died in Rodosto, Turkey.
1703-1711
An imperial garrison was stationed in the castle and the kuruc insurgents could not occupy it.
1713
With the death of Apafi Mihály II, the castle was inherited by the treasury. The estate of Fogaras was managed temporarily by Greek Catholic diocese.
1762
Empress Maria Theresia pawned the estate of Fogaras to the Saxon Universality for 80,000 forints for 99 years.
July 29, 1759
Bethlen Kata the Orphan died in Fogaras. She was one of the most significant female Baroque writers. She was the fourth child of Bethlen Sámuel, ispán of Kis-Küküllő County. She called herself orphan after the death of her second husband in 1732. She supported the Hungarian Calvinist parishes and schools of Transylvania. She left her library to the Reformed College of Nagyegyed. She was buried in the Calvinist church of Fogaras, which still guards her bridal gown and veil made from yellow silk.
1782
Emperot Joseph II confiscated the properties of the Saxon Universality and leased the estate of Fogaras to them.
1848-1849
Hungarian Revolution and War of Independence
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1848-1849
Following the news of the Paris Revolution on 22 February 1848, the Hungarian liberal opposition led by Kossuth Lajos demanded the abolition of serfdom, the abolition of the tax exemption of the nobility, a parliament elected by the people, and an independent and accountable national government. The revolution that broke out in Pest on 15 March expressed its demands in 12 points, which, in addition to the above mentioned, included the freedom of the press, equality before the law, the release of the political prisoners and the union with Transylvania. A Hungarian government was formed, Batthyány Lajos became prime minister, and on 11 April Emperor Ferdinand V ratified the reform laws. On August 31 the Emperor demanded the repeal of the laws threatening with military intervention. In September the Emperor unleashed the army of Jelacic, Ban of Croatia, on Hungary, but they were defeated by the Hungarians in the Battle of Pákozd on 29 September. An open war began for the independence of Hungary. The Habsburgs incited the nationalities against the Hungarians. The Rusyns, the Slovenes and most of the Slovaks and Germans supported the cause persistently, but the Vlachs (Romanians) and the Serbians turned against the Hungarians. The glorious Spring Campaign in 1849 led by General Görgei Artúr liberated almost all of Hungary. On 1 May 1849, Emperor Franz Joseph, effectively admitting defeat, asked for the help of Tsar Nicholas I of Russia, who sent an intervention army of 200,000 soldiers against Hungary. The resistance became hopeless against the overwhelming enemy forces and on 13 August Görgei Artúr surrendered to the Russians at Világos. Bloody reprisals followed, and on 6 October 1849, 12 generals and a colonel of the Hungarian Revolution, the martyrs of Arad, were executed in Arad. On the same day, Batthyány Lajos, the first Hungarian Prime Minister, was executed by firing squad in Pest. The Habsburgs introduced total authoritarianism in Hungary, but they also failed to fulfil their promises to the nationalities that had betrayed the Hungarians.
1867
Austro-Hungarian Compromise
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1867
The Habsburg Empire was weakened by the defeats it suffered in the implementation of Italian and German unity. The Hungarians wanted to return to the reform laws of 1848, but they did not have the strength to do so. Emperor Franz Joseph and the Hungarian opposition, led by Deák Ferenc, finally agreed to restructure the Empire and abolish absolutism. Hungary was given autonomy in its internal affairs, with its own government and parliament, which was essential for the development of its economy and culture. However, foreign and military affairs remained in the hands of the Habsburgs and served their aspiration for becoming a great power. The majority wanted Hungary's independence, but they were excluded from political power.
4 June 1920
Trianon Dictate
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4 June 1920
Hungary was forced to sign the Treaty of Trianon, although the country was not invited to the peace talks. Hungary lost two thirds of its territory that had belonged to it for more than 1000 years. One-third of the Hungarian population came under foreign rule. On the basis of the national principle, countries with a more mixed and less ethnically balanced composition than the former Hungary were created, such as Czechoslovakia and the Kingdom of Serbs, Croats and Slovenes (later Yugoslavia). For example, while 48% of the population of the territory ceded to Czechoslovakia was Slovak and 30% Hungarian, 54% of the population of the former Hungary was Hungarian and 10.6% Slovak. And in the territory that is now part of Serbia, the Hungarians outnumbered the Serbs. The part of the territory allocated to Romania from Hungary was larger than the remaining territory of Hungary, despite the fact that there were 10 million Hungarians and less than 3 million Romanians in the former Hungary. While Hungary used to have the most liberal nationality policy in Europe, the successor states had no respect at all for the national and cultural rights of the indigenous Hungarians and engaged in forced assimilation. The Trianon Dictate destroyed the organic economic unity of the region. Before the First World War, Hungary had a dynamic economy, more advanced than Spain's. After 1920, the successor states formed the so-called "Little Entente", putting Hungary under an economic blockade and sabotaging it on the international stage.
