Brassó
Historical Hungarian county:
Brassó
GPS coordinates:
45.642275, 25.589502
Population
Population in 1910
| Total |
41056 |
| Hungarian |
43.43% |
| German |
26.41% |
| Vlach |
28.71% |
Coat of Arms
Gothika, Public domain, via Wikimedia Commons
The town was founded by German settlers in the early 13th century. They arrived with the Teutonic Knights, who were entrusted by King Andrew II with the defence of the Hungarian border and the castle on Cenk hill. The knights, who thought too highly of themselves, were soon driven out by the king, but the settlers were allowed to stay and Brassó developed into the centre of the Saxon land of Barcaság. King Louis I of Hungary made Brassó the administrative centre of the region, for its citizens helped to build the castle of Törcsvár. His daughter, Queen Mary, ordered the construction of the town walls. King Sigismund of Hungary granted the town staple right on the trade route with Wallachia. Hunyadi János gave permission to the people of Brassó to use the ruins of the royal castle on the Cenk hill to complete the town walls, because of the constant raids by the Turks. Hungary was split in two after the Battle of Mohács in 1526, when both Ferdinand I of Habsburg and John I were elected king. The Saxon burghers supported Ferdinand, for which the town's loyalty towards King John I had to be enforced by siege in 1530. It remained mostly loyal thereafter, if only because the religious freedom of the citizens who converted to Lutheranism was guaranteed by the Principality of Transylvania. At the end of the 17th century, the Habsburg troops occupying Transylvania captured the town by siege. The leader of the imperial armies, Caraffa, set the town on fire, and legend has it that this is when its famous church got its black colour. By the beginning of the 20th century, there were far more Hungarians than Germans in the town, who were even slightly outnumbered by the Vlachs. The monument erected on Cenk Hill in 1896 to commemorate the thousandth anniversary of Hungary was blown up by two Romanian terrorists in 1913. After the Romanian occupation, Brassó became a Romanian-majority town due to massive settlements. Many of the Saxon inhabitants were deported to the Soviet Union in 1945, while the rest emigrated to Germany in the Ceaușescu era in exchange for ransom. The city's medieval fortifications, churches, town houses, citadel and the public buildings and palaces built at the turn of the 20th century make it one of the richest cities in Transylvania in terms of architectural monuments.
Check out other towns in Transylvania as well!
before 895
Bulgarians lived on the site of the settlement before the arrival of the Hungarians.
895
Arrival of the Hungarians
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895
The alliance of the seven Hungarian tribes took possession of the then largely uninhabited Carpathian Basin. Until then, the sparse Slavic population of the north-western Carpathians had lived under Moravian rule for a few decades after the collapse of the Avar Khaganate in the early 9th century.
1000
Foundation of the Hungarian Kingdom
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1000
The Kingdom of Hungary was established with the coronation of King Stephen I. He converted the Hungarians to Christianity and created two archdioceses (Esztergom and Kalocsa) and ten dioceses. He divided Hungary into counties led by ispáns, who were appointed by the king.
12-13th century
The castle on the Cenk Hill (Brassovia Castle) was built as part of the south Transylvanian border defence system of Hungary. The hill is 957 metres high.
1211
The Barcaság became deserted due to the Cuman raids, so King Andrew II of Hungary donated the castle on the Cenk Hill to the Teutonic Order to guard the borders of Hungary. The knights brought German settlers, who founded the town of Kronstadt, but many Székelys also settled in the area.
after 1211
The Teutonic knights built several castles and they also occupied most of Cumania (present day Wallachia), where they built a castle and made it their European centre. Dominican monks led by Blessed Paul the Hungarian (Paulus Hungarus) converted most of the Cumans and Pechenegs to Christianity.
1224
The grandmaster of the Teutonic Order, Hermann of Salza, offered all the lands received from the Hungarian king and occupied from the Cumans to the Pope as a vassal state independent from Hungary. Pope Honorius III accepted it and encouraged them to fight. The knights had started to occupy Hungarian lands arbitrarily and capture royal soldiers earlier, about which King Andrew II had already complained to the Pope.
1225
King Andrew II drove the Teutonic Order out of Hungary because of their treason. The Hungarian king captured the knight’s centre in Cumania as well. The Teutonic knights fled to Poland through Moldavia. After that, the relationship between King Andrew II and the Pope became cold for a long time. The Saxon settlers didn’t aid the knights and therefore they were allowed to remain in Hungary and keep their privileges.
1235
The name Corona appeared for the first time in a Premonstratensian monastery register. There was a monastery in Corona in the territory of the Diocese of Cumania that belonged to Hungary (In Hungaria assignata est paternitas Dyocesis Cumanie: Corona). According to a popular theory, the name refers to the crown on the ancient coat of arms of the town, which itself is based on the legend that King Salamon of Hungary hid the crown among the roots of a tree during his flight. According to another theory, the town was named after an ancient Christian martyr named Corona, and it was symbolized with a crown on the coat of arms. The roots under the crown appeared only in the first half of the 16th century.
1241-1242
Mongol Invasion
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1241-1242
The hordes of the Mongol Empire invaded Hungary and almost completely destroyed it. One third to one half of the population was destroyed. The Mongols also suffered heavy losses in the battle of Muhi and they could not hunt down the king. After their withdrawal, King Béla IV reorganized Hungary. He allowed the feudal lords to build stone castles because they were able to successfully resist the nomadic Mongols. The vast majority of stone castles were built after this. The king called in German, Vlach (Romanian) and Slavic settlers to replace the destroyed population.
1241
The settlement was completely destroyed during the Mongol invasion. The returning Saxon inhabitants rebuilt the town in the valley behind the Martin Hill (Márton-hegy).
1252
The Brassó name appeared for the first time in a letter of donation issued by King Béla IV of Hungary in the form Terra Saxonum de Barasu (the land of the Saxons of Brasau). It became the centre of the Barcaság. The origin of the name is unknown. According to a theory, the name comes from a Slavic personal name starting with Bras. According to another theory, it comes from the old Turkic baraso word meaning white water, which probably refers to the waterfalls of the Köszörű Stream.
1285
The Mongol invaders set the town on fire and marched on towards the interior of Hungary.
1288
King László IV of Hungary visited Brassó and he set off for the pursuit of the Cumans from the town.
1301
The extinction of the House of Árpád
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1301
The House of Árpád, the first Hungarian royal dynasty, died out with the death of King Andrew III. Hungary was ruled by oligarchs, the most powerful of whom was Csák Máté, whose main ally was the Aba family. King Charles I (1308-1342), supported by the Pope, eventually emerged as the most prominent of the contenders for the Hungarian throne. But it took decades to break the power of the oligarchs.
early 14th century
Fairs were held in the town.
March 26, 1353
King Louis I of Hungary confirmed the old privileges of the town, after the Tatars that broke into Moldova attacked Brassó as well and destroyed the documents. The Tatars were crashed by Lack Endre, vajda of Transylvania.
1377
King Loius I of Hungary made Brassó the administrative centre of the neighbourhood by attaching several villages to the town because the burghers of Brassó supplied the construction of Törcsvár Castle with workforce and building materials and cleared the area from the forest.
1384
Queen Mary of Hungary ordered the construction of the town walls against the Tatar raids.
February 18, 1395
King Sigismund of Hungary granted the merchants of Brassó important privileges. They were allowed to trade freely as far as Vienna. Other merchants weren’t allowed to transport their goods across the mountains to Wallachia, but they were obliged to offer them for sale in Brassó. Wax brought into Hungary from Wallachia also had to be offered for sale in Brassó.
1395
The dethroned voivode of Wallachia, Mircea, swore loyalty to King Sigismund in Brassó.
1421
Sultan Murad II broke into the Barcaság, besieged Brassó on 3 April and captured it. The Turks burned the town and destroyed the town walls, which were still under construction at that time. The Turks captured the castle on the Cenk Hill as well. They enslaved many people from the neighbourhood.
1427
King Sigismund of Hungary hed the country assembly in Brassó after he took the town back. He reconciled with his wife, Cillei Borbála, here.
1432
The Turkish army of Bey Ali crossed the Danube at Nicopolis and broke into Transylvania together with the army of Voivode Vlad Dracul of Wallachia, who became a traitor. They plundered the Barcaság and also the lands of the Székelys and the Saxons enslaving many people. They besieged Nagyszeben and Brassó, but both towns resisted successfully. Finally, the rapidly raised army of the Hungarian nobility led by vajda Jakcs drove them out of Hungary causing heavy casualties to the army of Bey Ali. In the meantime, the army of Vlad Dracul of Wallachia captured Szörény Castle from Redwitz Miklós and slaughtered the German knights that defended the castle, which ceased to be the bastion of Western Christianity.
1437
The three nations of Transylvania (the Hungarian nobility, the Székelys and the Saxons) formed an alliance in Kápolna (Union of Kápolna). This union gained its true significance after 1570, when Transylvania became an independent principality due to the Turkish conquest of central Hungary. These three nations were represented in the Transylvanian Diet, and they elected the prince. Vlach migrants (mostly shepherds and peasants) were a small minority at the time and were excluded from the political power just like Hungarian peasants. According to the agreement, the Saxon fortified churches were opened for the non-Saxon population of the neighbourhood as well in times of danger. This was a great concession, because only Saxons (and not even Hungarian nobles) could acquire land and purchase house in King's Land. Only Saxon monks could live in their monasteries and Saxons were strictly forbidden by their priests to adopt Hungarian customs, dress and hairstyle. The Transylvanian Saxons were never integrated into the Hungarian community that welcomed them and gave them so many privileges, and they never had any inclination to do so.
1438
Sultan Murad II sent an army of raiders against Hungary under the command of Bey Ali. The Turks were aided by the Vlach army of Voivode Vlad Drakul of Wallachia. They crossed the Danube at Szörény Castle. They captured Medgyes with an assault, but Szeben resisted the siege. Finally, they burned the outskirts of Brassó and left Hungary through the Törcsvár Pass.
1453
Hunyadi János allowed the burghers of Brassó to use the stones of the ruined royal castle on the Cenk Hill to finish the construction of the town walls. He issued another permission for that in 1455 to hasten the constructions. The town walls originally had 32 towers and bastions.
1456
Siege of Nándorfehérvár (Belgrade)
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1456
The Turkish army of Sultan Mehmed II, the conqueror of Constantinople, besieged the castle of Nándorfehérvár (Belgrade), which was the southern gateway to Hungary. But the Hungarian army, led by Hunyadi János, won a decisive victory over the twice to three times larger Turkish army. The Pope had earlier ordered that church bells should be rung every noon to pray for the victory of the defenders. Hunyadi János died of plague in the camp after the battle.
1467
King Matthias of Hungary took a rest in Brassó during his campaign against Molodva.
1468
King Matthias of Hungary granted the town staple right.
around 1477
The construction of the Black Church was completed, which was started by order of King Sigismund of Hungary.
1489
King Matthias ordered that the measures of Brassó were to be used in Transylvania uniformly.
1496-1549
Hunterus János lived in Brassó. He converted the town to the Lutheran faith. His work "Conpendium iuris civilis..." was published in 1544.
1500
King Ulászló II of Hungary attached Törcsvár Castle and the 10 Hungarian villages that belonged to it to the town of Brassó. This ended the noble status of the formerly free Hungarian inhabitants, whose job was to guard the borders of Hungary. The burghers of Brassó turned them into serfs, confiscated their properties by force and did everything to Germanize the impoverished people.
1511
King Ulászló II lifted Brassó and the Barcaság from the judicial authority of the ispán of the Székelys and attached it to King's Land, the land of the Saxons.
1524
A semicircular tower was built on the site of the present day Citadel. Later the plateau of the hill was surrounded with walls.
1526
Battle of Mohács and the splitting of Hungary into two parts
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1526
Sultan Suleiman I launched a war against Vienna, instigated by the French. Ferdinand I, Duke of Austria, was the brother-in-law of King Louis II of Hungary. The army of the Ottoman Empire defeated the much smaller Hungarian army at Mohács, and King Louis II died in the battle. A group of the barons elected Ferdinand I of the House of Habsburg to the throne, who promised to defend Hungary from the Turks. He was the younger brother of the most powerful European monarch Emperor Charles V. But the nobility chose the most powerful Hungarian baron, Szapolyai János, who was also crowned as King John I. The country was split in two and a decades-long struggle for power began.
after 1526
The town supported King Ferdinand I and drove away the troops of King John I. The Saxons of Transylvania supported Ferdinand I due to their German identity, while the Székelys and the nobility of Transylvania supported King John I.
1528
King John I suffered a decisive defeat on 20 March in the battle of Szina and fled to Poland. Ferdinand I was crowned King of Hungary and he took control of Transylvania as well. After King John I was let down by his French and Polish allies, he asked the Sultan for help
October 18, 1528
King Ferdinand confirmed the privileges of Brassó in Vienna.
1529
The Turks launched a campaign and captured Buda, the capitol of Hungary, and handed it over to King John I, whom they recognized as King of Hungary.
1529
Voivode Petru Rareș of Moldova broke into Transylvania with the consent of the Sultan, and, in alliance with the Székelys, they defeated the army of King Ferdinand I at Földvár (near Brassó) on 29 June. As the Saxons refused to swear loyalty to King John I even after Buda was taken back from Ferdinand, the voivode returned at the end of October and helped Kun Kocsárd, the commander of King John I, crush the Saxons at Földvár again. They assaulted Brassó and occupied and destroyed its wooden citadel, but they could not capture the strongly fortified town.
1530
The burghers drove away the monks and the nuns as Reformation reached the town.
June 19, 1530
Vajda Báthory István of Transylvania issued a manifesto to the Saxons in Torda promising to maintain their privileges in exchange for their loyalty to King John I. As the stubborn Saxons couldn’t be convinced, Báthory István launched a campaign and occupied Medgyes and the rest of the Saxon towns in August.
October 30, 1530
Voivode Peter of Wallachia forced Brassó to surrender after three weeks of bloody siege with the assistance of Turkish troops and Székely soldiers sent by Báthory. King John I did not take revenge on the town, he confirmed their privileges in 1531 and let them practice their religion freely instead. After that, the burghers of Brassó remained loyal to him and his successors.
1534
Lodovico Gritti, the governor of Hungary, camped within the walls of Brassó with 7000 Turks waiting for the aristocrats of Transylvania to do homage to him.
September 1534
Lodovico Gritti, the governor of Hungary, fled to Medgyes from the armies of vajda Majláth István of Transylvania, King John I of Hungary and the voivode of Wallachia. Voivode Peter of Moldova sent in his aid also joined the besiegers. The besiegers broke into the town after the walls were breached by cannons. Gritti fled to the Moldavian camp, but they handed him over to the Hungarians. He was beheaded in the castle of Medgyes on 29 September by order of vajda Majláth István. Gritti was a Venetian soldier of fortune, who arrived in Hungary in 1529 as a minion of the Turks. He soon convinced King John I to name him governor of Hungary. It was out of the ordinary, because governors were only appointed in Hungary when the king was under age. Gritti, who was only interested in forging his own fortune, held a court that diminished even the royal court. Gradually everyone turned against him, which was only made worse by his plundering and that he even tried to make a deal with King Ferdinand I. The last drop in the glass (a Hungarian saying) was that Dóczi Orbán killed Bishop Czibak Imre of Várad, one of the greatest supporters of King John I, by order of Governor Gritti. This made the nobility of Transylvania rise up under the leadership of vajda Majláth István.
1541
The Turkish occupation of the capital, Buda, and the division of Hungary into three parts
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1541
The Turks conquered Buda, the capital of Hungary, after the death of King John I. The central part of the country was under Turkish rule for 150 years. The western and northern parts (including present-day Slovakia) formed the Kingdom of Hungary ruled by the Habsburg emperors. The eastern parts (now mainly under Romanian rule) were ruled by the successors of King John I of Hungary, who later established the Principality of Transylvania.
1544
A Saxon grammar school was established.
1551
The child John Sigismund's guardian, George Martinuzzi, with Castaldo's imperial army, forced Queen Isabella to surrender the Eastern Hungarian Kingdom (including Transylvania) to King Ferdinand I. Isabella left for Poland with her child, the heir to the throne. The Turks then launched a punitive campaign against Hungary.
1556
The Estates of Transylvania, dissatisfied with Habsburg rule, recalled Queen Isabella to the throne, to which the Sultan gave his consent. On her return, she regained control of eastern Hungary.
1556
The Saxons greeted Queen Isabella hapily, who returned to Transylvania and took back the power from King Ferdinand. The Queen confirmed the freedom of religion. Later the Saxons were loyal to the princes of Transylvania, because they protected them from the violent recatholization and tyranny of the Habsburg rulers.
1570
The establishment of the Principality of Transylvania
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1570
John II (John Sigismund), the son of King John I of Hungary, renounced the title of King of Hungary in favor of King Maximilian of the House of Habsburg, and henceforth held the title of Prince. This formally created the Principality of Transylvania, which was the eastern half of Hungary not ruled by the Habsburgs and was also a vassal of the Ottoman Empire. John II died in 1571, after which the three nations of Transylvania (the Hungarian nobility, the Székelys and the Saxons) elected the prince.
16th century
Brassó was a developed town with 8000 inhabitants.
around 1580
The first Hungarian language book printed in Brassó was published. It was printed in the printing press of Nireus (Nyirő) János. The title of the book was Fons Vitae, Az életnek kvtfeie (The Fount of Life).
1591-1606
Fifteen Years' War
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1591-1606
The Ottoman Empire started a war against the Habsburg Empire. The war was waged in the territory of Hungary. The Turks defeated the combined armies of the Habsburg Empire and the Principality of Transylvania in the battle of Mezőkeresztes in 1596, but their victory was not decisive. The war devastated the Principality of Transylvania, which was occupied by the Habsburg army, and General Basta introduced a reign of terror.
October 17, 1599
Instigated by Emperor Rudolf, Voivode Mihai (Viteazul) of Wallachia broke into Transylvania through the Bodza Pass, after Prince Báthory Zsigmond, contrary to his promise, hand over power over Transylvania to his cousin Cardinal Báthory András instead of Emperor Rudolf. Voivode Mihai sided with the Székelys, who were dissatisfied with the Báthory dynasty, by promising to restore their rights, and with their help he defeated the army of Prince Báthory András at Sellenberk on 28 October.
November 1, 1599
Voivode Mihai Viteazul of Wallachia marched into Gyulafehérvár, the capitol of Transylvania, and took over power as governor appointed by Emperor Rudolf. But soon he started to act on his own behalf and introduced a reign of terror. He arbitrarily appointed Wallachian boyars to every position, looted the treasury and his unpaid mercenaries plundered and murdered throughout the land. The Vlach peasants rose up and started to exterminate Hungarian and Saxon population in Transylvania, which had a Hungarian majority at that time.
September 18, 1600
Voivode Mihai of Wallachia was defeated in the battle of Miriszló and driven out by the combined armies of the Transylvanian nobility led by Báthory Zsigmond and General Basta’s imperial mercenaries. Brassó refused to open its gates to Voivode Mihai, who was marauding even while he was on the run. At the beginning of next year, the Estates of Transylvanian broke with the Emperor and Báthory Zsigmond was elected prince once more.
1600
Two of the towers where gunpowder was stored exploded. The defences were repaired in 1667.
August 3, 1601
The combined armies of General Basta and Voivode Mihai of Wallachia defeated the Transylvanian army of Prince Báthory Zsigmond in the battle of Goroszló. After that, the army of Voivode Mihai sacked and burned the towns of Torda, Nagyenyed and Gyulafehérvár, where they robbed the tombs of the Hunyadi family, King John II of Hungary and his mother Queen Isabella.
August 19, 1601
Voivode Mihai of Wallachia was assassinated by the mercenaries of General Basta, because Mihai tried to usurp the throne of Transylvania once again. Genral Basta also introduced a reign of terror in Transylvania and let his mercenaries ravage freely throughout the land.
August 31, 1601
Prince Báthory Zsigmond marched from Moldavia to Brassó with the Székelys who joined him, and won the support of the Sultan. General Basta, which was preparing to besiege Brassó, fled at the news of the arrival of Turkish reinforcements, leaving the cannons behind. Báthory marched into the capitol, Gyulafehérvár, but he, instigated by the Jesuits, soon made a truce with Basta and moved his seat back to Brassó in 1602. After Basta defeated the army of Székely Mózes at Tövis, he took control of Transylvania once again and started a bloody extermination campaign against the Hungarians.
1603
General Basta left Transylvania with his imperial army. Székely Mózes set out from Temesvár with Székely and Turkish armies to liberate Transylvania. The estates of Transylvania, having enough of Basta’s terror, welcomed him in Gyulafehérvár and elected him Prince of Transylvania on 9 May. The Habsburgs mobilized their vassal, Voivode Radu Serban of Wallachia, who attacked the camp of Székely Mózes at Brassó at night on 17 July. The Prince was killed and General Basta returned to Transylvania.
July 17, 1603
Mobilized by the Habsburgs, Voivode Radu Serban of Wallachia attacked the camp of Székely Mózes near Brassó at night. The Prince, who was let down by the Turks, was killed and General Basta returned to Transylvania. Székely Mózes was buried in Brassó. After Brassó surrendered to Voivode Radu, all those who fled to the town fell victim to the revenge of Basta, who returned to Transylvania. Brassó was forced to pay a tribute of 50,000 forints to Radu, and another 80,000 forints to Basta. After that, Basta ordered Brassó to be destroyed completely and its inhabitants to be slaughtered for helping the Hungarians. This was only prevented by a thunderstorm, which caused the Olt River to flood so much that the army of Basta could not cross it.
September 18, 1603
Matheus Sándor, the commissioner of Basta, arrived in Brassó. He brutally tortured and executed many Protestant Hungarians. After that, the Walloon mercenaries of Basta sacked the town and its neighbourhood.
August 30, 1604
The only way the Saxons were able to get Basta's rampaging Walloon and Serbian mercenaries to leave Transylvania was to agree with the emperor to pay 100,000 forints for their remaining pay.
1604-1606
Uprising of Bocskai István
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1604-1606
The alliance of the Habsburgs and the Principality of Transylvania was defeated by the Ottoman Empire in the Fifteen Years' War. The war devastated Transylvania, which was occupied by the Habsburg imperial army, and General Basta introduced a reign of terror. The nobility and the burghers were upset about the terror, the plundering mercenaries and the violent Counter-Reformation. Bocskai István decided to lead their uprising after the Habsburg emperor tried to confiscate his estates. Bocskai also rallied the hajdú warriors to his side. He was elected Prince of Transylvania and soon liberated the Kingdom of Hungary from the Habsburgs. In 1605 Bocskai István was crowned King of Hungary with the crown he received from the Turks.
1605
Brassó and the Transylvanian Saxons joined happily to the anti-Habsburg movement of Bocskai István.
23 June 1606
Peace of Vienna
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23 June 1606
Bocski István made peace with Emperor Rudolf. Their agreement secured the constitutional rights of the Estates of Hungary, and the freedom of religion. The counties of Szatmár, Bereg and Ugocsa were annexed to the Principality of Transylvania. Bocskai died of illness in the same year, leaving to his successors the idea of unifying Hungary from Transylvania.
December, 1610
Prince Báthory Gábor of Transylvania launched a campaign for the throne of Wallachia, which was the vassal of the Habsburgs at that time. Voivode Radu Serban fled, and Báthory captured his capitol, Targoviste, without any resistance. He wanted to gain the consent of the Turks by saying that his campaign was part of the preparation for the conquest of Poland, but the Turks didn't give their consent.
1611
Weiss Mihály, Judge of Brassó, denied the entrance to the town for Prince Báthory Gábor of Transylvania. Instead, he turned to Radu Serban, the former voivode of Wallachia removed by Báthory, for help. Radu crossed the mountains with his mercenaries and took Báthory by surprise.
July 8, 1611
The combined armies of Radu Serban and the Saxons of Brassó defeated Prince Báthory Gábor at Szentpéter, who retreated to Szeben. Radu besieged Szeben and Forgách Zsigmond, the captain of Kassa, hurried to his aid without the approval of the nádor of Hungary. Báthory was saved by Pasha Omer of Bosnia, who scared both Radu and Forgách away.
1612
Prince Báthory Gábor tried to convince the Estates of Transylvania to join the Habsburgs, but they did not want to agree. Ghéczy András gained the support of the Turks against Báthory.
October 15, 1612
Prince Báthory Gábor of Transylvania defeated the combined armies of Ghéczy András and the Saxons of Brassó. Judge Weiss Mihály was also killed in the battle. The decisive battle was fought on the plain of Földvár, when the mercenaries of Weiss Mihály, Judge of Brassó, ran away and the soldiers of Prince Báthori Gábor slaughtered most of the remaining Saxon students. The judge was also killed in his flight and his head put on display in the Saxon town of Nagyszeben.
1613
Instead of the violently ruling and immoral Báthory Gábor, the Transylvanian estates elected Bethlen Gábor, who was supported by the Turks, as their prince. At that time, the fallen prince was staying in Várad, and was willing to hand over the most important border fortress of Transylvania to the Turks just to keep the throne, but the hajdú warriors hired by Ghéczy András murdered him on 27 October, 1613.
1619
The campaign of Prince Bethlen Gábor of Transylvania in the Thirty Years' War
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1619
At the beginning of the Thirty Years' War (1618-1648), Prince Bethlen Gábor of Transylvania went to war against the Habsburg emperor as an ally of the rebelling Czech-Moravian-Austrian estates. The whole Kingdom of Hungary joined him, only the Austrian defenders of Pozsony had to be put to the sword. With his allies, he laid siege to Vienna. However, he was forced to abandon the siege because the Habsburg-loyal Hungarian aristocrat Homonnai Drugeth György attacked his heartland with Polish mercenaries. On 25 August 1620, the Diet of Besztercebánya elected Bethlen Gábor King of Hungary as vassal of the Turks. He continued to fight after the defeat of the Czechs at White Mountain on 8 November 1620, but without real chance to achieve decisive victory, he decided to come to an agreement with Emperor Ferdinand II.
31 December 1621
Peace of Nikolsburg
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31 December 1621
Prince Bethlen Gábor of Transylvania made peace with Emperor Ferdinand II. Their agreement secured the constitutional rights of the Estates of Hungary, and later it was supplemented with the freedom of religion. Bethlen renounced the title of King of Hungary in exchange for seven counties of the Upper Tisza region (Szabolcs, Szatmár, Bereg, Ugocsa, Zemplén, Borsod, Abaúj) for the rest of his life, other estates in Hungary as his private property and the imperial title of Duke of Oppeln and Ratibor (Opole and Racibórz), one of the Duchies of Silesia. Prince Bethlen went to war against the Habsburgs in 1623 and 1626, but was unable to negotiate more favourable terms.
1625
The Citadel was completely rebuilt.
1644-1645
The campaign of Prince Rákóczi György I of Transylvania in the Thirty Years' War
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1644-1645
Prince Rákóczi György I of Transylvania allied with the Swedes and the French in the Thirty Years' War and went to war against the Habsburg Emperor Ferdinand III. On 18 July 1645 his army joined forces with Torstenson's Swedish army under Brno (Moravia). The excellent artillery of Transylvania opened fire on the city walls. However, Rákóczi had to give up the siege, having been informed that the Turks were planning a punitive campaign against Transylvania, because he went to war against the Sultan's prohibition.
16 December 1645
Peace of Linz
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16 December 1645
Prince Rákóczi György I of Transylvania made peace with Emperor Ferdinand III. It secured the freedom of religion for the Protestants and extended it also to the serfs. Rákóczi received the same seven Hungarian counties that Prince Bethlen Gábor had also held (Abauj, Zemplén, Borsod, Bereg, Ugocsa, Szabolcs, Szatmár) until his death, and the counties of Szabolcs and Szatmár were also to be inherited by his sons. The Rákóczi family also received several new estates.
1660
The towers of the Citadel where gunpowder was stored exploded. The defences were restored in 1667.
1683
Turkish defeat at Vienna and the formation of the Holy League
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1683
The combined armies of the Habsburg Empire and the Kingdom of Poland defeated the Turkish army besieging Vienna. Emperor Leopold I wanted to make peace with the Turks, but was refused by Sultan Mehmed IV. In 1684, at the persistent urging of Pope Innocent XI, the Holy League, an alliance of the Kingdom of Poland, the Habsburg Empire, the Republic of Venice and the Papal States, was formed to expel the Turks from Hungary. Thököly Imre, who had allied himself with the Turks, was gradually driven out of northern Hungary.
1686
Recapture of Buda and the liberation of Hungary from the Turks
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1686
The army of the Holy League recaptured Buda from the Turks by siege. In 1687, the Imperial army invaded the Principality of Transylvania. The liberation was hindered by the French breaking their promise of peace in 1688 and attacking the Habsburg Empire. By 1699, when the Peace of Karlóca was signed, all of Hungary and Croatia had been liberated from the Ottoman Empire with the exception of Temesköz, the area bounded by the Maros, the Tisza and the Danube rivers. It was not until the Peace of Požarevac in 1718 that Temesköz was liberated from the Turks. However, the continuous war against the Turkish invaders and the Habsburg autocracy, which lasted for more than 150 years, wiped out large areas of the Hungarian population, which had previously made up 80% of the country's population, and was replaced by Vlachs (Romanians), Serbs and other Slavic settlers and Germans. The Habsburgs also favoured the settlement of these foreign peoples over the 'rebellious' Hungarians.
1688
The imperial army that invaded Transylvania besieged the town. Some of the inhabitants fled to the citadel. General Johann Friedrich Ambrosius von Veterani captured and set the town and the citadel on fire on 26 May.
April 21, 1689
The imperial General Antonio Caraffa set the town on fire. The walls of Brassó’s famous church have been black ever since.
August 21, 1690
Thököly Imre, the former leader of the anti-Habsburg Hungarian kuruc uprising, crossed the mountains with Turkish and Wallachian auxiliaries, attacked the imperial army of General Heisler from behind and defeated him.
1690
The kuruc insurgents of Thököly Imre looted the town.
August, 1690
When Thököly Imre took control of Transylvania, an imperial garrison was placed in the citadel under the command of Count Guttenstein, who caused much suffering to the town and the neighbourhood.
September 21, 1690
The nobility of Transylvania joined Thököly Imre and he was elected Prince of Transylvania in Szeben. Soon the combined armies of Castelli and Heisler pushed him out of Transylvania.
1690
Transylvania became part of the Kingdom of Hungary again, with internal autonomy and freedom of religion
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1690
According to the Diploma Leopoldinum issued by Emperor Leopold I, Transylvania became part of the Kingdom of Hungary again and Hungarian law remained in force. The three nations (the Hungarians, the Székelys – who are also Hungarians –, and the Saxons) administered its internal affairs with autonomy and the freedom of religion was also preserved. The incorporation of Transylvania into the Habsburg Empire was prevented by the temporary election of Thököly Imre as Prince of Transylvania in 1690 with Turkish help.
1703-1711
Hungarian War of Independence led by Prince Rákóczi Ferenc II
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1703-1711
After the expulsion of the Turks, the Habsburgs treated Hungary as a newly conquered province and did not respect its constitution. The serfs rose up against the Habsburg ruler because of the sufferings caused by the war and the heavy burdens, and they invited Rákóczi Ferenc II to lead them. Trusting in the help promised by King Louis XIV of France, he accepted. Rákóczi rallied the nobility to his side, and soon most of the country was under his control. The rebels were called the kurucs. In 1704, the French and the Bavarians were defeated at the Battle of Blenheim, depriving the Hungarians of their international allies. The Rusyn, Slovak and Vlach peasants and the Saxons of Szepes supported the fight for freedom, while the Serbs in the south and the Saxons in Transylvania served the Habsburgs. Due to lack of funds Rákóczi could not raise a strong regular army, and in 1710, Hungary was also hit by a severe plague. Rákóczi tried unsuccessfully to forge an alliance with Tsar Peter the Great of Russia. In his absence, without his knowledge, his commander-in-chief, Károlyi Sándor, accepted Emperor Joseph I's peace offer. The Peace of Szatmár formally restored the Hungarian constitution and religious freedom and granted amnesty, but did not ease the burden of serfdom. Rákóczi refused to accept the pardon and went into exile. He died in Rodosto, Turkey.
1703-1711
Brassó refused to join Rákóczi Ferenc II during the Hungarian War of Independence, therefore the kuruc insurgents looted the town.
1717
Jesuits established a monastery in Brassó.
1773
Joseph II, the heir to the imperial throne, visited Brassó as well during his round trip in Hungary. He visited the citadel and ordered its renovation at the expanse of the treasury.
1848-1849
Hungarian Revolution and War of Independence
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1848-1849
Following the news of the Paris Revolution on 22 February 1848, the Hungarian liberal opposition led by Kossuth Lajos demanded the abolition of serfdom, the abolition of the tax exemption of the nobility, a parliament elected by the people, and an independent and accountable national government. The revolution that broke out in Pest on 15 March expressed its demands in 12 points, which, in addition to the above mentioned, included the freedom of the press, equality before the law, the release of the political prisoners and the union with Transylvania. A Hungarian government was formed, Batthyány Lajos became prime minister, and on 11 April Emperor Ferdinand V ratified the reform laws. On August 31 the Emperor demanded the repeal of the laws threatening with military intervention. In September the Emperor unleashed the army of Jelacic, Ban of Croatia, on Hungary, but they were defeated by the Hungarians in the Battle of Pákozd on 29 September. An open war began for the independence of Hungary. The Habsburgs incited the nationalities against the Hungarians. The Rusyns, the Slovenes and most of the Slovaks and Germans supported the cause persistently, but the Vlachs (Romanians) and the Serbians turned against the Hungarians. The glorious Spring Campaign in 1849 led by General Görgei Artúr liberated almost all of Hungary. On 1 May 1849, Emperor Franz Joseph, effectively admitting defeat, asked for the help of Tsar Nicholas I of Russia, who sent an intervention army of 200,000 soldiers against Hungary. The resistance became hopeless against the overwhelming enemy forces and on 13 August Görgei Artúr surrendered to the Russians at Világos. Bloody reprisals followed, and on 6 October 1849, 12 generals and a colonel of the Hungarian Revolution, the martyrs of Arad, were executed in Arad. On the same day, Batthyány Lajos, the first Hungarian Prime Minister, was executed by firing squad in Pest. The Habsburgs introduced total authoritarianism in Hungary, but they also failed to fulfil their promises to the nationalities that had betrayed the Hungarians.
1848
The Transylvanian Saxons also voted in favour of the reunion with Hungary. However, during the Hungarian War of Independence, they supported the Habsburgs because of their German national consciousness and their loyalty to the Emperor.
March 1849
The Hungarian army of General Bem József captured Brassó together with the citadel.
June 19, 1849
The Russian army of General Lüderz invaded Brassó and captured the citadel after a one day siege. The town lost its military significance afterwards.
1850
The first Romanian language grammar school of the town was established at the initiation of Andrei Șaguna. The school still bears his name.
1854
The first telegraph line was created between Brassó and Nagyszeben.
1867
Austro-Hungarian Compromise
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1867
The Habsburg Empire was weakened by the defeats it suffered in the implementation of Italian and German unity. The Hungarians wanted to return to the reform laws of 1848, but they did not have the strength to do so. Emperor Franz Joseph and the Hungarian opposition, led by Deák Ferenc, finally agreed to restructure the Empire and abolish absolutism. Hungary was given autonomy in its internal affairs, with its own government and parliament, which was essential for the development of its economy and culture. However, foreign and military affairs remained in the hands of the Habsburgs and served their aspiration for becoming a great power. The majority wanted Hungary's independence, but they were excluded from political power.
March 30, 1873
The first train passed through the town on the Brassó-Segesvár line.
1879.
The Brassó–Bucharest railway line was built.
1881
The Saxon People’s Party held a congress in Brassó.
1889
The first telephone exchange was put into operation with 22 subscribers.
1891
The first tram line of Brassó connected the Town Hall Square with the Bertalan Quarter. It has already been closed.
1896
The statue depicting one of the Hungarian warriors of Grand Prince Árpád was erected on top of the Cenk Hill commemorating the millennium of Hungary. The 20.3 metres tall monument was made by the sculptor Jankovics Gyula from Budapest. It was unveiled by Perczel Dezső, Minister of Internal Affairs, on 15 October, 1896. The 3.5 metres tall warrior stood on top of a column, and was dressed in a common costume of the age of the Hungarian conquest of the Carpathian Basin.
September 27, 1913
Two Romanian terrorists from Bessarabia, Ilie Catarau and Timotei Kirilov, blew up the Millennium Monument on the Cenk Hill with dynamite. Their guilt was only revealed 90 years after, now they are celebrated as the heroes of the Romanian nation. The explosion didn’t tear down the statue, but it was damaged, and it collapsed after a heavy snowfall on 31 December 1913. The statue’s head has been displayed for visitors in the central office of the Lutheran church in Brassó since 2002. The foundation of the monument still stands on top of the Cenk Hill, but it bears the flag of Romania now.
1914-1918
World War I
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1914-1918
As part of the Austro-Hungarian Monarchy, Hungary took part in the war on the side of the Central Powers.
1916
On 27 August, Romania declared war on the Austro-Hungarian Monarchy and launched an attack against Hungary. This triggered a huge wave of refugees from Transylvania, as the population feared a repeat of the Romanian ethnic cleansing of 1848-49. The Saxon Arthur Arz von Straussenberg led the defence of Transylvania until the arrival of German reinforcement. Austro-Hungarian and German forces drove the invaders out of the country by mid-October and occupied Bucharest on 6 December. Romania surrendered and signed a peace treaty with the central powers on 7 May 1918 (Treaty of Bucharest).
August 28, 1916
The Romanian army invaded Brassó. Dr. Gheorghe Baiulescu was assigned to be the first Romanian mayor of the town. One part of the Romanian army was successfully eliminated in the Bertalan Quarter.
October 7-9, 1916
The Romanian army was driven out of Transylvania in the battle of Brassó.
1918
On 3 November, the Austro-Hungarian Monarchy signed the Armistice of Padua. The already defeated Romania then declared war on Germany on 10 November, just one day before the Germans signed the armistice near Compiègne. The Romanians then launched an offensive against Hungary, which had already unconditionally ceased fighting at the demand of the Entente. Romania was only recognised by the Entente powers as one of the victors of WWI only later.
November 1918 - January 1919
The Czech, Romanian and Serbian occupation of Hungary
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November 1918 - January 1919
In Hungary, the freemasonic subversion brought the pro-Entente Károlyi Mihály to power. The new government, naively trusting the Entente powers, met all their demands and disbanded the Hungarian military, which rendered the country completely defenseless in the most dire need. Under French and Italian command, Czech, Romanian and Serbian troops invaded large parts of Hungary, where they immediately began the takeover. They fired Hungarian railway workers, officials and teachers, banned the use of the Hungarian language, abolished Hungarian education, and disposed of everything that reminded them of the country's Hungarian past. Hundreds of thousands of Hungarians were forced to leave their homeland, and the forcible assimilation of the remaining Hungarians was begun.
from 1918
By 1922, 197,000 Hungarians were forced to leave the Romanian-occupied part of the country. By 1939 a further 169,000 Hungarians had left Transylvania, mostly aristocrats, intellectuals and a significant number of farmers. Most of them moved to Hungary. Before the Romanian invasion, 1,662,000 Hungarians lived in Transylvania, 32 percent of the population.
4 June 1920
Trianon Dictate
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4 June 1920
Hungary was forced to sign the Treaty of Trianon, although the country was not invited to the peace talks. Hungary lost two thirds of its territory that had belonged to it for more than 1000 years. One-third of the Hungarian population came under foreign rule. On the basis of the national principle, countries with a more mixed and less ethnically balanced composition than the former Hungary were created, such as Czechoslovakia and the Kingdom of Serbs, Croats and Slovenes (later Yugoslavia). For example, while 48% of the population of the territory ceded to Czechoslovakia was Slovak and 30% Hungarian, 54% of the population of the former Hungary was Hungarian and 10.6% Slovak. And in the territory that is now part of Serbia, the Hungarians outnumbered the Serbs. The part of the territory allocated to Romania from Hungary was larger than the remaining territory of Hungary, despite the fact that there were 10 million Hungarians and less than 3 million Romanians in the former Hungary. While Hungary used to have the most liberal nationality policy in Europe, the successor states had no respect at all for the national and cultural rights of the indigenous Hungarians and engaged in forced assimilation. The Trianon Dictate destroyed the organic economic unity of the region. Before the First World War, Hungary had a dynamic economy, more advanced than Spain's. After 1920, the successor states formed the so-called "Little Entente", putting Hungary under an economic blockade and sabotaging it on the international stage.
November 10, 1940
An earthquake of magnitude 7.4 (Richter scale) shook the town.
until 1941
As a result of the Romanian settlements, the Saxons lost their majority in every town. In desperation, the Saxons joined the SS en masse.
1943–44
The American air force bombed the town multiple times.
1944
The German high command ordered the evacuation of the Saxons from Transylvania, just like in East Prussia, but the majority stayed in their homeland. Romania betrayed their allies and sided with the Soviet Union, as soon as the first Soviet forces reached their eastern borders. After that, Saxons were also obliged to enlist in the Romanian army. Soviets despised the traitors, so they sent the Romanians to the front line to catch the bullet, which meant that Saxons had to fight against Saxons.
January, 1945
The deportation of the Saxons of Brassó to the Soviet Union started.
1950
Brassó was renamed to Orasul Stalin (Stalin City).
1950s
Illegal emigration to Germany began with the bribery of state employees. The Romanian secret service, the Securitate and the Directorate for Foreign Intelligence (DIE) became aware of the process and wanted to turn it to their own advantage.
from the 1950s
800,000 Romanians were settled in Transylvania from Moldavia, but many also came from Wallachia. The aim was to Romanianize the still majorly Hungarian towns and to break up the ethnic Hungarian blocks. While previously there was a Romanian majority in only a few small towns, this has been reversed by now.
from 1962
The state-coordinated sale of German nationalities in Romania has been launched. The so called ’products’ were divided into four categories with different prices. For example West Germany had to pay 11,000 marks for a highly qualified person, while a student could be ransomed for only 1,800 marks.
1968
The Goldan Stag International Festival was organized for the first time.
1971
The first university of Brassó was established.
from 1970
Romania made the process more democratic, because the FRG had to pay a uniform 8,000 marks for each German. This was the price of the one-way visa to West Germany.
March 4, 1977
An earthquake of magnitude 7.2 shook the town, several buildings were damaged.
from 1982
The price increased, because West Germany had to reimburse also the money the high quality education system of Romania spent on the German people wishing to leave the country. Moreover, the emigrants had to sign a declaration that they would leave their assets to the Romanian state. West Germany was allowed to pay in kind as well. For example, when the Germans said that they could only supply Volkswagen cars, the Romanians said that they would prefer Mercedes cars, but were willing to wait.
August 31, 1986
An earthquake of magnitude 7 shook the town.
November 15, 1987
Riots started in Brassó against the communist regime and Nicolae Ceaușescu. It was suppressed in a short time and several people disappeared or was imprisoned.
December 22, 1989
The anti-communist revolution that started in Temesvár spread over to Brassó. Many people died or was injured.
until 1990
Approximately 250 to 400 thousand Germans were ransomed to West Germany together with the Swabians that lived in the Bánság (Banat). Seeing the success of the deal, the Romanians also started selling Jews to Israel, and eventually they sold literally anyone, who had someone to pay the ransom.
1991-1992
With the opening of the borders, 75,000 of the remaining 95,000 Transylvanian Saxons emigrated to Germany voluntarily, leaving ghost villages behind. Those few that remained became more Romanian than Romanians, just as the example of the ’liberal’ President of Romania, Klaus Iohannis shows, who took political advantage by accusing the ’social democrats’ of wanting to hand over Transylvania to the Hungarians. This describes political conditions in Romania and the mental state of an average Romanian quite well.
2002
7.2 million people lived in Transylvania, including 1.42 million Hungarians. There were 1.65 million Hungarians out of 5.2 million in 1910. The proportion of the Romanians increased from 53.78% to 74.69%, while the proportion of the Hungarians decreased from 31.64% to 19.6%. The proportion of the Germans dropped from 10.75% to below 1%. These changes were mainly the results of migration and the persecution of Hungarians and Saxons. Transylvania here refers to the entire territory that once belonged to Hungary, which is much larger than historical Transylvania.
Castles
Castle on Cenk Hill;Brassovia Castle
Brașovia
Condition:
Some wall remains
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Brassó, Citadel
Cetăţuia
Condition:
Renovated / Good
Entrance:
Closed to the public
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Churches, religious buildings
Former Assumption of Our Lady Church, Black Church
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Former Assumption of Our Lady Church, Black Church
History
The church was built between 1383 and 1424, it was the largest church in the former Hungary (now the largest in Romania) and was originally dedicated to the Assumption of Mary. Above its southern gate is the coat of arms of King Matthias of Hungary and his wife Beatrice of Aragon. It has been a Lutheran church since the Reformation. Next to it stands a statue of the great reformer Honterus János. It stands in the square called Honterus Court.
A popular belief is that soot from the 1689 fire gave the Black Church its black colour, and hence its name. However, 21st-century investigations have found no evidence of fire damage; the church was blackened simply by environmental influences. It should be noted that the name 'Black Church' was not used until the late 19th century.
The church was built between 1383 and 1477, on the site of the church of St Catherine, the parish church of Újbrassó destroyed during a Tatar raid, which had been the centre of a deanery from 1295. The parish priest Thomas Sander is credited with starting its construction. In 1384, Kaplai Demeter, Archbishop of Esztergom, and in 1399, Pope Boniface IX granted it a letter of indulgence to provide financial support for the construction. By 1408 the sanctuary was completed. From its completion it was the main parish church of the town dedicated to the Virgin Mary. In 1421, an attack by the Turks set back construction. Then, in 1422, Pope Martin V supported its rebuilding with a letter of indulgence. In 1444, Hunyadi János forgave the town’s duty of St. Martin's Day, which could be used for the construction of the church. In gratitude, the Hunyadi coat of arms was placed on a column of the nave. By 1475, the construction of the church was probably completed.
Originally designed as a two-towered church, the completed western tower was finally consecrated in 1514.
In 1542, at the time of the Reformation, the town was taken over by the Lutherans. In October 1542, the first German-language Lutheran service in Transylvania was held here. In 1544, on Luther's personal recommendation, Johannes Honterus was elected pastor. On 21 April 1689, it burnt down in a fire attributed by the contemporaries to arson by the imperial army. In 1710-1714, the galleries of the aisles were built, for the aprentices and assistants. The church was damaged again in the earthquake of 1738.
In 1750 the great bell fell from the tower. The church was rebuilt between 1762 and 1772 by master craftsmen from Danzig, when the present vault was also built under the organisation and direction of Stephan Closius, a doctor and town councillor. The present organ was built between 1836 and 1839, and the new altar in 1866.