1948-1960
The communists used the castle as a prison for political prisoners. 165 captives died here.
Source: varak.hu , Wikipedia, studhist.blog.hu: Fogaras várának története a XVI. század végéig , studhist.blog.hu: Fogaras várának története a XVI. század végétől napjainkig , arcanum.hu - Bánlaky József: A magyar nemzet hadtörténelme
Check out other castles in Transylvania as well!
© OpenStreetMap contributors
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Master Ugrin initiated a lawsuit before King Andrew III of Hungary to recover the estates inherited from his ancestors. As a result of the trial, the king gave him back Fogaras, but the castle was still not mentioned. Other forms of the settlement\u2019s neme were Fogaras (1369, 1556), oppidum Fugrasch (1413), Fogarasum, Fogarasch (1600). According to an explanation, the name comes from the \u2019fogor\u2019 form of the Hungarian \u2019fogoly\u2019 bird name used in a dialect, which means partridge. Another theory suggests that the settlement was named after the Fogaras River, which comes from the Pecheneg \u2019Fagar \u0161u\u2019 term meaning \u2019water with ash trees\u2019.@#6|@around 1310|The castle was built by vajda K\u00e1n L\u00e1szl\u00f3 of Transylvania. It was made from wood. According to others, the foundations of the castle were laid between 1227 and 1233 by Master P\u00f3s (Pous), the cousin of comes B\u00e1s I of the Cs\u00e1k clan\u2019s branch from \u00dajlak.@1369|King Louis I of Hungary donated the royal estate of Fogaras to his vassal Prince Vladislav I of Wallachia, but it remained part of the Kingdom of Hungary.@spring 1456|Prince Vladislav II of Wallachia broke into Transylvania, captured Fogaras and took strong actions against the Saxons of the neighbourhood on the pretext that they tried to convert the Orthodox Vlachs population to the Roman Catholic faith.@1464|King Matthias I of Hungary took Fogaras back from the Prince of Wallachia and donated it to Ger\u00e9b J\u00e1nos of Ving\u00e1rt, who was later appointed vajda of Transylvania. Ger\u00e9b J\u00e1nos was the husband of Zs\u00f3fia, the sister of Szil\u00e1gyi Erzs\u00e9b, who was the mother of King Matthias.@late 15th century|The illegitimate son of King Matthias, Corvin J\u00e1nos, became the owner of the estate.@1505|After the death of Corvin J\u00e1nos, King Ul\u00e1szl\u00f3 II donated Fogaras to Bornemisza J\u00e1nos. Bornemissza appointed Tomori P\u00e1l castellan of Fogaras. Tomori P\u00e1l achieved a victory over the Turks in 1523, but he fell in the battle of Moh\u00e1cs on 29 August 1526 as the commander of the Hungarian army.@#8|@1527|King Ferdinand I donated half of the castle to Majl\u00e1th Istv\u00e1n, because he sided with him handing over the treasures of the deceased King Louis II of Hungary guarded in Pozsony. The other half of Fogaras was received by N\u00e1dasdy Tam\u00e1s.@1528|Majl\u00e1th Istv\u00e1n went over to King John I in order to acquire the other half of the castle as well.@1530|Majl\u00e1th Istv\u00e1n married Anna, the younger sister of Judge Royal N\u00e1dasdy Tam\u00e1s. N\u00e1dasdy Tam\u00e1s resigned from Fogaras in favour of her in 1532.@1534|Lodovico Gritti, governor of Hungary, had Bishop Czibak Imre of V\u00e1rad assassinated and sent his head to the Franciscan monks in Brass\u00f3. The nobility rose up against Gritti, and Majl\u00e1th Istv\u00e1n became their leader.@1534|Majl\u00e1th Istv\u00e1n was appointed vajda of Transylvania.