The restoration work started before the First World War by the National Inspectorate for Monuments was interrupted. The church was restored between 1924 and 25 under the direction of Albert Schuller, and then between 1937 and 44 and between 1984 and 1999.
It is a three-nave Gothic hall church. It is 89 m long, 38 m wide, the nave is 42 m high and the tower is 65 m high. There were probably two side chapels at the west and east ends of the nave until 1656. On the exterior, every second pillar is decorated with a replica of a statue from the same period as the church was built (the originals are kept in the church). The statues depict St John the Baptist, St Michael the Archangel, St James the Apostle, St Nicholas (?), the parish priest Thomas Sander, the founder of the church (?), St Luke the Evangelist, St Paul the Apostle, Christ as Salvator Mundi (Saviour of the World), St Peter and the former patron saint, the Virgin Mary, with the first coat of arms of Brassó at her feet.
Before the fire of 1689, it had 22 side altars, and the present high altar, in the style of the church, was built in 1865 to the design of the town architect Peter Bartesch. The central altarpiece (the Sermon on the Mount) is by the Weimar painter Friedrich Martersteig. The Honterus memorial stone in front of the left column of the altar stands on the spot where the reformer was buried. Behind the altar is the tombstone of Thomas Sander, the parish priest who founded the church. Its pulpit and the pews for the councillors were made in 1696, and the sanctuary pews in 1700. The pillar opposite the pulpit bears the Hunyadi coat of arms. On the north wall of the sanctuary is a wall chronicle, Breve Chronicon Daciae, which records events in Transylvania between 1143 and 1571. On the east wall of the south aisle is a picture of Fritz Schullerus: the councillors and the so-called 'hundred fathers' (the town representatives) swearing an oath on 26 December 1543 on Honterus' Book of the Reformation.
Frescoes from 1477 in the south entrance hall depict the Annunciation (the so-called Schwarze Madonna), the coat of arms of King Matthias of Hungary and his wife Beatrice, the Adoration of the Kings, St Catherine of Alexandria and St Barbara. An exhibition on the history of the church can be seen under the tower.
It had seven bells until 1914, when three of them were dismantled and melted down to cast cannons. Its 7,300 kg great bell is the largest movable bell in present day Romania and originally dates from 1514, but was recast in 1858 after the fire in 1689 and after it fell from the tower in 1750. It was built by Carl August Buchholz from Berlin between 1836 and 1839.
The church houses the largest collection of Anatolian carpets in Europe outside Turkey. The 119 carpets, made in the 16th and 18th centuries, were bought by Saxon merchants travelling through Turkey and donated to the parish. Today they decorate the church interior. Other treasures of the church include a baptismal font made in 1476 by a master craftsman from Segesvár and donated by the merchant Johannes Reudel, a Gothic cast-iron sacristy and two chalices made in 1504. On the south side is a statue of Johannes Honterus, by Harro Magnussen, from 1898.
Hungarian Lutheran Church
Brassói magyar evangélikus templom
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Hungarian Lutheran Church
History
The church was built in 1783 by the Hungarian Lutherans of Brassó, who had previously shared the former St. Barbara's Chapel with the Saxons, and later the church on Kertész Street. It was here that the Hungarian pastors of Barcaság held the convention in 1886, at which they declared the establishment of an independent Hungarian Lutheran diocese in Transylvania. During the 16th-century Reformation, the Transylvanian Saxons typically converted to Lutheranism, while the Hungarians converted to the Calvinist faith. The Calvinist (Reformed) were given the church on Monastery Street, but the wealthy and influential Saxons eventually lured some of the Hungarians back to Lutheranism, offering various benefits to the priests and the faithful, and the Calvinist faith was hindered. The number of Hungarian Lutherans increased, and in the 17th century they took possession of the Monastery Street church. For a time, the Hungarian Lutherans formed the largest Hungarian congregation in Barcaság, but they were gradually absorbed by the Saxons through their Germanising policy: according to Orbán Balázs, the Hungarians were not allowed to join the guilds, hold offices, have property, and their religious practice was restricted, so that most of them assimilated voluntarily into Saxon society. Those Hungarians who remained loyal to their nationality were harassed and eventually driven out of their churches. From 1716, the Hungarians used the St. Anthony's Chapel in Hospital Street, but it burnt down in 1718 and was not allowed to be rebuilt. They then moved to the ruined 15th-century chapel of St. Barbara in Bolonya quarter, once part of the leper hospital, alternating its use with the Saxons of Bolonya. In 1777, the Saxon and Hungarian Lutherans built the Bolonya Saxon Lutheran Church on the site of the chapel. There was constant friction between the two communities, so in 1783, under the pastorate of Gödri János, the Hungarians built the Hungarian Lutheran church, which was made possible by the 1781 Patent of Toleration issued by Emperor Joseph II. At that time the congregation numbered 511 souls, and in 1860 it had 868 members, more than the Saxon church in Bolonya. The Hungarian Lutherans continued to live within the framework of the Saxon Church. The decision to establish an independent deanery was taken in 1874, and on 25 March 1886 Hungarian pastors from Barcaság held a convention in this church, at which they declared the establishment of an independent Hungarian Lutheran diocese in Transylvania.
St. Peter and Paul Roman Catholic Parish Church
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St. Peter and Paul Roman Catholic Parish Church
History
In 1323, the universal convention of the order in Barcelona allowed the Dominicans to settle in Brassó. Their church and monastery, which stood on the site of the present church, were first mentioned in 1342. After the Reformation in the 16th century, it was used by the Hungarian Lutheran community. In 1711 it became the property of the Franciscan Order. In 1716 it became the property of the Jesuits. In 1766 the Gothic monastery church was demolished. In 1773, the Catholic parish priest Ignatius Wagenseil asked Empress Maria Theresa for help to rebuild it. On 3 June 1776, under the parish priest Uzoni Béldi János, the reconstruction began, based on the plans of the architect Karl Joseph Lamasch. It was consecrated on 29 September 1782 by Count Battyány Ignác, Bishop of Transylvania. In 1840 the Roman Catholic grammar school was established. The stained glass windows were made in Budapest between 1891 and 1894. The monumental cross at the entrance was erected in 1782.
St. John the Baptist Franciscan Church and Monastery
Originally:
church and monastery
Currently:
church and monastery
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St. John the Baptist Franciscan Church and Monastery
History
The monastery, founded by the Clarisses, was first mentioned in 1486. Around 1543, the monastery of the Poor Clares was shut down in the town, which became Protestant. The church and the monastery then fell into the hands of the Lutgerans, who used it as a granary for more than a hundred years. In 1644 it was restored and became a Lutheran church. The first Franciscan returned to the town in 1688, Brother Eliseus de Sancto Georgio, who came from Austria. In 1716 the church was given to the Jesuits with the support of the Austrian military administration. It burnt down in 1718. In 1724 it was restored to the Franciscans through the intervention of Generals Könögsegg and Tige. It was restored in 1725, thanks to a donation from General Tige. Its furnishings were made by Franciscan craftsmen. The wooden vault of the nave was made by Horváth György in 1834.
Its altarpiece shows the baptism of Jesus Christ. The organ was made in 1751. It was here that Fr. Csiszér Elek (+1942), who worked on the reform of the Order, and Fr. Boros Fortuna (+1953), who was taken from this monastery on 20 August 1951 to the Jilava prison, where he was martyred for his faith, served. The beatification of both of them is in progress.
St. Bartholomew Lutheran Church, Bartholomäuskirche
Biserica Sfântul Bartolomeu
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St. Bartholomew Lutheran Church, Bartholomäuskirche
History
The Saxon Lutheran Church of St Bartholomew in Brassó (German: Bartholomäuskirche) stands on the border of Óbrasso and the Bertalan quarter named after the church, under the Gespreng hill.
During the perion of the House of Árpád, there was already a church on its site and a settlement around it, which we can only assume was owned by the Teutonic Knights and after their expulsion by the Abbey of Kerc. This is indicated by the fact that the present church, built in the 13th and 14th centuries, bears the hallmarks of the (Cistercian) style of the Abbey of Kerc. It is a three-nave basilica with a transept, in early Gothic style with Romanesque elements.
The Hungarians of Brassó later called it the Church of the Orphan girls, because according to tradition it was built by three orphaned daughters who were buried under the altar. After the town was established, it became the parish church of the northern part of Óbrassó. After the destruction of the Turks in 1421 and Vlad Țepeș's army in 1460, it was rebuilt with major modifications and received its present ceiling. In 1502, a school was mentioned next to it. Its main altar was completed in 1791. It was restored at the beginning of the 19th century, but its tower collapsed in the 1833 earthquake and was replaced by a taller one in 1840-1842. It is surrounded by a cemetery and a defensive wall. The parsonage was built in 1905. Since 2003 it has housed an exhibition of Saxon ethnography.
St. Martin Lutheran Church, Church on Martin Hill, Martinsberger Kirche
Biserica Evanghelică Sfântul Martin
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St. Martin Lutheran Church, Church on Martin Hill, Martinsberger Kirche
History
The Saxon Lutheran Church of St. Martin (or Martinsberger Kirche in German) is located in Óbrassó, on the western side of the hill of the Citadel. The western side of the citadel hill is also called Martinsberg (Martinsberg) after its former patron saint. It was built in the 13th century (with a starting date of 1235). It may originally have belonged to the Premonstratensians, later to the Franciscans. King Sigismund of Hungary had a mass celebrated in it in 1395. The church was damaged in the Turkish siege of 1421, and it took several years to repair.
It owes its Gothic elements to its restoration in the early 16th century. Its sanctuary was demolished in 1795-96 and the church was extended twice as long in its place. Its Baroque altarpiece was painted by Martin Schuler in 1730. The painted pulpit canopy and the painted coffers of the parapet also date from the 18th century. Its bell dates from 1521. In 1926 it received a new organ and coloured windows. In the 2000s, it underwent excavation and reconstruction works. Next to it is a cemetery and the former parsonage, built in the 18th century.
Saxon Lutheran Church in Bolonya
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Saxon Lutheran Church in Bolonya
History
The site of the church was once the chapel and cemetery of the town leprosy hospital and shelter. References to leprosy date back to 1413, and the first specific mention of the hospice dates back to 1463. The Gothic chapel dedicated to St. Barbara, whose existence is confirmed in 1477, was built next to it. After the end of the epidemics, the hospital was converted into an inn, but the chapel was abandoned after the Reformation, damaged in the battles and raids of the 17th century.
In Bolonya, a predominantly Hungarian suburb of Brasosó, the number of Germans gradually increased from the 18th century onwards, thanks to the expansionist and assimilationist policies of the Saxons. In 1713, the Saxons of Bolonya designated the ruined St. Barbara's Chapel and the adjacent wooden prayer house as the site of their Lutheran services. In 1718 they were joined by Hungarian Lutherans who had been driven out of the town centre. The two communities took turns using the chapel and the prayer house. In 1739, Lutheran pastor Szeli József bought an organ and in 1741 a bell tower was built. In 1755, Empress Maria Theresa approved the enlargement of the chapel, but work did not begin until 1776, when the building was demolished and replaced by the larger church that still stands today It was consecrated by the parish priest Georg Preidt on 19 July 1778. The Saxons and the Hungarians took turns in using the new church, but friction between the two communities continued, and in 1783 the Hungarians built their own Lutheran church, moving out of the Saxon one.
Lutheran Vhurch in Bolgárszeg, Evangelische Kirche Obere Vorstadt
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Lutheran Vhurch in Bolgárszeg, Evangelische Kirche Obere Vorstadt
History
Built in the Baroque style between 1790 and 1794, it is the youngest Lutheran church in the town. Together with its parish, it still serves the Saxon community.
Dormition of the Mother of God Orthodox Church
Biserica Sfânta Adormire a Maicii Domnului
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Dormition of the Mother of God Orthodox Church
History
In 1833, the Vlach inhabitants of Brasov built a chapel in the courtyard of a house in Búzasor. The church was built between 1895 and 1899 with donations from Vlach merchants living in the town. It was designed by G. Brus, based on the model of the Orthodox church in Vienna built in 1895. Next to it is the neo-Byzantine towered building of the parish. The tower by the street collapsed in 1940 and was restored only in 1972.
St. Paraskeva Orthodox Church
Biserica Sfânta Parascheva
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St. Paraskeva Orthodox Church
History
The church was built by the Orthodox in 1876, originally as a chapel next to their cemetery. It was raised to the status of a church in 1954. It was built on the model of the Orthodox Church of Vienna.
St. Nicholas Orthodox Church
Biserica Ortodoxă Sfântul Nicolae
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St. Nicholas Orthodox Church
History
The most spectacular architectural monument of Bolgárszeg. It is located in the park overlooking the main square of the district, the Porond (Piața Unirii, Anger). It faces east-west. In its gardens stand the building of the First Vlach School, the Museum of the Youth of Brassó and the statue of Deacon Coresi.
The first source for the Bolgárszeg Orthodox church is a letter of Pope Boniface IX to the Archbishop of Esztergom in 1399, in which he refers to the church of the "schismatics" of Brassó. According to excavations, the first stone church in Gothic style with a polygonal sanctuary was built on the site of the present building in 1495, during the reign of Vlad IV the Monk, Prince of Wallachia. However, this first church was either damaged or not spacious enough, because, according to the surviving documents of the parish, in 1518 its priest Petru, leading a large delegation, approached Prince Basarab V (Neagoe) of Wallachia with a request to build a stone church for them. Subsequently, the predecessor of the present church was built. The rulers of the Wallachia continued to support the church with their donations. In 1583, Voivode Petru Cercel enlarged it and had a porch built, and in 1595, Prince Aaron of Moldavia added a tower. An inscription in Old Slavonic above the entrance, dating from 1598, is a reminder of this phase of construction.
Its present-day appearance is defined by 18th-century Baroque alterations. The first side chapel was built between 1733 and 1738 and painted inside and out by Gheorghe Ranite from Wallachia in 1738. Its dean, Eustatie Vasilievici (Grid), visited Russia in 1743, where he received substantial sums of money from Empress Elizabeth and others for the benefit of his church in Brassó. From this, by 1751, the whole church had been restored, a clock tower and a second side chapel were added, also with wall paintings.
According to the writer Cserei Mihály, on Easter 1710, one of the icons of the church, depicting Christ crucified on the Cross, was sweating blood. Today the church is the centre of two parishes. In its cemetery lie the politicians Aurel Popovici and Nicolae Titulescu.
Holy Trinity Orthodox Church
Biserica Sfânta Treime
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Holy Trinity Orthodox Church
History
The so-called Greek Company (merchant society) was founded in 1678. Its members were long-distance wholesale merchants and entrepreneurs, bound together by a corporative spirit, an identical legal status in the Ottoman and later the Habsburg Empire and a specific culture. They used the Greek language among themselves and were all of the Orthodox faith. Their ethnic and linguistic background was heterogeneous: initially, most of them were Aromanians, but there were also a number of Vlachs from Wallachia and Balkan Slavs (Bulgarians and Serbs). During the 18th century, many of the wealthiest Vlach merchants of Bolgárszeg also joined the company. Most of the Vlachs from Bolgárszeg lost their membership of the Company in 1783 because they did not swear that they were 'Greek' (i.e. from what is now Greece or Macedonia). By the middle of the 19th century, the merchant families of various origins had become linguistically Vlach and clung to Greek only as a sacral language.
After Emperor Joseph II's Patent of Toleration, in 1786, the Company and the non-member Vlach and Greek merchants and butchers who had moved to the town centre after the imperial decree opened the Saxon towns for other nationalities, were granted permission by the town council to build a church for all Orthodox believers. And at the request of Bishop Gedeon Nikitić, Greeks and Vlachs agreed to share the church. The building was consecrated in 1788, but the following year the war between the Companist and non-Companist Vlachs, which would continue for more than a century, began.
After the suppression of the Ipsilantis rebellion in 1821, Greeks from Moldavia and Wallachia fled in large numbers to Brassó, where they became the majority in the parish. They brought in a Greek priest and removed the Vlach worshippers from the church. In 1833, the expelled Vlach built their own chapel on Búzasor. In the meantime, the Company lost significance, and after the suppression of the 1848 Hungarian Revolution, Bishop Andrei Șaguna dismissed the Greek priest and appointed a Vlach in his place. In 1886, a court in Budapest sentenced the parish to the Greeks. Since 1942 the liturgical language of the church has been Romanian.
The oldest of his icons is a Venetian work from 1633. Several of his icons date from the 17th and 18th centuries, others were made in 1851 by the Saxon goldsmith Jekelius. The interior painting is by a painter called Gulimievici from 1859. Its old collection of books and manuscripts was transferred to the Romanian Academy Library in 1931.
Roman Catholic Parish
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Roman Catholic Parish
History
It was built between 1778 and 1782, at the same time as the adjoining Roman Catholic parish church of Saints Peter and Paul. In the courtyard stands a wooden memorial column (kopjafa) to the deceased teachers of the Áprily Lajos Grammar School, which was re-established after 1989.
Lutheran Parish
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Neolog Synagogue
Sinagoga Beit Israel Brașov
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Neolog Synagogue
History
Jews were already living in Brassó in the 15th century, but they were not officially allowed to settle until 1807. Brassó was the first Saxon town where Jewish merchants played a role, and they were the ones who wrote the petition that later allowed Jews to settle in other Transylvanian towns.
After 1868, the congregation became neolog, and in 1877 it split into two branches: the neolog (led by Aronshon Löbl) favoring integration and the nationalist orthodox (led by Adler Bernhard). Both communities built their own prayer houses. The Neologue synagogue was built between 1899 and 1901 at 29 Orphanage Street, designed by Baumhorn Lipót in the Moorish style, and inaugurated on 20 August 1901 by Rabbi Ludovic Pap-Rosenberg.
In the first four decades of the 20th century, the Jewish community in the city grew to 3,494. In November 1940, the synagogue was damaged by the Romanian Iron Guard, who smashed its equipment. The building was used as a gymnasium until 1944, and was repaired after the Second World War. In 1949, the neolog and orthodox denominations were reunited. After the establishment of the State of Israel, the majority of Jews emigrated, and their numbers in the city were greatly reduced.
Orthodox Synagage
Sinagoga Veche
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Orthodox Synagage
History
The synagogue was built in 1926. In the Middle Ages it was the site of the so-called "lepers' church", later used by Lutherans and then Calvinists. In 1941 it was ransacked and looted by the Romanian nationalist Iron Guard. Today it is used as a warehouse.
Public buildings
Council House, History Museum of Brassó County
Casa Sfatului, Muzeul Județean de Istorie Brașov
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Council House, History Museum of Brassó County
History
The earliest core of the building was probably the tower of the former town wall. A grocer's shop was built next to it, and a storey was added to provide a council chamber.
On 23 December 1420, a contract was signed between the furriers' guild and the town council for the use of the council chamber above the furriers' shop in the market square. Its tower was built in 1515. In 1521 the building house a prison. The tower was rebuilt between 1525 and 1528. In 1608, the tower was struck by lightning and renovated. In 1646, the building was enlarged by the addition of the Assembly Hall of the Hundred Fathers under town judge Michael Hermann. In 1772, the furriers' shop was taken over by the headquarters of the troops stationed in Brassó. Between 1776 and 1778, the building was restored in Baroque style, the tower got a new spire was and a loggia was added. The town council moved out in 1878 and the building continued to function as an archive. Between 1901 and 1910, it was given its present spire. Since 1950 it has been a museum.
Former General Pension Institute, Rectorate of the Transylvania University
Universitatea Transilvania
Originally:
public administration
Currently:
university / college
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Former General Pension Institute, Rectorate of the Transylvania University
History
It was built between 1881 and 1885 in the neo-Renaissance style, designed by Peter Bartesch.
Former Hungarian Royal Palace of Finance
Primăria
Originally:
public administration
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Former Hungarian Royal Palace of Finance
History
Built between 1897 and 1898, it is now the town hall.
Former Seat of the Saxon Craftsmen's Association, Ethnographic Museum, Museum of Fine Arts
Muzeul de Etnografie, Muzeul de Artă
Originally:
seat of an institution
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Former Seat of the Saxon Craftsmen's Association, Ethnographic Museum, Museum of Fine Arts
History
The museum is located in the former headquarters of the Saxon Industrial Association (Gewerbeverein). In 1908, Saxon collectors from Brassó founded the Saxon Museum of Barcaság, which exhibited historical, natural and ethnographic material. In 1937, the ASTRA Romanian Cultural Association also opened a museum in Brassó. In 1948, the Communists, who came to power, expropriated the items that had survived the Second World War and founded the county museum.
In 1967, the ethnographic department of the county museum was established. In 1979, the department moved to the building still in use today, the Gewerbeverein House. On 11 June 1990, the Ethnographic Museum was separated from the County Museum and became an independent institution. At the same time, it took over the municipal ethnographic museums of Kőhalom, established in 1957, and Szecseleváros, established in 1970. In 2009, the section called the Museum of the Urban Civilisation of Brassó was opened. The museum presents life in the four ethnographic landscapes of Brassó county (Barcaság, the Fogaras Basin, Kőhalom area, Törcsvár area) from the 17th to the 20th century. On the ground floor of the building there is a permanent exhibition of traditional textile industry and Romanian rural traditions and temporary exhibitions. The same building houses the Brassó Museum of Fine Arts.
Former Chamber of Commerce and Industry
Biblioteca Județeană George Barițiu
Originally:
seat of an institution
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Former Chamber of Commerce and Industry
History
Built between 1926 and 1928 for the Chamber of Commerce and Industry, it became the seat of the county library in 1969.
Former Hungarian Royal Court of Justice
Instituția Prefectului Județul Brașov, Curtea de Apel Brașov
Currently:
court, county hall
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Former Hungarian Royal Court of Justice
History
Between 1900 and 1902, the eclectic-style Palace of Justice was built for the Royal Court of Justice, and a prison and workshops for prisoners were built next to it.
Former Hungarian Royal Post Office
Oficiul Poștal 1
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Former Hungarian Royal Post Office
History
Cultural facilities
Former Roman Catholic Grammar School, Áprily Lajos Hungarian High School
Colegiul Național Áprily Lajos
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Former Roman Catholic Grammar School, Áprily Lajos Hungarian High School
History
The Áprily Lajos High School is the only Hungarian high school in the town and the largest Hungarian-language secondary school in Barcaság and the whole Brassó County.
On October 1, 1837, the abbot-parish priest Felfalusi Kovács Antal started the education of the 20 students of the first Grammar school class in the dining room of the Downtown Roman Catholic Parish. From 1856, the school was downgraded to an elementary school by the Austrian imperials. German was made compulsory instead of Latin, which led to a significant reduction in the number of pupils. The Austro-Hungarian Compromise in 1867 also brought a change in the life of the school: the language of instruction finally became Hungarian. The main aim was to regain the status of a grammar school, and this was achieved in the 1872/1873 school year. On 1 June 1900, construction of the new building began. It was completed by 1 September 1901. On 28 August 1916, the Romanian army occupied Brassó. They were driven out soon, but normal teaching was not restored until the 1919/1920 school year, after the second Romanian occupation. The teaching of Romanian language was introduced at the same time, and from the third grade onwards, Romanian history, geography and constitutional law had to be taught in Romanian. In June 1948, the communists nationalised the school and it was officially renamed Hungarian Mixed Lyceum No. 4. In 1960, the Hungarian Mixed Lyceum No. 4 was abolished and the Hungarian section was transferred to the Unirea Lyceum, which lasted until 1990. In May 1992 the school officially received the name Áprily Lajos Theoretical Lyceum.