@September 1534|Lodovico Gritti, the governor of Hungary, retreated to Medgyes from the armies of vajda Majl\u00e1th Istv\u00e1n of Transylvania, King John I of Hungary and the voivode of Wallachia. Voivode Peter of Moldova sent in his aid also joined the besiegers. The besiegers broke into the town after the walls were breached by cannons. Gritti fled to the Moldavian camp, but they handed him over to the Hungarians. He was beheaded in the castle of Medgyes on 29 September by order of vajda Majl\u00e1th Istv\u00e1n. Gritti was a Venetian soldier of fortune, who arrived in Hungary in 1529 as a minion of the Turks. He soon convinced King John I to name him governor of Hungary. It was out of the ordinary, because governors were only appointed in Hungary when the king was under age. Gritti, who was only interested in forging his own fortune, held a court that diminished even the royal court. Gradually everyone turned against him, which was only made worse by his plundering and that he even tried to make a deal with King Ferdinand I. The last drop in the glass (a Hungarian saying) was that D\u00f3czi Orb\u00e1n killed Bishop Czibak Imre of V\u00e1rad, one of the greatest supporters of King John I, by order of Governor Gritti. This made the nobility of Transylvania rise up under the leadership of vajda Majl\u00e1th Istv\u00e1n.@1535-1540|Majl\u00e1th Istv\u00e1n demolished the wooden castle of Fogaras and built a new two-storey castle from stone and brick surrounded with high walls and a moat.@1539|Majl\u00e1th Istv\u00e1n, Balassa Imre and Kendy Ferenc plotted against King John I of Hungary.@1540|The country assembly held in Torda sentenced Majl\u00e1th Istv\u00e1n to death and confiscation of properties, but the decision couldn\u2019t be executed. T\u00f6r\u00f6k B\u00e1lint was supposed to besiege Fogaras, but he did not engage in a fight because he and Majl\u00e1th were old friends. After the death of King John I, Majl\u00e1th Istv\u00e1n wanted to rule as a prince, but the Turks did not support him.@#9|@1541|Turkish and Moldavian forces encircled Fogaras. They lured Majl\u00e1th Istv\u00e1n out and captured him. He was taken to Istanbul and imprisoned in the Yedikule Fortress (the so called Seven Towers). T\u00f6r\u00f6k B\u00e1lint was also captured, when he visited the Sultan\u2019s camp at Buda unarmed. He was also imprisoned in the Seven Towers. They died there in 1550.@1558|The widow of Majl\u00e1th Istv\u00e1n, N\u00e1dasdy Anna, was granted a new donation for Fogaras by Queen Isabella, the widow of King John I. After her death, Fogaras was inherited by his son, Majl\u00e1th G\u00e1bor.@1566|Bekes G\u00e1sp\u00e1r made Majl\u00e1th G\u00e1bor believe, that King John II wanted to hand him over to the Turks, therefore Majl\u00e1th sold Fogaras to King John II for 30,000 forints in 6 August and moved to Upper Hungary.@1567|King John II pawned Fogaras to Bekes G\u00e1sp\u00e1r for 30,000 forints.@#10|@May 25, 1571|After the death of Prince John II (John Sigismund), the mostly Protestant Transylvanian estates elected the Roman Catholic aristocrat B\u00e1thory Istv\u00e1n as Prince of Transylvania. But King Maximilian I (Emperor Maximilian II) couldn\u2019t make do with the fact that the estates of Transylvania were free to elect their own prince. The king convinced the Unitarian aristocrat Bekes G\u00e1sp\u00e1r to rebel against Prince B\u00e1thory Istv\u00e1n with false promises.@October 1573|The army of Prince B\u00e1thory Istv\u00e1n of Transylvania captured Fogaras after two weeks of siege, but Bekes G\u00e1sp\u00e1r managed to escape to Vienna. B\u00e1thory Istv\u00e1n became the new owner of the castle, and had it repaired.@June 1575|Bekes G\u00e1sp\u00e1r returned to Transylvania with imperial support, but he suffered a decisive defeat at Kerel\u0151szentp\u00e1l from Prince B\u00e1thory Istv\u00e1n and fled to Poland. This victory secured the independence of the Principality of Transylvania from the Habsburg Empire. After B\u00e1thory Istv\u00e1n was crowned King of Poland in 1576, Bekes G\u00e1sp\u00e1r became the commander of his cavalry.