Former Lutheran Grammar School, Johannes Honterus High School
Colegiul Național Johannes Honterus
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Former Lutheran Grammar School, Johannes Honterus High School
History
The school was built in 1541. The founding humanist Johannes Honterus (1498-1549) drafted the school's regulations (Constitutio Scholae Coronensis) in 1543, which are the oldest in Transylvania. Honterus was a great reformer and also founded a humanist printing press in 1539. Damaged by a strong earthquake in 1738, it was rebuilt between 1743 and 1748. Between 1834 and 1835, under the direction of the architect Andreas Dieners, it was extended by two storeys. Between 1918 and 1939, the second floor, connected to Building C, housed the Saxon Museum of Barcaság (Burzenländer Sächsisches Museum).
Redut
Centrul Cultural Reduta
Originally:
theatre/opera, dancing / concert hall
Currently:
dancing / concert hall, event center
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Redut
History
The old stone theatre, Redut, was built in the 18th century. It was demolished in 1892. The present building was built between 1893 and 1894 according to the design of Christian Kertsch. It was also one of the first cinemas in the city. On its facade are busts of Wagner, Schumann, Mozart, Beethoven, Goethe, Schiller and Shakespeare.
Tartler Orphanage
Originally:
orphanage / children's shelter, house
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Tartler Orphanage
History
It was built in 1806 as the residence of Petrus Tartler on the northern part of Holy Spirit Street (now Strada Poarta Șchei, Orphanage Street).In 1875, Petrus's descendant, the town councillor Johann Tartler, renovated it in Baroque style and founded the town's Lutheran orphanage here. In the 1930s the ground floor housed a nursery and later a kindergarten as well. This institution gave the name to Orphanage Street and through it to the Orphanage Street Gate.
Former Hungarian Royal State Civil and Elementary Girl 's School
Colegiul Național Unirea
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Former Hungarian Royal State Civil and Elementary Girl 's School
History
The school was built between 1898 and 1899.
First Vlach Grammar School
Colegiul Național Andrei Șaguna
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First Vlach Grammar School
History
Between 1851 and 1856, the first Orthodox grammar school in the Vlach language was built according to the plans of the architect Ştefan Emilian. The foundation stone was laid by the Transylvanian Orthodox Bishop Andrei Şaguna.
Firts Vlach School
Muzeul Prima Școală Românească
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Firts Vlach School
History
The first known report of a Vlach school in Bolgárszeg, Brassó, dates back to 1480. In 1597, with the support of the Voivode Aron Voda of Wallachia, a stone building was built to replace the wooden Vlach school. It was extended in 1761. Coresi, one of the fathers of the Vlach language and culture, came here from Târgoviște in 1556. Thanks to Deacon Coresi and his printing press, the first books in the Vlach language were published here. At that time, the Slavonic language was still used in Orthodox churches, but already in Transylvania the translation of the Orthodox books into Vlach had begun.
Former Hungarian Royal High Scool of Sciences
Facultatea de Sociologie și Comunicare
Currently:
university / college
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Former Hungarian Royal High Scool of Sciences
History
Former School of Commerce, Obere Handelsschule
Facultatea de Inginerie Mecanică
Originally:
university / college
Currently:
university / college
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Former School of Commerce, Obere Handelsschule
History
Former Ice Skating Rink
Muzeul Sporturilor
Originally:
stadium / sports facility
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Former Ice Skating Rink
History
Ice skating has long been a favourite winter pastime in Brassó. In the 19th century, the sport was practised in the zwingers of the butchers and the goldsmiths. In March 1880, the Kronstädter Eislaufverein (Brassó Skating Association) was founded on the initiative of sports teacher Theodor Kuhlbrand. The pavilion was built between 1894 and 1895 according to a design by the Viennese architect Paul Bräng, and the adjacent ice rink was opened on 22 January 1895. In the summer, the area was used for tennis, and the pavilion was often used for masquerade balls and performances. In 1948, when the communists took power, the Brassó Skating Association was dissolved and the complex was nationalized. In 2018, the pavilion was renovated for the newly opened Museum of Sport and Mountain Tourism.
Commerce, industry, hospitality
Cziegler House
Originally:
pharmacy, bank, hotel / tavern / guesthouse, parish
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Cziegler House
History
Documents mention a pharmacy on this site as early as 1512. The house burnt down in the fire of 1689. According to a contemporary account, fire spread to the Black Church from this building, and the town council did not allow the rebuilt house to have windows overlooking the churchyard for nearly a century. According to other witnesses, the Black Church was set on fire from the inside by the Habsburgs, who had caused the fire in revenge.
In 1741, the chronicler Thomas Tartler refers to the building as wüssten Apotheke, or known pharmacy. According to a record from 1781, Andreas Cziegler, a bürgerliche Kaufmann (merchant-citizen), the owner of the building at the time, asked the town council for permission to rebuild and extend the building. Around 1826 it became the property of the Romanian wholesaler Radu Orghidan, who had it rebuilt again.
In 1850 it was bought by the Brassó General Savings Bank. Around 1875 the Saxon Lutheran parish moved here. Around 1890, the Zum edlen Ritter (To the noble knight) restaurant was opened here. In 1948, the building was nationalised, and after the change of regime in 1989, it was returned to the Lutheran Church.
Former Hotel Crown
Coroana
Originally:
hotel / tavern / guesthouse
Currently:
hotel / tavern / guesthouse
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Former Hotel Crown
History
Montaldo House, Tortenhaus
Originally:
restaurant / confectionery / café, hotel / tavern / guesthouse
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Montaldo House, Tortenhaus
History
At the beginning of the 19th century, the people of Brassó consumed sweets mainly of Turkish origin, bought mainly from Greek and Vlach traders. In 1822, the town council authorised the sale of sweets, coffee and lemonade on the lower promenade (the formerly landscaped area from the present Post Office to the Modarom shopping centre). In 1838, a café was built on the promenade near the gate on Monastery Street, which was taken over in 1850 by Josef Montaldo (1825-1894), an Italian-born master confectioner.
Montaldo's business flourished, so in 1863 he asked the the architect Peter Bartesch to rebuild his residence on Gate Street. The new three-storey building was known in Brassó as the Tortenhaus, because it had a confectionery on the ground floor, known mainly for its cakes. However, Montaldo later went bankrupt and died in great poverty at the age of 69. Between 1895 and 1900 it was the Baross Hotel.
Hirscher House, House of Merchants
Originally:
commercial building
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Hirscher House, House of Merchants
History
The house, built in 1545, was the largest building in the town at the time and reflected the commercial power of Brassó. Apollonia Hirscher, the widow of Lucas Hirscher, the former town judge of Brassó, offered 8,000 gulden to build a commercial centre, or bazaar, where local guilds could display their wares. The building suffered extensive damage from repeated fires, but was restored to its original appearance in 1960. Tradition has it that the daughter of the widowed Hirscher Apollonia died unexpectedly, buried by her mother with a conspicuous amount of jewellery. She had been robbed at night and when the robbers wanted to cut off her finger for her fancy ring, she woke up. Her mother had the house built to commemorate the happy event.
Town infrastructure
Catherine Gate, Katherinentor
Poarta Ecaterinei
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Catherine Gate, Katherinentor
History
The Katalin Gate (Romanian: Poarta Ecaterinei, German: Katherinentor) was one of the, and for a long time the only, south-western town gate of Brassó. For nearly three centuries, it was the only passage through the double wall that separated the town fortress from Bolgárszeg. Today, only the ornate outer gate tower remains; many people mistakenly call it the gate. In reality, the town gate was a large fortified complex similar to the gates of the northeastern town wall, which was demolished in 1827.
In Latin documents, it is called porta sanctae Katherinae; its name is borrowed from the neighbouring Catherine's Court. This was in the south-west of the fortress, south of the Black Church, and was the site of the Cistercian monastery and its 13th-century chapel of St Catherine. It was also known as the Vlavh Gate (porta Valacha, Wallachischen Tor), as the Vlachs living in Bolgárszeg were only allowed to enter the town through this gate.
The gate of the south-western town wall was probably built together with the first town walls of Brassó at the end of the 14th century, but it is only mentioned for the first time in 1517. It was known as the Holy Spirit Gate (porta corporis Christi), named after the chapel of the Holy Spirit (Corpus Christi) in the vicinity of the Orphanage Street (then called Holy Spirit Street). In 1522, the name Catherine's Gate (portula sanctae Katherinae) appears, probably referring to a small gate for pedestrians.
On August 24, 1526, a downpour caused a flood in the town, after which "even inside the Black Church fish could be caught", and the gate was destroyed. The construction of the new Catherine Gate was then begun; the first mention of the construction of the outer gate tower is found in town records in 1558, and the work was completed on 17 September 1559.
In October 1600, the Vlach from Bolgárszeg besieged the south-western walls, while Voivode Mihai Viteazul of Wallachia attacked Brassó from the north-east. The town's defenders repulsed both Vlach attacks, and the rift between the Saxons and the Vlach of Bolgárszeg deepened. In 1644, a decree was passed to close the gate at night even in peacetime, and to open it only on request and in justified cases. The gate was damaged by the fires of 1689 and the earthquake of 1738, but was later repaired. In 1759 it burned again and the water mill in front of the gate was destroyed by the flames.
In 1820 the Horse Market Gate was built, and in 1827 the Orphanage Street Gate, which took over the role of the Catherine Gate.
In 1827 it was demolished, except for the outer gate tower, and the gate tower was converted into a warehouse, and the opening was walled up. After the demolition of the walls, public buildings were erected on both sides of the gate tower (Lutheran girls' school, kindergarten). In 1955 the gate tower was reopened, and between 1971 and 1973 Günter Schuller restored it to its former glory and created a park in front of it. Inside, an exhibition of the Chamber of Architects can be seen.
Orphanage Street Gate, Bolgárszeg Gate, Waisenhausgässer Tor
Poarta Șchei
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Orphanage Street Gate, Bolgárszeg Gate, Waisenhausgässer Tor
History
The town gate is located next to the Catherine Gate and was built between 1827 and 1828 to accommodate the increased traffic. This was when the Catherine Gate was walled up.
Weaver's Bastion, Weberbastei, History Museum of Brassó County
Bastionul Țesătorilor
Originally:
town fortification
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Weaver's Bastion, Weberbastei, History Museum of Brassó County
History
The Bastion of the Weavers (Romanian: Bastionul Țesătorilor, German: Weberbastei) is the southern corner bastion of the town fortifications of Brassó. It was built at the beginning of the 15th century and took its present form in the 16th century. The building in the courtyard houses the permanent exhibition of the Brassó County History Museum.
Originally a two-storey bastion, it was built between 1421-1436 by the Weavers' Guild along with the very first walls of Brassó, and was designed to function as a separate castle if necessary. The bastion was first mentioned in documents in 1522. In 1554, the south-western defences were reinforced by the addition of a second wall. Between 1570 and 1573, two more storeys and two towers were added to the bastion.
South of the bastion there was a shooting range (Czylstatt) in the 16th and 17th centuries, where members of the Brassó guilds and brotherhoods and students of the Saxon grammar school practised. It was destroyed by fire in 1689. The bastion was spared by the fire, but it partially collapsed during an earthquake in June 1710 and was only restored in 1750. At the end of the 18th century, the defensive role of the bastion was lost due to the development of military technology. Between 1800 and 1807, several buildings were erected inside: the Guildhall, a guardroom and a ballroom (Hochzeitsaal), where weddings were held in the first half of the century. In 1857, a tree nursery was established next to the bastion; it is now a park and a playground.
After the guilds were abolished in 1877, the city took over the assets of the weaver's guild, including the bastion, paying compensation. In 1884, the town leased it to the Lutheran parish, which opened a workshop school in it, where interested youngsters were introduced to the mysteries of plaster moulding. In 1899 the parish bought it. Renovations were carried out in 1910, and from 1913 onwards the Saxon Museum of Barcaság held exhibitions in the buildings. In 1948, the communists who came to power nationalized the building, and in 1950 it was taken over by the newly established county museum.
Its irregular hexagonal shape, 36 to 40 metres on each side, encloses a courtyard of 1616 m². It is 12-17 metres high, with stone and brick walls 4.3 metres thick at the bottom and 1.5 metres thick at the top. Inside, a four-storey wooden scaffolding is attached to the wall, which has openings at each storeys: loopholes for cannons and pitch openings at the lower two levels, and small loopholes for rifles at the upper storeys, which were built later. It has two watchtowers, a north-east and a south-east, from which it was possible to keep an eye on most of the south-west and south-east walls. It was originally connected by a low section of wall to the tower of the cutlers, built on the side of the Cenk Hill.
This is one of the best preserved bastions of the town fortification, still intact in its 16th century form. Inside, the permanent exhibition "Brassó Castle and fortifications of Barcaság" of the County Museum displays old photographs, Turkish weapons and former objects of the weaver's guild. The most interesting attraction is a 1:200 scale model of the 17th century Brassó town fortifications, made by the sculptor and drawing teacher Friedrich Hermann for the celebrations of the Hungarian Millennium in 1896. The Romanian communist leadership objected that the model only showed the Saxon-inhabited town fortress, so in 1968 a model of the 19th century Vlach-inhabited Boolgárszeg was also made.
Ropemaker's Tower
Turnul Funarilor
Originally:
town fortification
Currently:
town fortification
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Ropemaker's Tower
History
Potter's Tower
Turnul Artelor
Originally:
town fortification
Currently:
town fortification
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Black Tower, Schwarze Turm
Turnul Negru
Originally:
town fortification
Currently:
town fortification
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Black Tower, Schwarze Turm
History
The town was defended by two towers, the Black and White Towers, which still stand today, on the Warte hill on the north side. The Black Tower is one of the four medieval outer watchtowers of Brassó. It stands on the side of the Raupenberg, close to the Blacksmiths' bastion. It owes its name to the fact that it was struck by lightning in 1559 and was blackened with soot for hundreds of years.
The exact date of its construction is not known, but it was probably built around 1400, together with the first walls of the town fortress. Its purpose was to control the area and repel attackers: without a guard, the enemy could easily approach the town from the Warthe hill and destroy the walls by hurling down rocks. In addition, a 300 kg chain lowered from the tower could be used to close the passage between the rock and the castle wall, bypassing the town fortress in case of danger and 'to prevent smuggling'.
It was first mentioned in documents in 1541. On 23 July 1559, a lightning strike set it on fire, damaging it, burning the roof and blackening the walls. It was repaired in 1669 but was damaged again by fire in 1689 and a lightning strike in 1696. It was repaired again in the early 18th century. It was last used as a watchtower during the plague epidemic of 1756-1757, when guards were stationed here to quarantine the town. In July 1991, rains caused the southern wall to collapse. It was then controversially stripped of its soot layer and covered with a glass roof during renovation. In the early 2000s, the arms exhibition of the county museum was opened in the tower, but it was closed in 2015 as it was not profitable; the interior of the tower has not been open to the public since.
Carpenter's Tower
Turnul Lemnarului
Originally:
town fortification
Currently:
town fortification
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Carpenter's Tower
History
Hunter's Tower
Turnul Vânătorilor
Originally:
town fortification
Currently:
town fortification
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Tanner's Bastion, Gerberbastei, Ledererbastei
Bastionul Tăbăcarilor
Originally:
town fortification
Currently:
town fortification
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Tanner's Bastion, Gerberbastei, Ledererbastei
History
The Clothmakers' Bastion, which defends the eastern corner of the town, was originally built by a goldsmiths' guild in the mid-15th century. In 1521-1522, the northeastern defences were reinforced by the construction of an additional outer wall, which moved this bastion further away from the corner of the town wall. To remedy this situation, an additional bastion was built over the wall, and the red tanners, living in Black Street, were charged with its protection.
White Tower, Weißer Turm
Turnul Alb
Originally:
town fortification
Currently:
town fortification
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White Tower, Weißer Turm
History
The town was defended by two towers, the Black and White Towers, which still stand today, on the Warte hill on the north side. The White Tower is one of the four medieval outer watchtowers of Brassó. It stands on the Bácsél hill, which rises northeast above the city centre, next to the road leading to Brassópojána. It takes its name from its white plasterwork.
It was built in 1460 or 1494. Its purpose was to control the surroundings and repel attackers: without a guard, the enemy could easily approach the town from the Warthe hill and destroy the walls by hurling down rocks. At the beginning of the 16th century, the Graft Bastion was built under the tower, bridging the Köszörű Brook; from here, the White Tower was supplied with ammunition and food via a drawbridge, and a change of defenders was ensured during sieges.
The tower was built and guarded by members of the tin and copper foundry guilds, with two men on watch even in peacetime. After a while the tin-casting craftsmen were too few, so the obligation was bought back in 1678.
It burnt down in the fire of 1689 and was only restored in 1723. From 1888 to 1960, the Royal Walkway, created by Oskar Alesius, ran along the White Tower, offering an exceptional view of the whole valley, but was dismantled when the Poyána road was built. In 2004-2005, it underwent a major renovation, it was painted and a glass roof, a staircase leading to the entrance and a viewing gallery were added.
Graft Bastion, Graftbastei, Torbastei
Bastionul Graft
Originally:
town fortification
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Graft Bastion, Graftbastei, Torbastei
History
The bastion takes its name from the Graft Canal, the 14th century drainage channel of the Köszörű stream on the edge of Újbrassó. Gracht is the German word for a rampart. The three-storey building, built against the town wall between 1515 and 1521, provided a link to the White Tower via a drawbridge. It was severely damaged during the 1809 downpour and was restored in 1822.
Smith's Bastion, Schmiedebastei
Bastionul Fierarilor, Direcția Județeană a Arhivelor Naționale
Originally:
town fortification
Currently:
public archives
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Smith's Bastion, Schmiedebastei
History
The bastion already existed in 1521. It was damaged by floods in 1526 and again in 1667. In 1689 it was the victim of a great fire. It was first used as a granary, and since 1923 it has housed the Brassó section of the National Archives.
Ropemaker's Bastion, Seilerbastei
Bastionul Funarilor
Originally:
town fortification
Currently:
town fortification
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Ropemaker's Bastion, Seilerbastei
History
According to some sources, it was mentioned as early as 1416. This is contradicted by the fact that the first documentary reference to a 'ropemakers' corner' (Saler Eck) dates back to 1562, and the first specific reference to a bastion (Söller Postay) dates back to 1613. It had to be rebuilt after fires in 1641 and 1689. It reinforced the southern defensive wall of the town. After its restoration, the bastion was used as a warehouse. In 1794, the ropemakers' guild built a guildhall inside the bastion. In 1894, it was sold to the manufacturer Karl Ganzert, who demolished the guildhall and built his high-rise apartment building, which still stands today. He dismantled most of the bastion, leaving only a low foundation which served as a fence, on which he opened a gate from the moat.
Clothmaker's Bastion, Tuchmacherbastei
Bastionul Postăvarilor
Originally:
town fortification
Currently:
town fortification
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Clothmaker's Bastion, Tuchmacherbastei
History
The bastion was built and defended by a guild of goldsmiths between 1450 and 1455. In 1521-1522, the northeastern defences were reinforced by the construction of a second outer wall, so that the Goldsmiths' Bastion could no longer protect the eastern corner. To remedy the situation, the horseshoe-shaped bastion of the tanners was built, protected by the red tanners, and the Goldsmiths' Bastion was also renovated. In the middle of the 17th century, the goldsmiths built another bastion, and in 1646 the eastern bastion was taken over by the Clothmakers' Guild, the fourth largest guild in the town. In 1881, they sold the bastion and its associated zwinger to the salami maker Michael Mutzig. He used the building to dry his sausages, and the bastion took the name Salamiturm (Salami Tower) for a long time.
Rope Street
Strada Sforii
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Rope Street
History
The alley was mentioned in documents dating back to the 17th century as a street to help firefighters. With its variable widths of 111 and 135 centimetres, it has been named the narrowest street in the town.
Private buildings
Seuler House
Originally:
house, military headquarters / administration
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Seuler House
History
The 16th century Baroque building burnt down in a fire in 1689; it was rebuilt in 1709-1710 by Bartholomäus Seuler, the town judge. It later became the property of the Herbertsheim family and was rebuilt in the mid-18th century by the town judge Samuel Herbert von Herbertsheim. It was one of the most luxurious buildings in 18th century Brassó, so the town council bought it in 1767 for 10 000 forints and made it the residence of the commander of the town guard and the headquarters of the border guard. During their visits to Brassó, the Habsburg monarchs Joseph II (June 1783), Franz I (June and September 1817) and Franz Joseph (July 1852) stayed here. The building was home to the Kronstädter Allgemeine Sparkasse from 1835 and the municipal pawnshop from 1847.
After the First World War, the building was converted from a military headquarters into a tenement. Between 1919 and 1935, it was the seat of the Brassó Romanian Casino (Casina Română) cultural association. In 1927, Sánta Ferenc, Kossuth Prize-winning Hungarian writer, was born here. Between 1956 and 1958 it was renovated under the direction of architect Günther Schuller.
Karl Czell Palace
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Karl Czell Palace
History
Karl Czell's palace, built in 1898 according to the design of Christian Kertsch, stands at 13 Kolostor Street.
At the beginning of the 20th century, the group of companies of Czell Frigyes and his sons had a monopoly on beer production in Transylvania. In addition to beer production, they were also involved in distilling, sugar production, trade and construction; the Czell brothers built several tenement houses in the centre to supplemented their fortune by renting out apartments. Karl Czell built his palace at 13 Monastery Street in 1898, Wilhelm Czell built the 'sun palace' at Rezső Boulevard in 1901, and Friedrich Czell Jr. built the main square palace in 1903.
Wilhelm Czell Palace, Sun Palace
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Wilhelm Czell Palace, Sun Palace
History
Wilhelm Czell's palace, built in 1901 to Albert Schuller's design, stands on the corner of Monastery Street and Rezső Boulevard. It is also known as the "Sun Palace" thanks to the reliefs of the sun and angels that decorate the facade.
At the beginning of the 20th century, the group of companies of Czell Frigyes and his sons had a monopoly on beer production in Transylvania. In addition to beer production, they were also involved in distilling, sugar production, trade and construction; the Czell brothers built several tenement houses in the centre to supplemented their fortune by renting out apartments. Karl Czell built his palace at 13 Monastery Street in 1898, Wilhelm Czell built the 'sun palace' at Rezső Boulevard in 1901, and Friedrich Czell Jr. built the main square palace in 1903.
Friedrich Czell Palace
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Friedrich Czell Palace
History
The house was built in 1903 by Friedrich Czell Jr. At the beginning of the 20th century, the group of companies of Czell Frigyes and his sons had a monopoly on beer production in Transylvania. In addition to beer production, they were also involved in distilling, sugar production, trade and construction; the Czell brothers built several tenement houses in the centre to supplemented their fortune by renting out apartments. Karl Czell built his palace at 13 Monastery Street in 1898, Wilhelm Czell built the 'sun palace' at Rezső Boulevard in 1901, and Friedrich Czell Jr. built the main square palace in 1903.
Former Villa of the Ispán of Brassó County
Casa Baiulescu
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Former Villa of the Ispán of Brassó County
History
The villa was built in 1888 for the ispán of Brassó County.
Beer Villa
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Beer Villa
History
The Beer Villa in Brassó was built between 1904-1905 for the Saxon banker Ignaz Beer and his family at 10, Citadel Row (now Mihai Eminescu Street). It was nationalised in 1948 and is now used as a residential building.
In the 19th century, holiday homes began to be built on the sides of the Citadel hill. These were replaced by high-rise villas at the end of the century, and the Citadel Row on the southern side in particular became a popular residence for wealthy Brassó residents. The wealthy banker Ignaz Beer built his residence here. The plans were drawn up by the architect Andreas Frank in 1901 and construction began in 1904. During the construction, Ignaz Beer repeatedly asked for changes to the original plan, and it was his idea to have a metal sculpture on the roof.