@1576-1581|B\u00e1thory Krist\u00f3f governed Transylvania as vajda on behalf of B\u00e1thory Istv\u00e1n, who was elected King of Poland.@1588|The son of B\u00e1thory Krist\u00f3f, Zsigmond was proclaimed to be of age and elected Prince of Transylvania.@1588-1594|B\u00e1thory Boldizs\u00e1r, the cousin of Prince B\u00e1thory Zsigmond, lived in the castle. He constructed the double arcade in the south wing of the palace.@#12|@1593|At the beginning of the 15th years war, Prince B\u00e1thory Zsigmond broke with the Turks and went over to the Habsburgs, but the estates of Transylvania did not agree with him.@1594|Prince B\u00e1thory Zsigmond renounced the throne in favour of B\u00e1thory Boldizs\u00e1r, but, instigated by Bocskai Istv\u00e1n, he soon returned to power and had B\u00e1thory Boldizs\u00e1r and his followers killed.@1595|Prince B\u00e1thory Zsigmond gave Fogaras Castle to his new wife Archduchess Maria Christina of the House of Habsburg as a morning-gift.@1599|Prince B\u00e1thory Zsigmond renounced the throne again in favour of the brother of Boldizs\u00e1r, Cardinal B\u00e1thory Andr\u00e1s. B\u00e1thory Andr\u00e1s wanted to place Transylvania under Turkish patronage again, but he was accepted neither by the Saxons nor by the Sz\u00e9kelys and he could gain the support of neither the Habsburgs nor the Turks.@October 17, 1599|Instigated by Emperor Rudolf, Voivode Mihai (Viteazul) of Wallachia broke into Transylvania through the Bodza Pass, after Prince B\u00e1thory Zsigmond, contrary to his promise, hand over power over Transylvania to his cousin Cardinal B\u00e1thory Andr\u00e1s instead of Emperor Rudolf. Voivode Mihai sided with the Sz\u00e9kelys, who were dissatisfied with the B\u00e1thory dynasty, by promising to restore their rights.@October 25, 1599|Voivode Mihai occupied Fogaras and gave it to his wife, Stanca. The statue of the wife of the Wallachian usurper stands in front of the castle.@October 28, 1599|The Sz\u00e9kelys helped Voivode Mihai of Wallachia defeat Prince B\u00e1thory Andr\u00e1s of Transylvania at Sellenberk. The Sz\u00e9kelys hated the B\u00e1thory family for disregarding their privileges. The prince tried to flee to Moldova, but he was murdered with a shepherd\u2019s axe (fokos) by a Sz\u00e9kely l\u00f3f\u0151, Bal\u00e1zs Mih\u00e1ly, near Cs\u00edkszentdomonkos.@November 1, 1599|Voivode Mihai Viteazul of Wallachia marched into Gyulafeh\u00e9rv\u00e1r, the capitol of Transylvania, and took over power as governor appointed by Emperor Rudolf. But soon he started to act on his own behalf and introduced a reign of terror. He arbitrarily appointed Wallachian boyars to every position, looted the treasury and his unpaid mercenaries plundered and murdered throughout the land. The Vlach peasants rose up and started to exterminate Hungarian and Saxon population in Transylvania, which had a Hungarian majority at that time.@September 18, 1600|Voivode Mihai of Wallachia was defeated in the battle of Miriszl\u00f3 and driven out by the combined armies of the Transylvanian nobility led by B\u00e1thory Zsigmond and General Basta\u2019s imperial mercenaries. The Transylvanian estates donated Fogaras to Cs\u00e1ky Istv\u00e1n, captain of Transylvania. At the beginning of next year, the Estates of Transylvanian broke with the Emperor and B\u00e1thory Zsigmond was elected prince once more.@August 3, 1601|The combined armies of General Basta and Voivode Mihai of Wallachia defeated the Transylvanian army of Prince B\u00e1thory Zsigmond in the battle of Goroszl\u00f3. After that, the army of Voivode Mihai sacked and burned the towns of Torda, Nagyenyed and Gyulafeh\u00e9rv\u00e1r, where they robbed the tombs of the Hunyadi family, King John II of Hungary and his mother Queen Isabella. Then, on 19 August, Voivode Mihai was assassinated by the mercenaries of General Basta, because Mihai tried to usurp the throne of Transylvania once again. Genral Basta also introduced a reign of terror in Transylvania and let his mercenaries ravage freely throughout the land.@#13|@1605|During the uprising of Bocskai Istv\u00e1n, the German garrison of Fogaras mutinied and surrendered the castle after having been informed of the approaching army of Gyulaffy L\u00e1szl\u00f3, commander of the Transylvanian forces. After that, Fogaras became the property of the princes of Transylvania, who regularly gave it to their wives.@#14|@#15|@#16|@1623|The Italian Agostino Serena transformed the castle by order of Prince Bethlen G\u00e1bor of Transylvania. The Prince gifted Fogaras to his second wife, Catherine of Brandenburg in 1626.@1630|Catherine of Brandenburg sold Fogaras to the newly elected Prince R\u00e1k\u00f3czi Gy\u00f6rgy I of Transylvania, who gave it to his wife, Lor\u00e1ntffy Zsuzsanna.@#17|@#18|@1652|R\u00e1k\u00f3czi Zsigmond, general of the Sz\u00e9kelys and son of R\u00e1k\u00f3czi Gy\u00f6rgy I, died here.@1657|Prince R\u00e1k\u00f3czi Gy\u00f6rgy II of Transylvania launched a campaign for the crown of Poland in alliance with Carl X Gustaf of Sweden. His aim was to unite the Hungarian-Polish-Wallachian forces against the Turks. The campaign started successfully with the prince taking Krak\u00f3w and Warsawa, but then the King of Sweden abandoned him. The vengeful Poles invaded northern Transylvania, burning defenceless villages, destroying churches and castles. Soon the punitive campaign of Turkish and Tatar armies devastated Transylvania, as the prince launched his Polish campaign against the Sultan's will.@1658|The Tartars ravaged and plundered throughout Transylvania and Grand Vizier K\u00f6pr\u00fcl\u00fc Mehmed captured Jen\u0151 Castle. The Estates of Transylvania sent Barcsay \u00c1kos to the camp of the grand vizier to beg for mercy. In return, the Grand Vizier demanded that the annual tax be raised from 15 to 40 thousand forints (gold coins) and that Lugos and Karansebes be ceded. This was the price for the Turks to leave Transylvania. The grand vizier appointed Barcsay prince on 14 September.@1659|Prince R\u00e1k\u00f3czi Gy\u00f6rgy II returned to Transylvania and forced Barcsay \u00c1kos to retreat to Szeben and besieged him.@May 22, 1660|In the battle of S\u00e1szfenes, Pasha Shejdi Ahmed of Buda defeated R\u00e1k\u00f3czi Gy\u00f6rgy II, who lost his life. The Tatar armies invaded Transylvania for the second time.@1660|Kem\u00e9ny J\u00e1nos, the former commander of Prince R\u00e1k\u00f3czi Gy\u00f6rgy II, besieged Fogaras Castle defended by Barcsay Andr\u00e1s, the brother of Prince Barcsay \u00c1kos. He surrendered the castle by order of the prince. Kem\u00e9ny J\u00e1nos hanged him on 16 May for trying to negotiate with the Turks.@November 1660|Kem\u00e9ny J\u00e1nos defeated the army of G\u00e1sp\u00e1r, the other brother of Prince Barcsay Andr\u00e1s, at \u00d6rm\u00e9nyes. Barcsay G\u00e1sp\u00e1r fell in the battle. Then, on 31 December, Barcsay \u00c1kos renounced the throne. In 1661 Kem\u00e9ny J\u00e1nos had Barcsay \u00c1kos captured and murdered.@1661|The army of Pasha Seydi Ahmed of Buda marched into Transylvania, after the country assembly held in Beszterce on 23 April declared the independence of Transylvania from the Ottoman Empire and placed the country under the protection of Emperor Leopold I. On 14 September, Pasha Ali forced the country assembly to elect Apafi Mih\u00e1ly Prince of Transylvania in Marosv\u00e1s\u00e1rhely.