Ignaz died in 1923 and the villa was inherited by his son Hugo Beer. Hugo was president of the Saxon National Bank in the early 20th century and after his retirement he wrote books about old Brassó. In 1945, his family fled to Germany, but Hugo Beer stayed in Brassó, hoping, like others, that the Germans would win or the Americans would come in. But his hopes were dashed when the communists took all his possessions. The impoverished Beer was seen begging on the streets of Brassó for a few years, and in 1952 he moved to Segesvár, where he died in 1957. The nationalized building was divided into several apartments and rented out to tenants, and still houses apartments today.
Its style is eclectic, combining several trends. The toof is topped with a life-size metal statue of a warrior, made in Budapest, with the family coat of arms below. On the second-floor balcony is a stone bear statue, which has been damaged over the years and is now unrecognisable. The bear is a reference to the family name (Beer comes from the German Bär, meaning bear). In its courtyard is a stage surrounded by lion statues, and it is said that a tunnel used to connect the villa to the Citadel.
Czeides House
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Czeides House
History
The spacious 16th century patrician house burnt down in the 1689 fire and was rebuilt in the mid-18th century. The facade was restored to its present form in 1827. Originally known as Christoph House, it became the home of the Czeides family. In the 19th century, it was the home of Peter Carl Czeides (1809-1889), a Saxon merchant and member of the hundred fathers (representative body of Brassó), who co-founded the Kronstädter Allgemeine Sparkasse (General Savings Bank of Brassó) in 1835 and established the Czeides Foundation for the benefit of poor Saxon girls in 1889. From 21 to 24 March 1849 it was the headquarters of General Bem József's Hungarian revolutionary army. The Deutsche Kasino German literary circle was based here until 1944. General Bem's stay in Brassó is commemorated by two marble plaques on the walls of the house.
On 11 March 1849, General Bem's troops captured Nagyszeben and then marched towards Brassó. The Austrian troops stationed there and many Saxon and Vlach citizens fled across the Tömös Pass to Wallachia, the Vlach legion of Barcaság was disbanded and the Brassó town council declared its unconditional surrender.
Bem marched into Brassó on 20 March. In the evening hours, a delegation led by town judge Johann von Albrichsfeld arrived and begged Bem not to destroy the town and to show mercy to the inhabitants. Bem assured the delegation that he did not consider them enemies, that there would be no looting, and that they would not even have to pay tribute. The elderly town judge, however, did not understand the general's words and continued to plead for mercy, whereupon Bem became indignant that he was being treated as a robber.
On 21 March, Bem read from the balcony of the Czeides House the Brassó Proclamation: 'The Hungarian government wants to oppress no one. The people of Transylvania, wake up at once from the stupor into which you have been plunged by unscrupulous cunning. Let the blind return to their homes and their occupations. Hungarians, Saxons and Vlachs! Extend to one another the brotherly right, put away all national hatred, and you will be happy.
On 23 March, he received here Cezar Bolliac, one of the leaders of the failed 1848 revolution in Wallachia, with whom he formed a lifelong friendship.
General Bem József also visited Brassó in June 1849, this time staying at the Closius House.
In 1895, at the suggestion of Koós Ferenc, the chief inspector of education, a memorial plaque in German was placed on the Czeides House. It was removed by the Romanian nationalist Iron Guard in the late 1930s. In 2002 it was found in the collection of the Brassó County History Museum and, after obtaining the necessary permits, it was put back on the house on 15 March 2008.
Drachenhaus, Dragon House
Hotel Drachenhaus
Currently:
restaurant / confectionery / café
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Drachenhaus, Dragon House
History
The Drachenhaus was built by Georg Dück in 1822. Dück was a talented and wealthy master tanner and leather industrialist, the owner of the most famous leather factory in 19th century Transylvania, a patron of poor craftsmen, and one of the founders of the Kronstädter Allgemeine Sparkasse. His son, Georg Dück Jr. served as town judge of Brassó from 1869 to 1871.
The winged, crowned dragon-shaped copper gargoyles have captured the imagination of the people of Brassó from the very beginning. According to a well-known legend, the house - or its predecessor - is linked to the mysterious Klingsor von Ungerlant, a Transylvanian-born singer and magician who lived around 1200. Klingsor took part in the 1206 Wartburg Song Contest, which is also recorded in Wagner's Tannhäuser, but was defeated in the competition. Disillusioned and excluded, he returned home to Brassó, learned black magic and built his dragon house. The dragons came to life at night and glowed red, frightening the citizens of Brassó.
Benkner House
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Benkner House
History
Although some sources trace the Benkner family tree back as far as the 13th century, the first verifiable member of the family was Christian Benkner, a town councillor in the late 15th century. Christian's son, Johannes Benkner Sr., was town captain and then town judge for eight years. For his merits he was twice raised to the ranks of the noblility by the king. Johannes Benkner Jr. was also a town judge, a supporter of Johannes Honterus and founder of the Brassó paper mill. In the 17th and 18th centuries, several Benkners are mentioned as town officials, pastors and chroniclers. The last Benkner from Brassó died in 1979.
The house itself dates from the 15th century. According to accounts, it was owned by Johannes Benkner Sr. in 1504. After his death, Johannes Benkner Jr. inherited it, and in 1533 and 1539 it is mentioned as belonging to Peter Benkner and Michael Benkner respectively. It was rebuilt after the fire of 1689.
From 1835 to 1841, it was the seat of the Vlach Casino (Casina Română), a cultural association in Brassó. In the 1870s, it became the property of the Plecker von Pleckersfeld family (also known as the Benkner-Plecker House or the Plecker House), and later the residence of the Schobel von Schobeln family. It underwent a major renovation in 1872 and again in the 1980s. Its present form dates from 1872.
Filstich–Plecker House
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Filstich–Plecker House
History
The history of the two houses is very different, it was only in the mid-20th century that they were built together and since then have been treated as a single building.
The houses date from the 16th century. The one to the south belonged to the Filstich patrician family, the oldest records mention the goldsmith Stefan Filstich (1565-1644). The two-storey building had a tower at the corner, which made it symmetrical with the Benkner house at the other end of the Cooper Row. His son, Michael Filstich, was town captain and then town judge during the 1688 uprising. His son Michael also served as town judge for several years, and his grandson as rector of the Honterus Grammar School. In the early 19th century the house was owned by the Clompe family.
The owner of the neighbouring house to the north, the Plecker von Pleckersfeld family, also owned three buildings in the Main Square. In 1827, Dr Johann Friedrich Plecker (1780-1850), a town doctor, bought the Clompe (Filstich) house and rebuilt it in Renaissance style.
The Filstich House was the seat of the Vlach Casino from 1835 to 1841, and the Zum weißen Löwen (To the White Lion), the firm and shop of the Hesshaimer family from 1843 to 1948. In 1894 it was bought by the Lutheran parish. The neighbouring Plecker House was the headquarters of the Brassó branch of the Albina Bank centered in Nagyszeben from 1886 to 1948.
Jekelius House
Originally:
house, pharmacy
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Jekelius House
History
The Jekelius House is one of the oldest surviving buildings in Brassó, one of the few houses in the town fortress that survived the fire of 1689 intact.
Dating from the 16th century, the house was built in the town centre on the site of a former Cistercian monastery. It was built in several phases, with Renaissance and Baroque elements. It was a modern and resistant building for its age and was not damaged by fires and earthquakes.
In 1848, the Saxon apothecary Ferdinand Jekelius founded the Zur Hoffnung (To Hope) pharmacy in a ground-floor shop, the seventh pharmacy to open in Brassó. It was known to the townspeople as the Goldfischapotheke, because until the early 20th century it had an aquarium at the entrance. In 1898, Ferdinand's son Emil Jekelius took over the pharmacy, and in 1922 Emil's son-in-law Erich Phleps took over. The pharmacy Zur Hoffnung was nationalised in April 1949 and then closed down.
Closius House, Museum of the Urban Civinization of Brassó
Muzeul Civilizației Urbane
BogdyBBA, Public domain, via Wikimedia Commons
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Closius House, Museum of the Urban Civinization of Brassó
History
Until the end of the 19th century, the house at number 15 belonged to the Closius (Closseiler until the 17th century) family of Brassó, of which the most prominent members were:
-Martin Closius (1686-1752) town judge, town councillor, magistrate
-Martin Gottfried Closius (1715-1770) town councillor, notary
-Stephan Closius (1717-1781) town councillor and physician; supporter of the rebuilding of the Black Church
-Martin Traugott Closius (1744-1789) pastor, head deacon of the Black Church, headmaster of the grammar school
-Georg Stefan Friedrich Closius (1758-1818) land leaser, caretaker; left a fortune of 124 369 forints to his descendants
-Stefan Friedrich von Closius (1795-1873) town councillor, archivist
In 1873 the Closius family died out, the house was inherited by the previous tenant, the Vlach merchant Dimitrie Eremias (1817-1887), and was owned by his descendants until nationalisation in 1948. In 2009 it was returned to the original owners, who sold it to the county council. In 2009 the museum of urban civilisation was opened here.
Schobeln House
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Schobeln House
History
The Schobeln House in Brassó is one of the few houses in the fortress that survived the fire of 1689 intact.
The building on Monastery Street, dating from the 16th century, was owned by wealthy Brassó patrician families: the Hermann, Seuler, Albrich, and Schobeln families. From 1654, the Honterus printing house was located in this building, or more precisely in the medieval watchtower behind the building. Hermann, the owner of the house, collected the surviving parts of Johannes Honterus's hand press, founded in 1539, replaced the missing equipment and restarted the printing press. In 1798, the house and the printing press became the property of Johann Georg von Schobeln, a councillor. The printing works itself was run by Friedrich August Herfurth; after his death, Johann Gött took over. The Gött printing house operated in the Schobeln house until 1893, when it moved. In December 1834, it received a licence from the Gubernium (Government of Transylvania) to print newspapers in German, Vlach and Hungarian. In 1849, at the request of General Bem József, new newspapers were published: the German Kronstädter Zeitung, the Hungarian Brassói Lap and the Vlach Espatriatul.
Honterus House
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Honterus House
History
In 1498, the great Saxon humanist Johannes Honterus was born in this building, the son of a furrier from Black Street. He was the editor of the first map of Transylvania, author of the books Latin Grammar and the Description of the World, founder of the first printing press and of the first college in Brassó.
Trausch House
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Trausch House
History
The house dates from the 16th century. It has been rebuilt several times over the centuries and was restored to its present form in the 19th century.
The Trausch family comes from Strasbourg in Alsace. In 1606 Georg Trausch was recorded as a Lutheran pastor in Prépostfalva, and in 1641 in Bürkös. Georg's grandson Paul (†1691) settled in Brasov; both he and his son Nathanael Sr. (1679-1768) served as pastors. From Nathanael Sr. descended the two great branches of the Trausch family: the civil branch (descendants of Nathanael Jr.) and the noble von Trauschenfels branch (descendants of Georg).
The first recorded owner of the Trausch House in Brassó was Nathanael Trausch Jr. (1713-1772), a master jeweller, followed by Johann Joseph Trausch (1768-1831), a town councillor and district inspector, and then Franz Joseph Trausch (1795-1871), a literary and local historian, whose most important work is the biographical encyclopaedia of Transylvanian German authors. After the death of Franz Joseph Trausch, the von Theuerkauf family acquired the house by marriage, and later the Fabritius family became the owner. In 1910 it was bought by the Lutheran parish.
Mureseanu House
Casa Mureșenilor
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Mureseanu House
History
The Mureseanu family's former house, where the Gazeta Transilvaniei newspaper was published in 1838, has been the site of a memorial house named Mursenilor House since 1968.
It has a very rich collection of furniture, paintings, sculptures and a collection of 25,000 documents. It also contains documents related to the Romanian national anthem, as it was written by Andrei Mureșanu.
Closius–Hiemesch–Giesel Houses
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Closius–Hiemesch–Giesel Houses
History
Its earliest buildings date from the early 14th century. At that time there were three ground-floor buildings on the site, separated by narrow courtyards. In 1566, the three houses were rebuilt, their facades advanced by 2 metres and a storey added; the date of construction is indicated by a date engraved on a stone window frame. They were rebuilt again after the fire of 1689. On the ground floor were arched porticoes, typical of medieval houses, where merchants sold their wares. They took their present form in 1835. The houses have a cellar, ground floor, first floor and mansard. Families lived upstairs, the ground floor was used for shops, and the cellar was used to store the merchants' goods. The oldest layers of Renaissance wall paintings date from the 16th century; they were repainted several times until the 18th century. According to art historians, it is the largest painted wall surface in a residential building in what is now Romania.
In 1948 the houses were nationalised. The upper floors were divided into small flats and rented out to tenants, and shops occupied the ground floor. After the fall of communism, the buildings were returned to their original owners. The dilapidated and neglected complex was renovated between 1991 and 2011.
The two houses at number 16 (Albrich-Hiemesch-Giesel house) have changed hands several times. Until the end of the 18th century, the house in the middle belonged to the Albrich family and the house on the Honterus courtyard belonged to the Hiemesch family (for the same reason, the group of buildings is also known as the Closius-Albrich-Hiemesch houses). Over time, the two houses were joined together, and from 1777 both were owned by Hiemesch. In 1824 it became the property of the Giesel family, in 1872 of the Trautsch and Plecker von Pleckersfeld families, and from 1905 of the Czeides Foundation and the Lutheran Church. Notable members of the Albrich family were Martin Albrich (1630-1694), rector of the grammar school, and Johann Albrich (1687-1749), a doctor, and the Hiemesch family included Franz Hiemesch (1849-1911), mayor.
Memorials
Pedestal of the Millennium Monument (Árpád Statue)
Originally:
statue / memorial / relief
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Pedestal of the Millennium Monument (Árpád Statue)
History
The 21.5 metre high monument to Árpád, the leaders of the Hungarian tribes, was built in 1896 on the suggestion of historian Thaly Kálmán, based on plans by Berczik Gyula. At the top of the Doric column on a cylindrical pedestal stood a 3.5 metre high stone statue of an Árpád-era armed warrior. The statue was the work of Jankovics Gyula. The pedestal was decorated with the date of the arrival of the Hungarians and the Hungarian coat of arms. The monument commemorated the millennium of the Hungarian conquest of the Carpathian Basin.
In 1902 the monument was vandalized with pickaxe, after which it was surrounded by a fence in 1903. In 1913, Romanian terrorists from Bessarabia attempted to blow up the monument with dynamite. The pedestal and fence were badly damaged in the attack. The column was finally toppled by a storm a few months later. The city had planned to renovate it, but the outbreak of World War I and the Romanian occupation thwarted the plan. Today, only a circular sector of the lower part of the cylindrical pedestal can be seen. Some of the pieces of the monument have been transferred to the Brassó History Museum, while the head of the statue is in the building of the Hungarian Lutheran congregation in the city.
Statue of Johannes Honterus
Statuia lui Honterus
Originally:
statue / memorial / relief
Currently:
statue / memorial / relief
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Statue of Johannes Honterus
History
The statue was created in 1898 by the Berlin sculptor Harro Magnissen and unveiled on 21 August 1898.
Johannes Honterus (1498-1549) was born the son of a Black Street furrier. He was the editor of the first map of Transylvania, author of the books Latin Grammar and Description of the World, founder of the first printing press and of the first college in Brassó.
Museums and Galleries
Redut
Centrul Cultural Reduta
Originally:
theatre/opera, dancing / concert hall
Currently:
dancing / concert hall, event center
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Redut
History
The old stone theatre, Redut, was built in the 18th century. It was demolished in 1892. The present building was built between 1893 and 1894 according to the design of Christian Kertsch. It was also one of the first cinemas in the city. On its facade are busts of Wagner, Schumann, Mozart, Beethoven, Goethe, Schiller and Shakespeare.
Council House, History Museum of Brassó County
Casa Sfatului, Muzeul Județean de Istorie Brașov
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Council House, History Museum of Brassó County
History
The earliest core of the building was probably the tower of the former town wall. A grocer's shop was built next to it, and a storey was added to provide a council chamber.
On 23 December 1420, a contract was signed between the furriers' guild and the town council for the use of the council chamber above the furriers' shop in the market square. Its tower was built in 1515. In 1521 the building house a prison. The tower was rebuilt between 1525 and 1528. In 1608, the tower was struck by lightning and renovated. In 1646, the building was enlarged by the addition of the Assembly Hall of the Hundred Fathers under town judge Michael Hermann. In 1772, the furriers' shop was taken over by the headquarters of the troops stationed in Brassó. Between 1776 and 1778, the building was restored in Baroque style, the tower got a new spire was and a loggia was added. The town council moved out in 1878 and the building continued to function as an archive. Between 1901 and 1910, it was given its present spire. Since 1950 it has been a museum.
Former Seat of the Saxon Craftsmen's Association, Ethnographic Museum, Museum of Fine Arts
Muzeul de Etnografie, Muzeul de Artă
Originally:
seat of an institution
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Former Seat of the Saxon Craftsmen's Association, Ethnographic Museum, Museum of Fine Arts
History
The museum is located in the former headquarters of the Saxon Industrial Association (Gewerbeverein). In 1908, Saxon collectors from Brassó founded the Saxon Museum of Barcaság, which exhibited historical, natural and ethnographic material. In 1937, the ASTRA Romanian Cultural Association also opened a museum in Brassó. In 1948, the Communists, who came to power, expropriated the items that had survived the Second World War and founded the county museum.
In 1967, the ethnographic department of the county museum was established. In 1979, the department moved to the building still in use today, the Gewerbeverein House. On 11 June 1990, the Ethnographic Museum was separated from the County Museum and became an independent institution. At the same time, it took over the municipal ethnographic museums of Kőhalom, established in 1957, and Szecseleváros, established in 1970. In 2009, the section called the Museum of the Urban Civilisation of Brassó was opened. The museum presents life in the four ethnographic landscapes of Brassó county (Barcaság, the Fogaras Basin, Kőhalom area, Törcsvár area) from the 17th to the 20th century. On the ground floor of the building there is a permanent exhibition of traditional textile industry and Romanian rural traditions and temporary exhibitions. The same building houses the Brassó Museum of Fine Arts.
Weaver's Bastion, Weberbastei, History Museum of Brassó County
Bastionul Țesătorilor
Originally:
town fortification
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Weaver's Bastion, Weberbastei, History Museum of Brassó County
History
The Bastion of the Weavers (Romanian: Bastionul Țesătorilor, German: Weberbastei) is the southern corner bastion of the town fortifications of Brassó. It was built at the beginning of the 15th century and took its present form in the 16th century. The building in the courtyard houses the permanent exhibition of the Brassó County History Museum.
Originally a two-storey bastion, it was built between 1421-1436 by the Weavers' Guild along with the very first walls of Brassó, and was designed to function as a separate castle if necessary. The bastion was first mentioned in documents in 1522. In 1554, the south-western defences were reinforced by the addition of a second wall. Between 1570 and 1573, two more storeys and two towers were added to the bastion.
South of the bastion there was a shooting range (Czylstatt) in the 16th and 17th centuries, where members of the Brassó guilds and brotherhoods and students of the Saxon grammar school practised. It was destroyed by fire in 1689. The bastion was spared by the fire, but it partially collapsed during an earthquake in June 1710 and was only restored in 1750. At the end of the 18th century, the defensive role of the bastion was lost due to the development of military technology. Between 1800 and 1807, several buildings were erected inside: the Guildhall, a guardroom and a ballroom (Hochzeitsaal), where weddings were held in the first half of the century. In 1857, a tree nursery was established next to the bastion; it is now a park and a playground.
After the guilds were abolished in 1877, the city took over the assets of the weaver's guild, including the bastion, paying compensation. In 1884, the town leased it to the Lutheran parish, which opened a workshop school in it, where interested youngsters were introduced to the mysteries of plaster moulding. In 1899 the parish bought it. Renovations were carried out in 1910, and from 1913 onwards the Saxon Museum of Barcaság held exhibitions in the buildings. In 1948, the communists who came to power nationalized the building, and in 1950 it was taken over by the newly established county museum.
Its irregular hexagonal shape, 36 to 40 metres on each side, encloses a courtyard of 1616 m². It is 12-17 metres high, with stone and brick walls 4.3 metres thick at the bottom and 1.5 metres thick at the top. Inside, a four-storey wooden scaffolding is attached to the wall, which has openings at each storeys: loopholes for cannons and pitch openings at the lower two levels, and small loopholes for rifles at the upper storeys, which were built later. It has two watchtowers, a north-east and a south-east, from which it was possible to keep an eye on most of the south-west and south-east walls. It was originally connected by a low section of wall to the tower of the cutlers, built on the side of the Cenk Hill.
This is one of the best preserved bastions of the town fortification, still intact in its 16th century form. Inside, the permanent exhibition "Brassó Castle and fortifications of Barcaság" of the County Museum displays old photographs, Turkish weapons and former objects of the weaver's guild. The most interesting attraction is a 1:200 scale model of the 17th century Brassó town fortifications, made by the sculptor and drawing teacher Friedrich Hermann for the celebrations of the Hungarian Millennium in 1896. The Romanian communist leadership objected that the model only showed the Saxon-inhabited town fortress, so in 1968 a model of the 19th century Vlach-inhabited Boolgárszeg was also made.
Graft Bastion, Graftbastei, Torbastei
Bastionul Graft
Originally:
town fortification
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Graft Bastion, Graftbastei, Torbastei
History
The bastion takes its name from the Graft Canal, the 14th century drainage channel of the Köszörű stream on the edge of Újbrassó. Gracht is the German word for a rampart. The three-storey building, built against the town wall between 1515 and 1521, provided a link to the White Tower via a drawbridge. It was severely damaged during the 1809 downpour and was restored in 1822.
Former Villa of the Ispán of Brassó County
Casa Baiulescu
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Former Villa of the Ispán of Brassó County
History
The villa was built in 1888 for the ispán of Brassó County.
Closius House, Museum of the Urban Civinization of Brassó
Muzeul Civilizației Urbane
BogdyBBA, Public domain, via Wikimedia Commons
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Closius House, Museum of the Urban Civinization of Brassó
History
Until the end of the 19th century, the house at number 15 belonged to the Closius (Closseiler until the 17th century) family of Brassó, of which the most prominent members were:
-Martin Closius (1686-1752) town judge, town councillor, magistrate
-Martin Gottfried Closius (1715-1770) town councillor, notary
-Stephan Closius (1717-1781) town councillor and physician; supporter of the rebuilding of the Black Church
-Martin Traugott Closius (1744-1789) pastor, head deacon of the Black Church, headmaster of the grammar school
-Georg Stefan Friedrich Closius (1758-1818) land leaser, caretaker; left a fortune of 124 369 forints to his descendants
-Stefan Friedrich von Closius (1795-1873) town councillor, archivist
In 1873 the Closius family died out, the house was inherited by the previous tenant, the Vlach merchant Dimitrie Eremias (1817-1887), and was owned by his descendants until nationalisation in 1948. In 2009 it was returned to the original owners, who sold it to the county council. In 2009 the museum of urban civilisation was opened here.
Mureseanu House
Casa Mureșenilor
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Mureseanu House
History
The Mureseanu family's former house, where the Gazeta Transilvaniei newspaper was published in 1838, has been the site of a memorial house named Mursenilor House since 1968.
It has a very rich collection of furniture, paintings, sculptures and a collection of 25,000 documents. It also contains documents related to the Romanian national anthem, as it was written by Andrei Mureșanu.
Firts Vlach School
Muzeul Prima Școală Românească
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Firts Vlach School
History
The first known report of a Vlach school in Bolgárszeg, Brassó, dates back to 1480. In 1597, with the support of the Voivode Aron Voda of Wallachia, a stone building was built to replace the wooden Vlach school. It was extended in 1761. Coresi, one of the fathers of the Vlach language and culture, came here from Târgoviște in 1556. Thanks to Deacon Coresi and his printing press, the first books in the Vlach language were published here. At that time, the Slavonic language was still used in Orthodox churches, but already in Transylvania the translation of the Orthodox books into Vlach had begun.
Former Ice Skating Rink
Muzeul Sporturilor
Originally:
stadium / sports facility
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Former Ice Skating Rink
History
Ice skating has long been a favourite winter pastime in Brassó. In the 19th century, the sport was practised in the zwingers of the butchers and the goldsmiths. In March 1880, the Kronstädter Eislaufverein (Brassó Skating Association) was founded on the initiative of sports teacher Theodor Kuhlbrand. The pavilion was built between 1894 and 1895 according to a design by the Viennese architect Paul Bräng, and the adjacent ice rink was opened on 22 January 1895. In the summer, the area was used for tennis, and the pavilion was often used for masquerade balls and performances. In 1948, when the communists took power, the Brassó Skating Association was dissolved and the complex was nationalized. In 2018, the pavilion was renovated for the newly opened Museum of Sport and Mountain Tourism.
{"item":"town","set":{"mapcenter":{"lat":"45.6422750000","long":"25.5895020000"},"townlink":"brasso-brasov","town":{"townId":77,"active":1,"name_HU":"Brass\u00f3","name_LO":"Bra\u0219ov","name_GE":"Kronstadt","name_LT":"Brassovia;Corona","seolink":"brasso-brasov","listorder":5,"oldcounty":40,"country":4,"division":22,"altitude":"600","gps_lat":"45.6422750000","gps_long":"25.5895020000","population":253,"hungarian_2011":6.54,"population_1910":41056,"hungarian_1910":43.43,"german_1910":26.41,"slovak_1910":0,"romanian_1910":28.71,"rusin_1910":0,"serbian_1910":0,"croatian_1910":0,"slovenian_1910":0,"coatofarms":"","coatofarms_ref":"","picture":"\u003Ca title=\u0022Andrei Dan Suciu, CC BY 3.0 \u003Chttps:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/3.0\u003E, via Wikimedia Commons\u0022 href=\u0022https:\/\/commons.wikimedia.org\/wiki\/File:Black_Church_Brasov_-_panoramio.jpg\u0022\u003E\u003Cimg width=\u0022512\u0022 alt=\u0022Black Church Brasov - panoramio\u0022 src=\u0022https:\/\/upload.wikimedia.org\/wikipedia\/commons\/thumb\/a\/af\/Black_Church_Brasov_-_panoramio.jpg\/512px-Black_Church_Brasov_-_panoramio.jpg\u0022\u003E\u003C\/a\u003E","picture_ref":"\u003Ca href=\u0022https:\/\/commons.wikimedia.org\/wiki\/File:Black_Church_Brasov_-_panoramio.jpg\u0022\u003EAndrei Dan Suciu\u003C\/a\u003E, \u003Ca href=\u0022https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/3.0\u0022\u003ECC BY 3.0\u003C\/a\u003E, via Wikimedia Commons","georegion":"Barcas\u00e1g","river":"","description":"The town was founded by German settlers in the early 13th century. They arrived with the Teutonic Knights, who were entrusted by King Andrew II with the defence of the Hungarian border and the castle on Cenk hill. The knights, who thought too highly of themselves, were soon driven out by the king, but the settlers were allowed to stay and Brass\u00f3 developed into the centre of the Saxon land of Barcas\u00e1g. King Louis I of Hungary made Brass\u00f3 the administrative centre of the region, for its citizens helped to build the castle of T\u00f6rcsv\u00e1r. His daughter, Queen Mary, ordered the construction of the town walls. King Sigismund of Hungary granted the town staple right on the trade route with Wallachia. Hunyadi J\u00e1nos gave permission to the people of Brass\u00f3 to use the ruins of the royal castle on the Cenk hill to complete the town walls, because of the constant raids by the Turks. Hungary was split in two after the Battle of Moh\u00e1cs in 1526, when both Ferdinand I of Habsburg and John I were elected king. The Saxon burghers supported Ferdinand, for which the town's loyalty towards King John I had to be enforced by siege in 1530. It remained mostly loyal thereafter, if only because the religious freedom of the citizens who converted to Lutheranism was guaranteed by the Principality of Transylvania. At the end of the 17th century, the Habsburg troops occupying Transylvania captured the town by siege. The leader of the imperial armies, Caraffa, set the town on fire, and legend has it that this is when its famous church got its black colour. By the beginning of the 20th century, there were far more Hungarians than Germans in the town, who were even slightly outnumbered by the Vlachs. The monument erected on Cenk Hill in 1896 to commemorate the thousandth anniversary of Hungary was blown up by two Romanian terrorists in 1913. After the Romanian occupation, Brass\u00f3 became a Romanian-majority town due to massive settlements. Many of the Saxon inhabitants were deported to the Soviet Union in 1945, while the rest emigrated to Germany in the Ceau\u0219escu era in exchange for ransom. The city's medieval fortifications, churches, town houses, citadel and the public buildings and palaces built at the turn of the 20th century make it one of the richest cities in Transylvania in terms of architectural monuments.","nameorigin":"","history":"before 895|Bulgarians lived on the site of the settlement before the arrival of the Hungarians.@#1|@#3|@12-13th century|The castle on the Cenk Hill (Brassovia Castle) was built as part of the south Transylvanian border defence system of Hungary. The hill is 957 metres high.@1211|The Barcas\u00e1g became deserted due to the Cuman raids, so King Andrew II of Hungary donated the castle on the Cenk Hill to the Teutonic Order to guard the borders of Hungary. The knights brought German settlers, who founded the town of Kronstadt, but many Sz\u00e9kelys also settled in the area.@after 1211|The Teutonic knights built several castles and they also occupied most of Cumania (present day Wallachia), where they built a castle and made it their European centre. Dominican monks led by Blessed Paul the Hungarian (Paulus Hungarus) converted most of the Cumans and Pechenegs to Christianity.@1224|The grandmaster of the Teutonic Order, Hermann of Salza, offered all the lands received from the Hungarian king and occupied from the Cumans to the Pope as a vassal state independent from Hungary. Pope Honorius III accepted it and encouraged them to fight. The knights had started to occupy Hungarian lands arbitrarily and capture royal soldiers earlier, about which King Andrew II had already complained to the Pope.@1225|King Andrew II drove the Teutonic Order out of Hungary because of their treason. The Hungarian king captured the knight\u2019s centre in Cumania as well. The Teutonic knights fled to Poland through Moldavia. After that, the relationship between King Andrew II and the Pope became cold for a long time. The Saxon settlers didn\u2019t aid the knights and therefore they were allowed to remain in Hungary and keep their privileges.@1235|The name Corona appeared for the first time in a Premonstratensian monastery register. There was a monastery in Corona in the territory of the Diocese of Cumania that belonged to Hungary (In Hungaria assignata est paternitas Dyocesis Cumanie: Corona). According to a popular theory, the name refers to the crown on the ancient coat of arms of the town, which itself is based on the legend that King Salamon of Hungary hid the crown among the roots of a tree during his flight. According to another theory, the town was named after an ancient Christian martyr named Corona, and it was symbolized with a crown on the coat of arms. The roots under the crown appeared only in the first half of the 16th century.@#5|@1241|The settlement was completely destroyed during the Mongol invasion. The returning Saxon inhabitants rebuilt the town in the valley behind the Martin Hill (M\u00e1rton-hegy).@1252|The Brass\u00f3 name appeared for the first time in a letter of donation issued by King B\u00e9la IV of Hungary in the form Terra Saxonum de Barasu (the land of the Saxons of Brasau). It became the centre of the Barcas\u00e1g. The origin of the name is unknown. According to a theory, the name comes from a Slavic personal name starting with Bras. According to another theory, it comes from the old Turkic baraso word meaning white water, which probably refers to the waterfalls of the K\u00f6sz\u00f6r\u0171 Stream.@1285|The Mongol invaders set the town on fire and marched on towards the interior of Hungary.@1288|King L\u00e1szl\u00f3 IV of Hungary visited Brass\u00f3 and he set off for the pursuit of the Cumans from the town.@#6|@early 14th century|Fairs were held in the town.@March 26, 1353|King Louis I of Hungary confirmed the old privileges of the town, after the Tatars that broke into Moldova attacked Brass\u00f3 as well and destroyed the documents. The Tatars were crashed by Lack Endre, vajda of Transylvania.@1377|King Loius I of Hungary made Brass\u00f3 the administrative centre of the neighbourhood by attaching several villages to the town because the burghers of Brass\u00f3 supplied the construction of T\u00f6rcsv\u00e1r Castle with workforce and building materials and cleared the area from the forest.@1384|Queen Mary of Hungary ordered the construction of the town walls against the Tatar raids.@February 18, 1395|King Sigismund of Hungary granted the merchants of Brass\u00f3 important privileges. They were allowed to trade freely as far as Vienna. Other merchants weren\u2019t allowed to transport their goods across the mountains to Wallachia, but they were obliged to offer them for sale in Brass\u00f3. Wax brought into Hungary from Wallachia also had to be offered for sale in Brass\u00f3.@1395|The dethroned voivode of Wallachia, Mircea, swore loyalty to King Sigismund in Brass\u00f3.@1421|Sultan Murad II broke into the Barcas\u00e1g, besieged Brass\u00f3 on 3 April and captured it. The Turks burned the town and destroyed the town walls, which were still under construction at that time. The Turks captured the castle on the Cenk Hill as well. They enslaved many people from the neighbourhood.@1427|King Sigismund of Hungary hed the country assembly in Brass\u00f3 after he took the town back. He reconciled with his wife, Cillei Borb\u00e1la, here.@1432|The Turkish army of Bey Ali crossed the Danube at Nicopolis and broke into Transylvania together with the army of Voivode Vlad Dracul of Wallachia, who became a traitor. They plundered the Barcas\u00e1g and also the lands of the Sz\u00e9kelys and the Saxons enslaving many people. They besieged Nagyszeben and Brass\u00f3, but both towns resisted successfully. Finally, the rapidly raised army of the Hungarian nobility led by vajda Jakcs drove them out of Hungary causing heavy casualties to the army of Bey Ali. In the meantime, the army of Vlad Dracul of Wallachia captured Sz\u00f6r\u00e9ny Castle from Redwitz Mikl\u00f3s and slaughtered the German knights that defended the castle, which ceased to be the bastion of Western Christianity.@1437|The three nations of Transylvania (the Hungarian nobility, the Sz\u00e9kelys and the Saxons) formed an alliance in K\u00e1polna (Union of K\u00e1polna). This union gained its true significance after 1570, when Transylvania became an independent principality due to the Turkish conquest of central Hungary. These three nations were represented in the Transylvanian Diet, and they elected the prince. Vlach migrants (mostly shepherds and peasants) were a small minority at the time and were excluded from the political power just like Hungarian peasants. According to the agreement, the Saxon fortified churches were opened for the non-Saxon population of the neighbourhood as well in times of danger. This was a great concession, because only Saxons (and not even Hungarian nobles) could acquire land and purchase house in King's Land. Only Saxon monks could live in their monasteries and Saxons were strictly forbidden by their priests to adopt Hungarian customs, dress and hairstyle. The Transylvanian Saxons were never integrated into the Hungarian community that welcomed them and gave them so many privileges, and they never had any inclination to do so.@1438|Sultan Murad II sent an army of raiders against Hungary under the command of Bey Ali. The Turks were aided by the Vlach army of Voivode Vlad Drakul of Wallachia. They crossed the Danube at Sz\u00f6r\u00e9ny Castle. They captured Medgyes with an assault, but Szeben resisted the siege. Finally, they burned the outskirts of Brass\u00f3 and left Hungary through the T\u00f6rcsv\u00e1r Pass.@1453|Hunyadi J\u00e1nos allowed the burghers of Brass\u00f3 to use the stones of the ruined royal castle on the Cenk Hill to finish the construction of the town walls. He issued another permission for that in 1455 to hasten the constructions. The town walls originally had 32 towers and bastions.@#7|@1467|King Matthias of Hungary took a rest in Brass\u00f3 during his campaign against Molodva.@1468|King Matthias of Hungary granted the town staple right.@around 1477|The construction of the Black Church was completed, which was started by order of King Sigismund of Hungary.@1489|King Matthias ordered that the measures of Brass\u00f3 were to be used in Transylvania uniformly.@1496-1549|Hunterus J\u00e1nos lived in Brass\u00f3. He converted the town to the Lutheran faith. His work \u0022Conpendium iuris civilis...\u0022 was published in 1544.@1500|King Ul\u00e1szl\u00f3 II of Hungary attached T\u00f6rcsv\u00e1r Castle and the 10 Hungarian villages that belonged to it to the town of Brass\u00f3. This ended the noble status of the formerly free Hungarian inhabitants, whose job was to guard the borders of Hungary. The burghers of Brass\u00f3 turned them into serfs, confiscated their properties by force and did everything to Germanize the impoverished people.@1511|King Ul\u00e1szl\u00f3 II lifted Brass\u00f3 and the Barcas\u00e1g from the judicial authority of the isp\u00e1n of the Sz\u00e9kelys and attached it to King's Land, the land of the Saxons.@1524|A semicircular tower was built on the site of the present day Citadel. Later the plateau of the hill was surrounded with walls.@#8|@after 1526|The town supported King Ferdinand I and drove away the troops of King John I. The Saxons of Transylvania supported Ferdinand I due to their German identity, while the Sz\u00e9kelys and the nobility of Transylvania supported King John I.@1528|King John I suffered a decisive defeat on 20 March in the battle of Szina and fled to Poland. Ferdinand I was crowned King of Hungary and he took control of Transylvania as well. After King John I was let down by his French and Polish allies, he asked the Sultan for help@October 18, 1528|King Ferdinand confirmed the privileges of Brass\u00f3 in Vienna.@1529|The Turks launched a campaign and captured Buda, the capitol of Hungary, and handed it over to King John I, whom they recognized as King of Hungary.@1529|Voivode Petru Rare\u0219 of Moldova broke into Transylvania with the consent of the Sultan, and, in alliance with the Sz\u00e9kelys, they defeated the army of King Ferdinand I at F\u00f6ldv\u00e1r (near Brass\u00f3) on 29 June. As the Saxons refused to swear loyalty to King John I even after Buda was taken back from Ferdinand, the voivode returned at the end of October and helped Kun Kocs\u00e1rd, the commander of King John I, crush the Saxons at F\u00f6ldv\u00e1r again. They assaulted Brass\u00f3 and occupied and destroyed its wooden citadel, but they could not capture the strongly fortified town.@1530|The burghers drove away the monks and the nuns as Reformation reached the town.@June 19, 1530|Vajda B\u00e1thory Istv\u00e1n of Transylvania issued a manifesto to the Saxons in Torda promising to maintain their privileges in exchange for their loyalty to King John I. As the stubborn Saxons couldn\u2019t be convinced, B\u00e1thory Istv\u00e1n launched a campaign and occupied Medgyes and the rest of the Saxon towns in August.@October 30, 1530|Voivode Peter of Wallachia forced Brass\u00f3 to surrender after three weeks of bloody siege with the assistance of Turkish troops and Sz\u00e9kely soldiers sent by B\u00e1thory. King John I did not take revenge on the town, he confirmed their privileges in 1531 and let them practice their religion freely instead. After that, the burghers of Brass\u00f3 remained loyal to him and his successors.@1534|Lodovico Gritti, the governor of Hungary, camped within the walls of Brass\u00f3 with 7000 Turks waiting for the aristocrats of Transylvania to do homage to him.@September 1534|Lodovico Gritti, the governor of Hungary, fled to Medgyes from the armies of vajda Majl\u00e1th Istv\u00e1n of Transylvania, King John I of Hungary and the voivode of Wallachia. Voivode Peter of Moldova sent in his aid also joined the besiegers. The besiegers broke into the town after the walls were breached by cannons. Gritti fled to the Moldavian camp, but they handed him over to the Hungarians. He was beheaded in the castle of Medgyes on 29 September by order of vajda Majl\u00e1th Istv\u00e1n. Gritti was a Venetian soldier of fortune, who arrived in Hungary in 1529 as a minion of the Turks. He soon convinced King John I to name him governor of Hungary. It was out of the ordinary, because governors were only appointed in Hungary when the king was under age. Gritti, who was only interested in forging his own fortune, held a court that diminished even the royal court. Gradually everyone turned against him, which was only made worse by his plundering and that he even tried to make a deal with King Ferdinand I. The last drop in the glass (a Hungarian saying) was that D\u00f3czi Orb\u00e1n killed Bishop Czibak Imre of V\u00e1rad, one of the greatest supporters of King John I, by order of Governor Gritti. This made the nobility of Transylvania rise up under the leadership of vajda Majl\u00e1th Istv\u00e1n.@#9|@1544|A Saxon grammar school was established.@1551|The child John Sigismund's guardian, George Martinuzzi, with Castaldo's imperial army, forced Queen Isabella to surrender the Eastern Hungarian Kingdom (including Transylvania) to King Ferdinand I. Isabella left for Poland with her child, the heir to the throne. The Turks then launched a punitive campaign against Hungary.@1556|The Estates of Transylvania, dissatisfied with Habsburg rule, recalled Queen Isabella to the throne, to which the Sultan gave his consent. On her return, she regained control of eastern Hungary.@1556|The Saxons greeted Queen Isabella hapily, who returned to Transylvania and took back the power from King Ferdinand. The Queen confirmed the freedom of religion. Later the Saxons were loyal to the princes of Transylvania, because they protected them from the violent recatholization and tyranny of the Habsburg rulers.@#10|@16th century|Brass\u00f3 was a developed town with 8000 inhabitants.@around 1580|The first Hungarian language book printed in Brass\u00f3 was published. It was printed in the printing press of Nireus (Nyir\u0151) J\u00e1nos. The title of the book was Fons Vitae, Az \u00e9letnek kvtfeie (The Fount of Life).@#12|@October 17, 1599|Instigated by Emperor Rudolf, Voivode Mihai (Viteazul) of Wallachia broke into Transylvania through the Bodza Pass, after Prince B\u00e1thory Zsigmond, contrary to his promise, hand over power over Transylvania to his cousin Cardinal B\u00e1thory Andr\u00e1s instead of Emperor Rudolf. Voivode Mihai sided with the Sz\u00e9kelys, who were dissatisfied with the B\u00e1thory dynasty, by promising to restore their rights, and with their help he defeated the army of Prince B\u00e1thory Andr\u00e1s at Sellenberk on 28 October.@November 1, 1599|Voivode Mihai Viteazul of Wallachia marched into Gyulafeh\u00e9rv\u00e1r, the capitol of Transylvania, and took over power as governor appointed by Emperor Rudolf. But soon he started to act on his own behalf and introduced a reign of terror. He arbitrarily appointed Wallachian boyars to every position, looted the treasury and his unpaid mercenaries plundered and murdered throughout the land. The Vlach peasants rose up and started to exterminate Hungarian and Saxon population in Transylvania, which had a Hungarian majority at that time.@September 18, 1600|Voivode Mihai of Wallachia was defeated in the battle of Miriszl\u00f3 and driven out by the combined armies of the Transylvanian nobility led by B\u00e1thory Zsigmond and General Basta\u2019s imperial mercenaries. Brass\u00f3 refused to open its gates to Voivode Mihai, who was marauding even while he was on the run. At the beginning of next year, the Estates of Transylvanian broke with the Emperor and B\u00e1thory Zsigmond was elected prince once more.@1600|Two of the towers where gunpowder was stored exploded. The defences were repaired in 1667.@August 3, 1601|The combined armies of General Basta and Voivode Mihai of Wallachia defeated the Transylvanian army of Prince B\u00e1thory Zsigmond in the battle of Goroszl\u00f3. After that, the army of Voivode Mihai sacked and burned the towns of Torda, Nagyenyed and Gyulafeh\u00e9rv\u00e1r, where they robbed the tombs of the Hunyadi family, King John II of Hungary and his mother Queen Isabella.@August 19, 1601|Voivode Mihai of Wallachia was assassinated by the mercenaries of General Basta, because Mihai tried to usurp the throne of Transylvania once again. Genral Basta also introduced a reign of terror in Transylvania and let his mercenaries ravage freely throughout the land.@August 31, 1601|Prince B\u00e1thory Zsigmond marched from Moldavia to Brass\u00f3 with the Sz\u00e9kelys who joined him, and won the support of the Sultan. General Basta, which was preparing to besiege Brass\u00f3, fled at the news of the arrival of Turkish reinforcements, leaving the cannons behind. B\u00e1thory marched into the capitol, Gyulafeh\u00e9rv\u00e1r, but he, instigated by the Jesuits, soon made a truce with Basta and moved his seat back to Brass\u00f3 in 1602. After Basta defeated the army of Sz\u00e9kely M\u00f3zes at T\u00f6vis, he took control of Transylvania once again and started a bloody extermination campaign against the Hungarians.@1603|General Basta left Transylvania with his imperial army. Sz\u00e9kely M\u00f3zes set out from Temesv\u00e1r with Sz\u00e9kely and Turkish armies to liberate Transylvania. The estates of Transylvania, having enough of Basta\u2019s terror, welcomed him in Gyulafeh\u00e9rv\u00e1r and elected him Prince of Transylvania on 9 May. The Habsburgs mobilized their vassal, Voivode Radu Serban of Wallachia, who attacked the camp of Sz\u00e9kely M\u00f3zes at Brass\u00f3 at night on 17 July. The Prince was killed and General Basta returned to Transylvania.