@1661|Pasha K\u00fccs\u00fck Mehmed besieged Fogaras. The captain of the castle Bethlen Gergely, who served Kem\u00e9ny J\u00e1nos, surrendered after 15 days.@January 23, 1662|The deposed prince Kem\u00e9ny J\u00e1nos, having been abandoned by his imperial allies, was defeated by the Turks at Nagysz\u0151l\u0151s (near Segesv\u00e1r), where he fell.@1663|Prince Apafi Mih\u00e1ly I donated Fogaras to his wife, Bornemissza Anna. The prince held here country assemblies 10 times during his reign.@#19|@#20|@#21|@April 28, 1675|According to the Treaty of Fogaras, the kings of Poland and France obliged themselves to support the Hungarian insurgents against the Habsburgs. It was never fulfilled.@#22|@#23|@#24|@#25|@May 9, 1688|After most of Hungary was liberated from the Turks, General Caraffa, the commander of the imperial forces in Transylvania, made Prince Apafi Mih\u00e1ly and the Estates of Transylvania accept and sign the so called Declaration of Fogaras in Szeben. This annulled the Turkish patronage over Transylvania, which became part of the Kingdom of Hungary again and the authority of Emperor Leopold I as King of Hungary was extended over Transylvania.@April 15, 1690|Prince Apafi Mih\u00e1ly I of Transylvania died in Fogaras. The castle was inherited by his son, Apafi Mih\u00e1ly II.@August 21, 1690|Th\u00f6k\u00f6ly Imre, the former leader of the anti-Habsburg Hungarian kuruc uprising, crossed the mountains with Turkish and Wallachian auxiliaries, attacked the imperial army of General Heisler from behind and defeated him.@September 21, 1690|The nobility of Transylvania joined Th\u00f6k\u00f6ly Imre and he was elected Prince of Transylvania in Szeben. Soon the combined armies of Castelli and Heisler pushed him out of Transylvania.@#26|@1691|The Diploma Leopoldinum was announced at the country assembly in Fogaras.@#27|@1703-1711|An imperial garrison was stationed in the castle and the kuruc insurgents could not occupy it.@1713|With the death of Apafi Mih\u00e1ly II, the castle was inherited by the treasury. The estate of Fogaras was managed temporarily by Greek Catholic diocese.@1762|Empress Maria Theresia pawned the estate of Fogaras to the Saxon Universality for 80,000 forints for 99 years.@July 29, 1759|Bethlen Kata the Orphan died in Fogaras. She was one of the most significant female Baroque writers. She was the fourth child of Bethlen S\u00e1muel, isp\u00e1n of Kis-K\u00fck\u00fcll\u0151 County. She called herself orphan after the death of her second husband in 1732. She supported the Hungarian Calvinist parishes and schools of Transylvania. She left her library to the Reformed College of Nagyegyed. She was buried in the Calvinist church of Fogaras, which still guards her bridal gown and veil made from yellow silk.@1782|Emperot Joseph II confiscated the properties of the Saxon Universality and leased the estate of Fogaras to them.@#28|@#30|@#36|@1948-1960|The communists used the castle as a prison for political prisoners. 165 captives died here.&studhist.blog.hu: Fogaras v\u00e1r\u00e1nak t\u00f6rt\u00e9nete a XVI. sz\u00e1zad v\u00e9g\u00e9ig|https:\/\/studhist.blog.hu\/2019\/02\/25\/fogaras_varanak_tortenete_a_xvi_szazad_vegeig\nstudhist.blog.hu: Fogaras v\u00e1r\u00e1nak t\u00f6rt\u00e9nete a XVI. sz\u00e1zad v\u00e9g\u00e9t\u0151l napjainkig|https:\/\/studhist.blog.hu\/2019\/02\/28\/fogaras_varanak_tortenete_a_xvi_szazad_vegetol_napjainkig"},"language":"en","region":"romania","regionid":4,"offer":[{"id":"112","settlement_HU":"Szal\u00e1rd","settlement_LO":"S\u0103lard","gps_lat":"47.2378340000","gps_long":"22.0440240000","cond":"6","picture":"\u003Ca 