@July 17, 1603|Mobilized by the Habsburgs, Voivode Radu Serban of Wallachia attacked the camp of Sz\u00e9kely M\u00f3zes near Brass\u00f3 at night. The Prince, who was let down by the Turks, was killed and General Basta returned to Transylvania. Sz\u00e9kely M\u00f3zes was buried in Brass\u00f3. After Brass\u00f3 surrendered to Voivode Radu, all those who fled to the town fell victim to the revenge of Basta, who returned to Transylvania. Brass\u00f3 was forced to pay a tribute of 50,000 forints to Radu, and another 80,000 forints to Basta. After that, Basta ordered Brass\u00f3 to be destroyed completely and its inhabitants to be slaughtered for helping the Hungarians. This was only prevented by a thunderstorm, which caused the Olt River to flood so much that the army of Basta could not cross it.@September 18, 1603|Matheus S\u00e1ndor, the commissioner of Basta, arrived in Brass\u00f3. He brutally tortured and executed many Protestant Hungarians. After that, the Walloon mercenaries of Basta sacked the town and its neighbourhood.@August 30, 1604|The only way the Saxons were able to get Basta's rampaging Walloon and Serbian mercenaries to leave Transylvania was to agree with the emperor to pay 100,000 forints for their remaining pay.@#13|@1605|Brass\u00f3 and the Transylvanian Saxons joined happily to the anti-Habsburg movement of Bocskai Istv\u00e1n.@#14|@December, 1610|Prince B\u00e1thory G\u00e1bor of Transylvania launched a campaign for the throne of Wallachia, which was the vassal of the Habsburgs at that time. Voivode Radu Serban fled, and B\u00e1thory captured his capitol, Targoviste, without any resistance. He wanted to gain the consent of the Turks by saying that his campaign was part of the preparation for the conquest of Poland, but the Turks didn't give their consent.@1611|Weiss Mih\u00e1ly, Judge of Brass\u00f3, denied the entrance to the town for Prince B\u00e1thory G\u00e1bor of Transylvania. Instead, he turned to Radu Serban, the former voivode of Wallachia removed by B\u00e1thory, for help. Radu crossed the mountains with his mercenaries and took B\u00e1thory by surprise.@July 8, 1611|The combined armies of Radu Serban and the Saxons of Brass\u00f3 defeated Prince B\u00e1thory G\u00e1bor at Szentp\u00e9ter, who retreated to Szeben. Radu besieged Szeben and Forg\u00e1ch Zsigmond, the captain of Kassa, hurried to his aid without the approval of the n\u00e1dor of Hungary. B\u00e1thory was saved by Pasha Omer of Bosnia, who scared both Radu and Forg\u00e1ch away.@1612|Prince B\u00e1thory G\u00e1bor tried to convince the Estates of Transylvania to join the Habsburgs, but they did not want to agree. Gh\u00e9czy Andr\u00e1s gained the support of the Turks against B\u00e1thory.@October 15, 1612|Prince B\u00e1thory G\u00e1bor of Transylvania defeated the combined armies of Gh\u00e9czy Andr\u00e1s and the Saxons of Brass\u00f3. Judge Weiss Mih\u00e1ly was also killed in the battle. The decisive battle was fought on the plain of F\u00f6ldv\u00e1r, when the mercenaries of Weiss Mih\u00e1ly, Judge of Brass\u00f3, ran away and the soldiers of Prince B\u00e1thori G\u00e1bor slaughtered most of the remaining Saxon students. The judge was also killed in his flight and his head put on display in the Saxon town of Nagyszeben.@1613|Instead of the violently ruling and immoral B\u00e1thory G\u00e1bor, the Transylvanian estates elected Bethlen G\u00e1bor, who was supported by the Turks, as their prince. At that time, the fallen prince was staying in V\u00e1rad, and was willing to hand over the most important border fortress of Transylvania to the Turks just to keep the throne, but the hajd\u00fa warriors hired by Gh\u00e9czy Andr\u00e1s murdered him on 27 October, 1613.@#15|@#16|@1625|The Citadel was completely rebuilt.@#17|@#18|@1660|The towers of the Citadel where gunpowder was stored exploded. The defences were restored in 1667.@#23|@#25|@1688|The imperial army that invaded Transylvania besieged the town. Some of the inhabitants fled to the citadel. General Johann Friedrich Ambrosius von Veterani captured and set the town and the citadel on fire on 26 May.@April 21, 1689|The imperial General Antonio Caraffa set the town on fire. The walls of Brass\u00f3\u2019s famous church have been black ever since.@August 21, 1690|Th\u00f6k\u00f6ly Imre, the former leader of the anti-Habsburg Hungarian kuruc uprising, crossed the mountains with Turkish and Wallachian auxiliaries, attacked the imperial army of General Heisler from behind and defeated him.@1690|The kuruc insurgents of Th\u00f6k\u00f6ly Imre looted the town.@August, 1690|When Th\u00f6k\u00f6ly Imre took control of Transylvania, an imperial garrison was placed in the citadel under the command of Count Guttenstein, who caused much suffering to the town and the neighbourhood.@September 21, 1690|The nobility of Transylvania joined Th\u00f6k\u00f6ly Imre and he was elected Prince of Transylvania in Szeben. Soon the combined armies of Castelli and Heisler pushed him out of Transylvania.@#26|@#27|@1703-1711|Brass\u00f3 refused to join R\u00e1k\u00f3czi Ferenc II during the Hungarian War of Independence, therefore the kuruc insurgents looted the town.@1717|Jesuits established a monastery in Brass\u00f3.@1773|Joseph II, the heir to the imperial throne, visited Brass\u00f3 as well during his round trip in Hungary. He visited the citadel and ordered its renovation at the expanse of the treasury.@#28|@1848|The Transylvanian Saxons also voted in favour of the reunion with Hungary. However, during the Hungarian War of Independence, they supported the Habsburgs because of their German national consciousness and their loyalty to the Emperor.@March 1849|The Hungarian army of General Bem J\u00f3zsef captured Brass\u00f3 together with the citadel.@June 19, 1849|The Russian army of General L\u00fcderz invaded Brass\u00f3 and captured the citadel after a one day siege. The town lost its military significance afterwards.@1850|The first Romanian language grammar school of the town was established at the initiation of Andrei \u0218aguna. The school still bears his name.@1854|The first telegraph line was created between Brass\u00f3 and Nagyszeben.@#30|@March 30, 1873|The first train passed through the town on the Brass\u00f3-Segesv\u00e1r line.@1879.|The Brass\u00f3\u2013Bucharest railway line was built.@1881|The Saxon People\u2019s Party held a congress in Brass\u00f3.@1889|The first telephone exchange was put into operation with 22 subscribers.@1891|The first tram line of Brass\u00f3 connected the Town Hall Square with the Bertalan Quarter. It has already been closed.@1896|The statue depicting one of the Hungarian warriors of Grand Prince \u00c1rp\u00e1d was erected on top of the Cenk Hill commemorating the millennium of Hungary. The 20.3 metres tall monument was made by the sculptor Jankovics Gyula from Budapest. It was unveiled by Perczel Dezs\u0151, Minister of Internal Affairs, on 15 October, 1896. The 3.5 metres tall warrior stood on top of a column, and was dressed in a common costume of the age of the Hungarian conquest of the Carpathian Basin.@September 27, 1913|Two Romanian terrorists from Bessarabia, Ilie Catarau and Timotei Kirilov, blew up the Millennium Monument on the Cenk Hill with dynamite. Their guilt was only revealed 90 years after, now they are celebrated as the heroes of the Romanian nation. The explosion didn\u2019t tear down the statue, but it was damaged, and it collapsed after a heavy snowfall on 31 December 1913. The statue\u2019s head has been displayed for visitors in the central office of the Lutheran church in Brass\u00f3 since 2002. The foundation of the monument still stands on top of the Cenk Hill, but it bears the flag of Romania now.@#31|@1916|On 27 August, Romania declared war on the Austro-Hungarian Monarchy and launched an attack against Hungary. This triggered a huge wave of refugees from Transylvania, as the population feared a repeat of the Romanian ethnic cleansing of 1848-49. The Saxon Arthur Arz von Straussenberg led the defence of Transylvania until the arrival of German reinforcement. Austro-Hungarian and German forces drove the invaders out of the country by mid-October and occupied Bucharest on 6 December. Romania surrendered and signed a peace treaty with the central powers on 7 May 1918 (Treaty of Bucharest).@August 28, 1916|The Romanian army invaded Brass\u00f3. Dr. Gheorghe Baiulescu was assigned to be the first Romanian mayor of the town. One part of the Romanian army was successfully eliminated in the Bertalan Quarter.@October 7-9, 1916|The Romanian army was driven out of Transylvania in the battle of Brass\u00f3.@1918|On 3 November, the Austro-Hungarian Monarchy signed the Armistice of Padua. The already defeated Romania then declared war on Germany on 10 November, just one day before the Germans signed the armistice near Compi\u00e8gne. The Romanians then launched an offensive against Hungary, which had already unconditionally ceased fighting at the demand of the Entente. Romania was only recognised by the Entente powers as one of the victors of WWI only later.@#32|@from 1918|By 1922, 197,000 Hungarians were forced to leave the Romanian-occupied part of the country. By 1939 a further 169,000 Hungarians had left Transylvania, mostly aristocrats, intellectuals and a significant number of farmers. Most of them moved to Hungary. Before the Romanian invasion, 1,662,000 Hungarians lived in Transylvania, 32 percent of the population.@#36|@November 10, 1940|An earthquake of magnitude 7.4 (Richter scale) shook the town.@until 1941|As a result of the Romanian settlements, the Saxons lost their majority in every town. In desperation, the Saxons joined the SS en masse.@1943\u201344|The American air force bombed the town multiple times.@1944|The German high command ordered the evacuation of the Saxons from Transylvania, just like in East Prussia, but the majority stayed in their homeland. Romania betrayed their allies and sided with the Soviet Union, as soon as the first Soviet forces reached their eastern borders. After that, Saxons were also obliged to enlist in the Romanian army. Soviets despised the traitors, so they sent the Romanians to the front line to catch the bullet, which meant that Saxons had to fight against Saxons.@January, 1945|The deportation of the Saxons of Brass\u00f3 to the Soviet Union started.@1950|Brass\u00f3 was renamed to Orasul Stalin (Stalin City).@1950s|Illegal emigration to Germany began with the bribery of state employees. The Romanian secret service, the Securitate and the Directorate for Foreign Intelligence (DIE) became aware of the process and wanted to turn it to their own advantage.@from the 1950s|800,000 Romanians were settled in Transylvania from Moldavia, but many also came from Wallachia. The aim was to Romanianize the still majorly Hungarian towns and to break up the ethnic Hungarian blocks. While previously there was a Romanian majority in only a few small towns, this has been reversed by now.@from 1962|The state-coordinated sale of German nationalities in Romania has been launched. The so called \u2019products\u2019 were divided into four categories with different prices. For example West Germany had to pay 11,000 marks for a highly qualified person, while a student could be ransomed for only 1,800 marks.@1968|The Goldan Stag International Festival was organized for the first time.@1971|The first university of Brass\u00f3 was established.@from 1970|Romania made the process more democratic, because the FRG had to pay a uniform 8,000 marks for each German. This was the price of the one-way visa to West Germany.@March 4, 1977|An earthquake of magnitude 7.2 shook the town, several buildings were damaged.@from 1982|The price increased, because West Germany had to reimburse also the money the high quality education system of Romania spent on the German people wishing to leave the country. Moreover, the emigrants had to sign a declaration that they would leave their assets to the Romanian state. West Germany was allowed to pay in kind as well. For example, when the Germans said that they could only supply Volkswagen cars, the Romanians said that they would prefer Mercedes cars, but were willing to wait.@August 31, 1986|An earthquake of magnitude 7 shook the town.@November 15, 1987|Riots started in Brass\u00f3 against the communist regime and Nicolae Ceau\u0219escu. It was suppressed in a short time and several people disappeared or was imprisoned.@December 22, 1989|The anti-communist revolution that started in Temesv\u00e1r spread over to Brass\u00f3. Many people died or was injured.@until 1990|Approximately 250 to 400 thousand Germans were ransomed to West Germany together with the Swabians that lived in the B\u00e1ns\u00e1g (Banat). Seeing the success of the deal, the Romanians also started selling Jews to Israel, and eventually they sold literally anyone, who had someone to pay the ransom.@1991-1992|With the opening of the borders, 75,000 of the remaining 95,000 Transylvanian Saxons emigrated to Germany voluntarily, leaving ghost villages behind. Those few that remained became more Romanian than Romanians, just as the example of the \u2019liberal\u2019 President of Romania, Klaus Iohannis shows, who took political advantage by accusing the \u2019social democrats\u2019 of wanting to hand over Transylvania to the Hungarians. This describes political conditions in Romania and the mental state of an average Romanian quite well.@2002|7.2 million people lived in Transylvania, including 1.42 million Hungarians. There were 1.65 million Hungarians out of 5.2 million in 1910. The proportion of the Romanians increased from 53.78% to 74.69%, while the proportion of the Hungarians decreased from 31.64% to 19.6%. The proportion of the Germans dropped from 10.75% to below 1%. These changes were mainly the results of migration and the persecution of Hungarians and Saxons. Transylvania here refers to the entire territory that once belonged to Hungary, which is much larger than historical Transylvania.&acta.bibl.u-szeged.hu: Brass\u00f3 r\u00f6vid t\u00f6rt\u00e9nete|http:\/\/acta.bibl.u-szeged.hu\/4966\/1\/belvedere_2004_005_006_027-030.pdf\nOrb\u00e1n Bal\u00e1zs: A Sz\u00e9kelyf\u00f6ld le\u00edr\u00e1sa|https:\/\/www.arcanum.com\/hu\/online-kiadvanyok\/Tunderkert-tunderkert-1\/a-szekelyfold-leirasa-14496\/barczasag-16604\/xiii-brasso-16AB7\/brasso-kivaltsagai-tortenelme-16AC4\/\npangea.blog.hu: Az erd\u00e9lyi sz\u00e1sz etnikai t\u00e9rszerkezet kialakul\u00e1sa|https:\/\/pangea.blog.hu\/2014\/12\/03\/erdelyi_szasz_etnikai_terszerkezet_kialakulasa\npangea.blog.hu: Az erd\u00e9lyi sz\u00e1sz etnikai t\u00e9rszerkezet megsemmis\u00fcl\u00e9se|https:\/\/pangea.blog.hu\/2014\/12\/31\/az_erdelyi_szasz_etnikai_terszerkezet_megsemmisulese"},"castles":[{"castleId":118,"townId":77,"active":1,"name_LO":"Bra\u0219ovia","settlement_HU":"Cenk-hegy, Brass\u00f3","settlement_LO":"T\u00e2mpa, Bra\u0219ov","address":"","listorder":100,"gps_lat":"45.6334490000","gps_long":"25.5921770000","oldcounty":40,"country":4,"division":22,"cond":6,"entrance":2,"varaklink":"https:\/\/varak.hu\/latnivalo\/index\/1304-Brasso-Brassovia-var-Cenkhegy\/","homepage":"","openinghours":"","picture":"\u003Ca title=\u0022Ecologicmarket, CC BY-SA 3.0 \u003Chttps:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by-sa\/3.0\u003E, via Wikimedia Commons\u0022 href=\u0022https:\/\/commons.wikimedia.org\/wiki\/File:Tampa_Natural_Reservation_from_Brasov_Romania.jpg\u0022\u003E\u003Cimg width=\u0022512\u0022 alt=\u0022Tampa Natural Reservation from Brasov Romania\u0022 src=\u0022https:\/\/upload.wikimedia.org\/wikipedia\/commons\/thumb\/8\/82\/Tampa_Natural_Reservation_from_Brasov_Romania.jpg\/512px-Tampa_Natural_Reservation_from_Brasov_Romania.jpg\u0022\u003E\u003C\/a\u003E","picture_ref":"\u003Ca href=\u0022https:\/\/commons.wikimedia.org\/wiki\/File:Tampa_Natural_Reservation_from_Brasov_Romania.jpg\u0022\u003EEcologicmarket\u003C\/a\u003E, \u003Ca href=\u0022https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by-sa\/3.0\u0022\u003ECC BY-SA 3.0\u003C\/a\u003E, via Wikimedia Commons","name":"Castle on Cenk Hill;Brassovia Castle","seolink":"brasso-castle-on-cenk-hill-tampa-brasov","georegion":"Kereszt\u00e9ny Mountains, Barcas\u00e1g","description":"","nameorigin":"","history":"#1|@#3|@12-13th century|The castle on the Cenk Hill (Brassovia Castle) was built as part of the south Transylvanian border defence system of Hungary. The hill is 957 metres high.@#5|@1241|The castle was probably destroyed during the Mongol invasion, but was rebuilt. Sz\u00e9kelys were settled in the neighbourhood to provide a garrison for the castle.@#6|@1421|Sultan Murad II captured the castle together with the town of Brass\u00f3. The burghers of the town were forced to pawn the castle to Murad II.@end of 1447|Hunyadi J\u00e1nos purchased the castle back from the Turks and ordered its destruction. Maintaining the castle would have cost too much and it would have posed a great threat to the neighbourhood, had the enemy captured it.@1454\u20131455|Hunyadi J\u00e1nos allowed the burghers of Brass\u00f3 to use the stones of the ruined royal castle on the Cenk Hill to finish the construction of the town walls. Most of the castle was demolished. The 12th century chapel dedicated to St. Leonard that stood in the castle courtyard was demolished by the people of Brass\u00f3 together with the castle according to a letter written by Archbishop D\u00e9nes of Esztergom in 1455.@#7|&acta.bibl.u-szeged.hu: Brass\u00f3 r\u00f6vid t\u00f6rt\u00e9nete|http:\/\/acta.bibl.u-szeged.hu\/4966\/1\/belvedere_2004_005_006_027-030.pdf\nOrb\u00e1n Bal\u00e1zs: A Sz\u00e9kelyf\u00f6ld le\u00edr\u00e1sa|https:\/\/www.arcanum.com\/hu\/online-kiadvanyok\/Tunderkert-tunderkert-1\/a-szekelyfold-leirasa-14496\/barczasag-16604\/xiii-brasso-16AB7\/brasso-kivaltsagai-tortenelme-16AC4\/"},{"castleId":125,"townId":77,"active":1,"name_LO":"Cet\u0103\u0163uia","settlement_HU":"Brass\u00f3","settlement_LO":"Bra\u0219ov","address":"Strada Dealul Cet\u0103\u0163ii 5","listorder":34,"gps_lat":"45.6493030000","gps_long":"25.5916990000","oldcounty":40,"country":4,"division":22,"cond":1,"entrance":0,"varaklink":"https:\/\/varak.hu\/latnivalo\/index\/1305-Brasso-Fellegvar\/","homepage":"","openinghours":"","picture":"\u003Ca title=\u0022Andrei Dan Suciu, CC BY 3.0 \u003Chttps:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/3.0\u003E, via Wikimedia Commons\u0022 href=\u0022https:\/\/commons.wikimedia.org\/wiki\/File:Cet%C4%83%C5%A3uia_Bra%C5%9Fov_-_panoramio_(9).jpg\u0022\u003E\u003Cimg width=\u0022512\u0022 alt=\u0022Cet\u0103\u0163uia Bra\u015fov - panoramio (9)\u0022 src=\u0022https:\/\/upload.wikimedia.org\/wikipedia\/commons\/thumb\/f\/f0\/Cet%C4%83%C5%A3uia_Bra%C5%9Fov_-_panoramio_%289%29.jpg\/512px-Cet%C4%83%C5%A3uia_Bra%C5%9Fov_-_panoramio_%289%29.jpg\u0022\u003E\u003C\/a\u003E","picture_ref":"\u003Ca href=\u0022https:\/\/commons.wikimedia.org\/wiki\/File:Cet%C4%83%C5%A3uia_Bra%C5%9Fov_-_panoramio_(9).jpg\u0022\u003EAndrei Dan Suciu\u003C\/a\u003E, \u003Ca href=\u0022https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/3.0\u0022\u003ECC BY 3.0\u003C\/a\u003E, via Wikimedia Commons","name":"Brass\u00f3, Citadel","seolink":"brasso-citadel-brasov-cetatuia","georegion":"Barcas\u00e1g","description":"","nameorigin":"","history":"#1|@#3|@#5|@1524|A semicircular tower was built on the site of the present day Citadel. Later the plateau of the hill was surrounded with walls.@#8|@after 1526|The town supported King Ferdinand I and drove away the troops of King John I. General Castaldo took control of the fortification. The Saxons of Transylvania supported Ferdinand I due to their German identity, while the Sz\u00e9kelys and the nobility of Transylvania supported King John I.@1529|Voivode Petru Rare\u0219 of Moldova broke into Transylvania with the consent of the Sultan, and, in alliance with the Sz\u00e9kelys, they defeated the army of King Ferdinand I at F\u00f6ldv\u00e1r (near Brass\u00f3) on 29 June. As the Saxons refused to swear loyalty to King John I even after Buda was taken back from Ferdinand, the voivode returned at the end of October and helped Kun Kocs\u00e1rd, the commander of King John I, crush the Saxons at F\u00f6ldv\u00e1r again. They assaulted Brass\u00f3 and occupied and destroyed its wooden citadel, but they could not capture the strongly fortified town. The citadel was restored soon, but it burned down in a fire.@June 19, 1530|Vajda B\u00e1thory Istv\u00e1n of Transylvania issued a manifesto to the Saxons in Torda promising to maintain their privileges in exchange for their loyalty to King John I. As the stubborn Saxons couldn\u2019t be convinced, B\u00e1thory Istv\u00e1n launched a campaign and occupied Medgyes and the rest of the Saxon towns in August.@October 30, 1530|Voivode Peter of Wallachia forced Brass\u00f3 to surrender after three weeks of bloody siege with the assistance of Turkish troops and Sz\u00e9kely soldiers sent by B\u00e1thory. King John I did not take revenge on the town, he confirmed their privileges in 1531 and let them practice their religion freely instead. After that, the burghers of Brass\u00f3 remained loyal to him and his successors.@#9|@#10|@#12|@#13|@#14|@1625|The citadel was complete restored. Its 81 metres deep well was dug at that time.@#23|@#25|@1688|The imperial army that invaded Transylvania besieged the town. Some of the inhabitants fled to the citadel.@May 26, 1688|General Johann Friedrich Ambrosius von Veterani captured and set the town and the citadel on fire on 26 May.@August, 1690|When Th\u00f6k\u00f6ly Imre took control of Transylvania, an imperial garrison was placed in the citadel under the command of Count Guttenstein, who caused much suffering to the town and the neighbourhood.@#26|@#27|@1773|Joseph II, the heir to the imperial throne, visited Brass\u00f3 as well during his round trip in Hungary. He visited the citadel and ordered its renovation at the expanse of the treasury.@1782|The renovation was not yet finished, when the emperor offered the citadel for purchase to the town for 15,000 forints. The council of Brass\u00f3 decided not to purchase the citadel. After that, the citadel functioned as a prison for a while. In 1789 Turkish and in 1809 French prisoners of war were held captive within its walls. 19 years later, during the great plague, people suspected of contagion were quarantined here.@1817|Empress Caroline Augusta visited the citadel. A plaque was placed in memory of this event on the main gate.@1817|The new entrance called K\u00e1rolyi Gate was built in place of the old gate.@#28|@March 1849|The Hungarian army of General Bem J\u00f3zsef captured Brass\u00f3 together with the citadel.@June 19, 1849|The Russian army of General L\u00fcderz invaded Brass\u00f3 and captured the citadel after a one day siege. The citadel lost its military significance afterwards.