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width=\u0022512\u0022 alt=\u0022Chapelle ch\u00e2teau Both Both v\u00e1rai k\u00e1polna\u0022 src=\u0022https:\/\/upload.wikimedia.org\/wikipedia\/commons\/b\/bb\/Chapelle_ch%C3%A2teau_Both_Both_v%C3%A1rai_k%C3%A1polna.jpg\u0022\u003E\u003C\/a\u003E","picture_ref":"\u003Ca href=\u0022https:\/\/commons.wikimedia.org\/wiki\/File:Chapelle_ch%C3%A2teau_Both_Both_v%C3%A1rai_k%C3%A1polna.jpg\u0022\u003EUkiy\u003C\/a\u003E, Public domain, via Wikimedia Commons","name":"Both Castle","seolink":"gyergyoszentmiklos-both-castle-gheorgheni"},{"id":"118","settlement_HU":"Cenk-hegy, Brass\u00f3","settlement_LO":"T\u00e2mpa, Bra\u0219ov","gps_lat":"45.6334490000","gps_long":"25.5921770000","cond":"6","picture":"\u003Ca title=\u0022Ecologicmarket, CC BY-SA 3.0 \u003Chttps:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by-sa\/3.0\u003E, via Wikimedia Commons\u0022 href=\u0022https:\/\/commons.wikimedia.org\/wiki\/File:Tampa_Natural_Reservation_from_Brasov_Romania.jpg\u0022\u003E\u003Cimg width=\u0022512\u0022 alt=\u0022Tampa Natural Reservation from Brasov Romania\u0022 src=\u0022https:\/\/upload.wikimedia.org\/wikipedia\/commons\/thumb\/8\/82\/Tampa_Natural_Reservation_from_Brasov_Romania.jpg\/512px-Tampa_Natural_Reservation_from_Brasov_Romania.jpg\u0022\u003E\u003C\/a\u003E","picture_ref":"\u003Ca href=\u0022https:\/\/commons.wikimedia.org\/wiki\/File:Tampa_Natural_Reservation_from_Brasov_Romania.jpg\u0022\u003EEcologicmarket\u003C\/a\u003E, \u003Ca href=\u0022https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by-sa\/3.0\u0022\u003ECC BY-SA 3.0\u003C\/a\u003E, via Wikimedia Commons","name":"Castle on Cenk Hill;Brassovia Castle","seolink":"brasso-castle-on-cenk-hill-tampa-brasov"},{"id":"119","settlement_HU":"Sz\u00e9kelyudvarhely","settlement_LO":"Odorheiu Secuiesc","gps_lat":"46.2948450000","gps_long":"25.2728550000","cond":"7","picture":"","picture_ref":"","name":"Budv\u00e1r","seolink":"szekelyudvarhely-budvar-castle-odorheiu-secuiesc"},{"id":"120","settlement_HU":"Beszterce","settlement_LO":"Bistri\u021ba","gps_lat":"47.1693380000","gps_long":"24.4814300000","cond":"7","picture":"","picture_ref":"","name":"Beszterce Castle","seolink":"beszterce-castle-bistrita"},{"id":"121","settlement_HU":"Csics\u00f3\u00fajfalu","settlement_LO":"Ciceu-Corabia","gps_lat":"47.2510600000","gps_long":"23.9672930000","cond":"5","picture":"\u003Ca title=\u0022Unknown author, Public domain, via Wikimedia Commons\u0022 href=\u0022https:\/\/commons.wikimedia.org\/wiki\/File:Csics%C3%B3v%C3%A1r_(Vas%C3%A1rnapi_%C3%BAjs%C3%A1g_1866._35._sz%C3%A1m).jpg\u0022\u003E\u003Cimg width=\u0022512\u0022 alt=\u0022Csics\u00f3v\u00e1r (Vas\u00e1rnapi \u00fajs\u00e1g 1866. 35. sz\u00e1m)\u0022 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src=\u0022https:\/\/upload.wikimedia.org\/wikipedia\/commons\/thumb\/4\/42\/Odorheiu_Secuiesc_Cetatea.jpg\/512px-Odorheiu_Secuiesc_Cetatea.jpg\u0022\u003E\u003C\/a\u003E","picture_ref":"\u003Ca href=\u0022https:\/\/commons.wikimedia.org\/wiki\/File:Odorheiu_Secuiesc_Cetatea.jpg\u0022\u003EAndrei kokelburg\u003C\/a\u003E, \u003Ca href=\u0022https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by-sa\/3.0\/ro\/deed.en\u0022\u003ECC BY-SA 3.0 RO\u003C\/a\u003E, via Wikimedia Commons","name":"Sz\u00e9kely T\u00e1madt Castle; Csonkav\u00e1r","seolink":"szekely-tamadt-castle"},{"id":"123","settlement_HU":"Drenkova","settlement_LO":"Drencova","gps_lat":"44.6357930000","gps_long":"21.9752810000","cond":"6","picture":"\u003Ca title=\u0022Nenea hartia, CC BY-SA 4.0 <https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by-sa\/4.0>, via Wikimedia Commons\u0022 href=\u0022https:\/\/commons.wikimedia.org\/wiki\/File:Drencova_Romania.jpg\u0022\u003E\u003Cimg width=\u0022512\u0022 alt=\u0022Drencova Romania\u0022 src=\u0022https:\/\/upload.wikimedia.org\/wikipedia\/commons\/thumb\/e\/eb\/Drencova_Romania.jpg\/512px-Drencova_Romania.jpg\u0022\u003E\u003C\/a\u003E","picture_ref":"\u003Ca href=\u0022https:\/\/commons.wikimedia.org\/wiki\/File:Drencova_Romania.jpg\u0022\u003ENenea hartia\u003C\/a\u003E, \u003Ca href=\u0022https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by-sa\/4.0\u0022\u003ECC BY-SA 4.0\u003C\/a\u003E, via Wikimedia Commons","name":"Drank\u00f3 Castle","seolink":"dranko-castle"},{"id":"124","settlement_HU":"Facs\u00e1d","settlement_LO":"F\u0103get","gps_lat":"45.8662280000","gps_long":"22.1741410000","cond":"6","picture":"\u003Ca title=\u0022Yo6own, CC BY-SA 3.0 RO <https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by-sa\/3.0\/ro\/deed.en>, via Wikimedia Commons\u0022 href=\u0022https:\/\/commons.wikimedia.org\/wiki\/File:Faget_Cetate_1.JPG\u0022\u003E\u003Cimg width=\u0022512\u0022 alt=\u0022Faget Cetate 1\u0022 src=\u0022https:\/\/upload.wikimedia.org\/wikipedia\/commons\/thumb\/4\/45\/Faget_Cetate_1.JPG\/512px-Faget_Cetate_1.JPG\u0022\u003E\u003C\/a\u003E","picture_ref":"\u003Ca href=\u0022https:\/\/commons.wikimedia.org\/wiki\/File:Faget_Cetate_1.JPG\u0022\u003EYo6own\u003C\/a\u003E, \u003Ca href=\u0022https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by-sa\/3.0\/ro\/deed.en\u0022\u003ECC BY-SA 3.0 RO\u003C\/a\u003E, via Wikimedia Commons","name":"Facset Castle","seolink":"facset-castle-cetatea-fagetului"},{"id":"125","settlement_HU":"Brass\u00f3","settlement_LO":"Bra\u0219ov","gps_lat":"45.6493030000","gps_long":"25.5916990000","cond":"1","picture":"\u003Ca title=\u0022Andrei Dan Suciu, CC BY 3.0 \u003Chttps:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/3.0\u003E, via Wikimedia Commons\u0022 href=\u0022https:\/\/commons.wikimedia.org\/wiki\/File:Cet%C4%83%C5%A3uia_Bra%C5%9Fov_-_panoramio_(9).jpg\u0022\u003E\u003Cimg width=\u0022512\u0022 alt=\u0022Cet\u0103\u0163uia Bra\u015fov - panoramio (9)\u0022 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Petitpeton assumed (based on copyright claims)., Public domain, via Wikimedia Commons\u0022 href=\u0022https:\/\/commons.wikimedia.org\/wiki\/File:B%C3%A9lavar_caslte_2.jpg\u0022\u003E\u003Cimg width=\u0022512\u0022 alt=\u0022B\u00e9lavar caslte 2\u0022 src=\u0022https:\/\/upload.wikimedia.org\/wikipedia\/commons\/f\/fe\/B%C3%A9lavar_caslte_2.jpg\u0022\u003E\u003C\/a\u003E","picture_ref":"\u003Ca href=\u0022https:\/\/commons.wikimedia.org\/wiki\/File:B%C3%A9lavar_caslte_2.jpg\u0022\u003ENo machine-readable author provided. Petitpeton assumed (based on copyright claims).\u003C\/a\u003E, Public domain, via Wikimedia Commons","name":"Fenes Castle; B\u00e9lav\u00e1r","seolink":"fenes-castle-cetatea-finis"},{"id":"127","settlement_HU":"G\u00f6rg\u00e9nyszentimre","settlement_LO":"Gurghiu","gps_lat":"46.7744120000","gps_long":"24.8653210000","cond":"6","picture":"\u003Ca title=\u0022SahkuRO, CC BY-SA 3.0 <https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by-sa\/3.0>, via Wikimedia Commons\u0022 href=\u0022https:\/\/commons.wikimedia.org\/wiki\/File:Gurghiu_panoramic.gif\u0022\u003E\u003Cimg width=\u0022512\u0022 alt=\u0022Gurghiu panoramic\u0022 src=\u0022https:\/\/upload.wikimedia.org\/wikipedia\/commons\/7\/7e\/Gurghiu_panoramic.gif\u0022\u003E\u003C\/a\u003E","picture_ref":"\u003Ca href=\u0022https:\/\/commons.wikimedia.org\/wiki\/File:Gurghiu_panoramic.gif\u0022\u003ESahkuRO\u003C\/a\u003E, \u003Ca href=\u0022https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by-sa\/3.0\u0022\u003ECC BY-SA 3.0\u003C\/a\u003E, via Wikimedia 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