&acta.bibl.u-szeged.hu: Brass\u00f3 r\u00f6vid t\u00f6rt\u00e9nete|http:\/\/acta.bibl.u-szeged.hu\/4966\/1\/belvedere_2004_005_006_027-030.pdf\nOrb\u00e1n Bal\u00e1zs: A Sz\u00e9kelyf\u00f6ld le\u00edr\u00e1sa|https:\/\/www.arcanum.com\/hu\/online-kiadvanyok\/Tunderkert-tunderkert-1\/a-szekelyfold-leirasa-14496\/barczasag-16604\/xiii-brasso-16AB7\/brasso-kivaltsagai-tortenelme-16AC4\/"}],"sights":[{"sightId":2000,"townId":77,"active":2,"name_LO":"","address":"Curtea Honterus","mapdata":"1|994|1924","gps_lat":"45.6410147559","gps_long":"25.5880498938","religion":3,"oldtype":"1","newtype":"1","homepage":"","openinghours":"","muemlekemlink":"https:\/\/www.muemlekem.hu\/hatareset\/Fekete-templom-Brasso-284","csemadoklink":"https:\/\/lexikon.adatbank.transindex.ro\/muemlek.php?id=186","picture":"\u003Ca title=\u0022Mark Ahsmann, CC BY-SA 4.0 \u003Chttps:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by-sa\/4.0\u003E, via Wikimedia Commons\u0022 href=\u0022https:\/\/commons.wikimedia.org\/wiki\/File:20140627_Bra%C5%9Fov_075.jpg\u0022\u003E\u003Cimg width=\u0022512\u0022 alt=\u002220140627 Bra\u015fov 075\u0022 src=\u0022https:\/\/upload.wikimedia.org\/wikipedia\/commons\/thumb\/0\/0d\/20140627_Bra%C5%9Fov_075.jpg\/512px-20140627_Bra%C5%9Fov_075.jpg\u0022\u003E\u003C\/a\u003E","picture_ref":"\u003Ca href=\u0022https:\/\/commons.wikimedia.org\/wiki\/File:20140627_Bra%C5%9Fov_075.jpg\u0022\u003EMark Ahsmann\u003C\/a\u003E, \u003Ca href=\u0022https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by-sa\/4.0\u0022\u003ECC BY-SA 4.0\u003C\/a\u003E, via Wikimedia Commons","name":"Former Assumption of Our Lady Church, Black Church","seolink":"former-assumption-of-our-lady-church-black-church","note":"","history":"The church was built between 1383 and 1424, it was the largest church in the former Hungary (now the largest in Romania) and was originally dedicated to the Assumption of Mary. Above its southern gate is the coat of arms of King Matthias of Hungary and his wife Beatrice of Aragon. It has been a Lutheran church since the Reformation. Next to it stands a statue of the great reformer Honterus J\u00e1nos. It stands in the square called Honterus Court.@\nA popular belief is that soot from the 1689 fire gave the Black Church its black colour, and hence its name. However, 21st-century investigations have found no evidence of fire damage; the church was blackened simply by environmental influences. It should be noted that the name 'Black Church' was not used until the late 19th century.@\nThe church was built between 1383 and 1477, on the site of the church of St Catherine, the parish church of \u00dajbrass\u00f3 destroyed during a Tatar raid, which had been the centre of a deanery from 1295. The parish priest Thomas Sander is credited with starting its construction. In 1384, Kaplai Demeter, Archbishop of Esztergom, and in 1399, Pope Boniface IX granted it a letter of indulgence to provide financial support for the construction. By 1408 the sanctuary was completed. From its completion it was the main parish church of the town dedicated to the Virgin Mary. In 1421, an attack by the Turks set back construction. Then, in 1422, Pope Martin V supported its rebuilding with a letter of indulgence. In 1444, Hunyadi J\u00e1nos forgave the town\u2019s duty of St. Martin's Day, which could be used for the construction of the church. In gratitude, the Hunyadi coat of arms was placed on a column of the nave. By 1475, the construction of the church was probably completed.@\nOriginally designed as a two-towered church, the completed western tower was finally consecrated in 1514. @\nIn 1542, at the time of the Reformation, the town was taken over by the Lutherans. In October 1542, the first German-language Lutheran service in Transylvania was held here. In 1544, on Luther's personal recommendation, Johannes Honterus was elected pastor. On 21 April 1689, it burnt down in a fire attributed by the contemporaries to arson by the imperial army. In 1710-1714, the galleries of the aisles were built, for the aprentices and assistants. The church was damaged again in the earthquake of 1738.@\nIn 1750 the great bell fell from the tower. The church was rebuilt between 1762 and 1772 by master craftsmen from Danzig, when the present vault was also built under the organisation and direction of Stephan Closius, a doctor and town councillor. The present organ was built between 1836 and 1839, and the new altar in 1866.@\nThe restoration work started before the First World War by the National Inspectorate for Monuments was interrupted. The church was restored between 1924 and 25 under the direction of Albert Schuller, and then between 1937 and 44 and between 1984 and 1999.@\nIt is a three-nave Gothic hall church. It is 89 m long, 38 m wide, the nave is 42 m high and the tower is 65 m high. There were probably two side chapels at the west and east ends of the nave until 1656. On the exterior, every second pillar is decorated with a replica of a statue from the same period as the church was built (the originals are kept in the church). The statues depict St John the Baptist, St Michael the Archangel, St James the Apostle, St Nicholas (?), the parish priest Thomas Sander, the founder of the church (?), St Luke the Evangelist, St Paul the Apostle, Christ as Salvator Mundi (Saviour of the World), St Peter and the former patron saint, the Virgin Mary, with the first coat of arms of Brass\u00f3 at her feet.@\nBefore the fire of 1689, it had 22 side altars, and the present high altar, in the style of the church, was built in 1865 to the design of the town architect Peter Bartesch. The central altarpiece (the Sermon on the Mount) is by the Weimar painter Friedrich Martersteig. The Honterus memorial stone in front of the left column of the altar stands on the spot where the reformer was buried. Behind the altar is the tombstone of Thomas Sander, the parish priest who founded the church. Its pulpit and the pews for the councillors were made in 1696, and the sanctuary pews in 1700. The pillar opposite the pulpit bears the Hunyadi coat of arms. On the north wall of the sanctuary is a wall chronicle, Breve Chronicon Daciae, which records events in Transylvania between 1143 and 1571. On the east wall of the south aisle is a picture of Fritz Schullerus: the councillors and the so-called 'hundred fathers' (the town representatives) swearing an oath on 26 December 1543 on Honterus' Book of the Reformation.@\nFrescoes from 1477 in the south entrance hall depict the Annunciation (the so-called Schwarze Madonna), the coat of arms of King Matthias of Hungary and his wife Beatrice, the Adoration of the Kings, St Catherine of Alexandria and St Barbara. An exhibition on the history of the church can be seen under the tower.@\nIt had seven bells until 1914, when three of them were dismantled and melted down to cast cannons. Its 7,300 kg great bell is the largest movable bell in present day Romania and originally dates from 1514, but was recast in 1858 after the fire in 1689 and after it fell from the tower in 1750. It was built by Carl August Buchholz from Berlin between 1836 and 1839.@\nThe church houses the largest collection of Anatolian carpets in Europe outside Turkey. The 119 carpets, made in the 16th and 18th centuries, were bought by Saxon merchants travelling through Turkey and donated to the parish. Today they decorate the church interior. Other treasures of the church include a baptismal font made in 1476 by a master craftsman from Segesv\u00e1r and donated by the merchant Johannes Reudel, a Gothic cast-iron sacristy and two chalices made in 1504. On the south side is a statue of Johannes Honterus, by Harro Magnussen, from 1898.\n&\nwikipedia: Fekete templom|https:\/\/hu.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Fekete_templom"},{"sightId":2001,"townId":77,"active":1,"name_LO":"","address":"Strada Sf\u00e2ntul Ioan 7","mapdata":"1|1430|1384","gps_lat":"45.6441837998","gps_long":"25.5918415225","religion":1,"oldtype":"9","newtype":"9","homepage":"http:\/\/www.ofm.ro\/hazaink-2007.12.23","openinghours":"","muemlekemlink":"https:\/\/www.muemlekem.hu\/hatareset\/Keresztelo-Szent-Janos-ferences-templom-Brasso-1059","csemadoklink":"https:\/\/lexikon.adatbank.transindex.ro\/muemlek.php?id=245","picture":"\u003Ca title=\u0022NeaAlecu, CC BY-SA 4.0 <https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by-sa\/4.0>, via Wikimedia Commons\u0022 href=\u0022https:\/\/commons.wikimedia.org\/wiki\/File:Biserica_%E2%80%9DSf._Ioan_Botez%C4%83torul%E2%80%9D.JPG\u0022\u003E\u003Cimg width=\u0022512\u0022 alt=\u0022Biserica \u201dSf. Ioan Botez\u0103torul\u201d\u0022 src=\u0022https:\/\/upload.wikimedia.org\/wikipedia\/commons\/thumb\/3\/3c\/Biserica_%E2%80%9DSf._Ioan_Botez%C4%83torul%E2%80%9D.JPG\/512px-Biserica_%E2%80%9DSf._Ioan_Botez%C4%83torul%E2%80%9D.JPG\u0022\u003E\u003C\/a\u003E","picture_ref":"\u003Ca href=\u0022https:\/\/commons.wikimedia.org\/wiki\/File:Biserica_%E2%80%9DSf._Ioan_Botez%C4%83torul%E2%80%9D.JPG\u0022\u003ENeaAlecu\u003C\/a\u003E, \u003Ca href=\u0022https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by-sa\/4.0\u0022\u003ECC BY-SA 4.0\u003C\/a\u003E, via Wikimedia Commons","name":"St. John the Baptist Franciscan Church and Monastery","seolink":"st-john-the-baptist-franciscan-church-and-monastery","note":"","history":"The monastery, founded by the Clarisses, was first mentioned in 1486. Around 1543, the monastery of the Poor Clares was shut down in the town, which became Protestant. The church and the monastery then fell into the hands of the Lutgerans, who used it as a granary for more than a hundred years. In 1644 it was restored and became a Lutheran church. The first Franciscan returned to the town in 1688, Brother Eliseus de Sancto Georgio, who came from Austria. In 1716 the church was given to the Jesuits with the support of the Austrian military administration. It burnt down in 1718. In 1724 it was restored to the Franciscans through the intervention of Generals K\u00f6n\u00f6gsegg and Tige. It was restored in 1725, thanks to a donation from General Tige. Its furnishings were made by Franciscan craftsmen. The wooden vault of the nave was made by Horv\u00e1th Gy\u00f6rgy in 1834.@\nIts altarpiece shows the baptism of Jesus Christ. The organ was made in 1751. It was here that Fr. Csisz\u00e9r Elek (+1942), who worked on the reform of the Order, and Fr. Boros Fortuna (+1953), who was taken from this monastery on 20 August 1951 to the Jilava prison, where he was martyred for his faith, served. The beatification of both of them is in progress.\n&\nwikipedia: Ferences templom \u00e9s kolostor (Brass\u00f3)|https:\/\/hu.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Ferences_templom_%C3%A9s_kolostor_(Brass%C3%B3)"},{"sightId":2002,"townId":77,"active":1,"name_LO":"","address":"Strada Mure\u0219enilor 19","mapdata":"1|1125|1336","gps_lat":"45.6445171098","gps_long":"25.5892271774","religion":1,"oldtype":"1","newtype":"1","homepage":"http:\/\/peterespal.ro\/hu\/hu\/","openinghours":"","muemlekemlink":"https:\/\/www.muemlekem.hu\/hatareset\/Szent-Peter-es-Pal-plebaniatemplom-Brasso-1065","csemadoklink":"https:\/\/lexikon.adatbank.transindex.ro\/muemlek.php?id=269","picture":"\u003Ca title=\u0022Andrei Dan Suciu, CC BY 3.0 <https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/3.0>, via Wikimedia Commons\u0022 href=\u0022https:\/\/commons.wikimedia.org\/wiki\/File:Biserica_Catolica,_Bra%C8%99ov_-_panoramio.jpg\u0022\u003E\u003Cimg width=\u0022512\u0022 alt=\u0022Biserica Catolica, Bra\u0219ov - panoramio\u0022 src=\u0022https:\/\/upload.wikimedia.org\/wikipedia\/commons\/thumb\/7\/74\/Biserica_Catolica%2C_Bra%C8%99ov_-_panoramio.jpg\/512px-Biserica_Catolica%2C_Bra%C8%99ov_-_panoramio.jpg\u0022\u003E\u003C\/a\u003E","picture_ref":"\u003Ca href=\u0022https:\/\/commons.wikimedia.org\/wiki\/File:Biserica_Catolica,_Bra%C8%99ov_-_panoramio.jpg\u0022\u003EAndrei Dan Suciu\u003C\/a\u003E, \u003Ca href=\u0022https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/3.0\u0022\u003ECC BY 3.0\u003C\/a\u003E, via Wikimedia Commons","name":"St. Peter and Paul Roman Catholic Parish Church","seolink":"st-peter-and-paul-roman-catholic-parish-church","note":"","history":"In 1323, the universal convention of the order in Barcelona allowed the Dominicans to settle in Brass\u00f3. Their church and monastery, which stood on the site of the present church, were first mentioned in 1342. After the Reformation in the 16th century, it was used by the Hungarian Lutheran community. In 1711 it became the property of the Franciscan Order. In 1716 it became the property of the Jesuits. In 1766 the Gothic monastery church was demolished. In 1773, the Catholic parish priest Ignatius Wagenseil asked Empress Maria Theresa for help to rebuild it. On 3 June 1776, under the parish priest Uzoni B\u00e9ldi J\u00e1nos, the reconstruction began, based on the plans of the architect Karl Joseph Lamasch. It was consecrated on 29 September 1782 by Count Batty\u00e1ny Ign\u00e1c, Bishop of Transylvania. In 1840 the Roman Catholic grammar school was established. The stained glass windows were made in Budapest between 1891 and 1894. The monumental cross at the entrance was erected in 1782.\n&\nwikipedia: Brass\u00f3-belv\u00e1rosi r\u00f3mai katolikus templom|https:\/\/hu.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Brass%C3%B3-belv%C3%A1rosi_r%C3%B3mai_katolikus_templom"},{"sightId":2003,"townId":77,"active":1,"name_LO":"Biserica Sf\u00e2ntul Bartolomeu","address":"Strada Lung\u0103 251","mapdata":"","gps_lat":"45.6626916094","gps_long":"25.5775433405","religion":3,"oldtype":"1","newtype":"1","homepage":"http:\/\/www.bartholomae.ro\/","openinghours":"","muemlekemlink":"https:\/\/www.muemlekem.hu\/hatareset\/Szent-Bertalan-evangelikus-templom-Brasso-1054","csemadoklink":"https:\/\/lexikon.adatbank.transindex.ro\/muemlek.php?id=223","picture":"\u003Ca title=\u0022Andrei Dan Suciu, CC BY 3.0 <https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/3.0>, via Wikimedia Commons\u0022 href=\u0022https:\/\/commons.wikimedia.org\/wiki\/File:Biserica_%22Sfantul_Bartolomeu%22-Brasov_-_panoramio.jpg\u0022\u003E\u003Cimg width=\u0022512\u0022 alt=\u0022Biserica Sfantul Bartolomeu-Brasov - panoramio\u0022 src=\u0022https:\/\/upload.wikimedia.org\/wikipedia\/commons\/thumb\/b\/b0\/Biserica_%22Sfantul_Bartolomeu%22-Brasov_-_panoramio.jpg\/512px-Biserica_%22Sfantul_Bartolomeu%22-Brasov_-_panoramio.jpg\u0022\u003E\u003C\/a\u003E","picture_ref":"\u003Ca href=\u0022https:\/\/commons.wikimedia.org\/wiki\/File:Biserica_%22Sfantul_Bartolomeu%22-Brasov_-_panoramio.jpg\u0022\u003EAndrei Dan Suciu\u003C\/a\u003E, \u003Ca href=\u0022https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/3.0\u0022\u003ECC BY 3.0\u003C\/a\u003E, via Wikimedia Commons","name":"St. Bartholomew Lutheran Church, Bartholom\u00e4uskirche","seolink":"st-bartholomew-lutheran-church-bartholomauskirche","note":"","history":"The Saxon Lutheran Church of St Bartholomew in Brass\u00f3 (German: Bartholom\u00e4uskirche) stands on the border of \u00d3brasso and the Bertalan quarter named after the church, under the Gespreng hill.@\nDuring the perion of the House of \u00c1rp\u00e1d, there was already a church on its site and a settlement around it, which we can only assume was owned by the Teutonic Knights and after their expulsion by the Abbey of Kerc. This is indicated by the fact that the present church, built in the 13th and 14th centuries, bears the hallmarks of the (Cistercian) style of the Abbey of Kerc. It is a three-nave basilica with a transept, in early Gothic style with Romanesque elements.@\nThe Hungarians of Brass\u00f3 later called it the Church of the Orphan girls, because according to tradition it was built by three orphaned daughters who were buried under the altar. After the town was established, it became the parish church of the northern part of \u00d3brass\u00f3. After the destruction of the Turks in 1421 and Vlad \u021aepe\u0219's army in 1460, it was rebuilt with major modifications and received its present ceiling. In 1502, a school was mentioned next to it. Its main altar was completed in 1791. It was restored at the beginning of the 19th century, but its tower collapsed in the 1833 earthquake and was replaced by a taller one in 1840-1842. It is surrounded by a cemetery and a defensive wall. The parsonage was built in 1905. Since 2003 it has housed an exhibition of Saxon ethnography.\n&\nwikipedia: Szent Bertalan-templom (Brass\u00f3)|https:\/\/hu.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Szent_Bertalan-templom_(Brass%C3%B3)"},{"sightId":2004,"townId":77,"active":1,"name_LO":"Biserica Evanghelic\u0103 Sf\u00e2ntul Martin","address":"Dealul de jos 12.","mapdata":"1|1029|134","gps_lat":"45.6517937103","gps_long":"25.5885140372","religion":3,"oldtype":"1","newtype":"1","homepage":"","openinghours":"","muemlekemlink":"https:\/\/www.muemlekem.hu\/hatareset\/Martonhegyi-szasz-evangelikus-templom-Brasso-1062","csemadoklink":"https:\/\/lexikon.adatbank.transindex.ro\/muemlek.php?id=185","picture":"\u003Ca title=\u0022Andrei kokelburg, CC BY-SA 3.0 RO <https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by-sa\/3.0\/ro\/deed.en>, via Wikimedia Commons\u0022 href=\u0022https:\/\/commons.wikimedia.org\/wiki\/File:Brasov_Biserica_evanghelica_Sf.Martin_(1).jpg\u0022\u003E\u003Cimg width=\u0022512\u0022 alt=\u0022Brasov Biserica evanghelica Sf.Martin (1)\u0022 src=\u0022https:\/\/upload.wikimedia.org\/wikipedia\/commons\/thumb\/0\/06\/Brasov_Biserica_evanghelica_Sf.Martin_%281%29.jpg\/512px-Brasov_Biserica_evanghelica_Sf.Martin_%281%29.jpg\u0022\u003E\u003C\/a\u003E","picture_ref":"\u003Ca href=\u0022https:\/\/commons.wikimedia.org\/wiki\/File:Brasov_Biserica_evanghelica_Sf.Martin_(1).jpg\u0022\u003EAndrei kokelburg\u003C\/a\u003E, \u003Ca href=\u0022https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by-sa\/3.0\/ro\/deed.en\u0022\u003ECC BY-SA 3.0 RO\u003C\/a\u003E, via Wikimedia Commons","name":"St. Martin Lutheran Church, Church on Martin Hill, Martinsberger Kirche","seolink":"st-martin-lutheran-church-church-on-martin-hill-martinsberger-kirche","note":"","history":"The Saxon Lutheran Church of St. Martin (or Martinsberger Kirche in German) is located in \u00d3brass\u00f3, on the western side of the hill of the Citadel. The western side of the citadel hill is also called Martinsberg (Martinsberg) after its former patron saint. It was built in the 13th century (with a starting date of 1235). It may originally have belonged to the Premonstratensians, later to the Franciscans. King Sigismund of Hungary had a mass celebrated in it in 1395. The church was damaged in the Turkish siege of 1421, and it took several years to repair.@\nIt owes its Gothic elements to its restoration in the early 16th century. Its sanctuary was demolished in 1795-96 and the church was extended twice as long in its place. Its Baroque altarpiece was painted by Martin Schuler in 1730. The painted pulpit canopy and the painted coffers of the parapet also date from the 18th century. Its bell dates from 1521. In 1926 it received a new organ and coloured windows. In the 2000s, it underwent excavation and reconstruction works. Next to it is a cemetery and the former parsonage, built in the 18th century.\n&\nwikipedia: M\u00e1rtonhegyi evang\u00e9likus templom (Brass\u00f3)|https:\/\/hu.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/M%C3%A1rtonhegyi_evang%C3%A9likus_templom_(Brass%C3%B3)"},{"sightId":2005,"townId":77,"active":1,"name_LO":"Brass\u00f3i magyar evang\u00e9likus templom","address":"Str. Iuliu Maniu 2","mapdata":"1|1991|1087","gps_lat":"45.6459999502","gps_long":"25.5965944022","religion":0,"oldtype":"1","newtype":"1","homepage":"https:\/\/hu.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Brass%C3%B3i_magyar_evang%C3%A9likus_templom","openinghours":"","muemlekemlink":"","csemadoklink":"","picture":"\u003Ca title=\u0022Andrei Dan Suciu, CC BY 3.0 <https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/3.0>, via Wikimedia Commons\u0022 href=\u0022https:\/\/commons.wikimedia.org\/wiki\/File:Biserica_Evanghelic%C4%83_Maghiar%C4%83_-_panoramio.jpg\u0022\u003E\u003Cimg width=\u0022512\u0022 alt=\u0022Biserica Evanghelic\u0103 Maghiar\u0103 - panoramio\u0022 src=\u0022https:\/\/upload.wikimedia.org\/wikipedia\/commons\/thumb\/6\/66\/Biserica_Evanghelic%C4%83_Maghiar%C4%83_-_panoramio.jpg\/512px-Biserica_Evanghelic%C4%83_Maghiar%C4%83_-_panoramio.jpg\u0022\u003E\u003C\/a\u003E","picture_ref":"\u003Ca href=\u0022https:\/\/commons.wikimedia.org\/wiki\/File:Biserica_Evanghelic%C4%83_Maghiar%C4%83_-_panoramio.jpg\u0022\u003EAndrei Dan Suciu\u003C\/a\u003E, \u003Ca href=\u0022https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/3.0\u0022\u003ECC BY 3.0\u003C\/a\u003E, via Wikimedia Commons","name":"Hungarian Lutheran Church","seolink":"hungarian-lutheran-church","note":"","history":"The church was built in 1783 by the Hungarian Lutherans of Brass\u00f3, who had previously shared the former St. Barbara's Chapel with the Saxons, and later the church on Kert\u00e9sz Street. It was here that the Hungarian pastors of Barcas\u00e1g held the convention in 1886, at which they declared the establishment of an independent Hungarian Lutheran diocese in Transylvania. During the 16th-century Reformation, the Transylvanian Saxons typically converted to Lutheranism, while the Hungarians converted to the Calvinist faith. The Calvinist (Reformed) were given the church on Monastery Street, but the wealthy and influential Saxons eventually lured some of the Hungarians back to Lutheranism, offering various benefits to the priests and the faithful, and the Calvinist faith was hindered. The number of Hungarian Lutherans increased, and in the 17th century they took possession of the Monastery Street church. For a time, the Hungarian Lutherans formed the largest Hungarian congregation in Barcas\u00e1g, but they were gradually absorbed by the Saxons through their Germanising policy: according to Orb\u00e1n Bal\u00e1zs, the Hungarians were not allowed to join the guilds, hold offices, have property, and their religious practice was restricted, so that most of them assimilated voluntarily into Saxon society. Those Hungarians who remained loyal to their nationality were harassed and eventually driven out of their churches. From 1716, the Hungarians used the St. Anthony's Chapel in Hospital Street, but it burnt down in 1718 and was not allowed to be rebuilt. They then moved to the ruined 15th-century chapel of St. Barbara in Bolonya quarter, once part of the leper hospital, alternating its use with the Saxons of Bolonya. In 1777, the Saxon and Hungarian Lutherans built the Bolonya Saxon Lutheran Church on the site of the chapel. There was constant friction between the two communities, so in 1783, under the pastorate of G\u00f6dri J\u00e1nos, the Hungarians built the Hungarian Lutheran church, which was made possible by the 1781 Patent of Toleration issued by Emperor Joseph II. At that time the congregation numbered 511 souls, and in 1860 it had 868 members, more than the Saxon church in Bolonya. The Hungarian Lutherans continued to live within the framework of the Saxon Church. The decision to establish an independent deanery was taken in 1874, and on 25 March 1886 Hungarian pastors from Barcas\u00e1g held a convention in this church, at which they declared the establishment of an independent Hungarian Lutheran diocese in Transylvania.\n&\nwikipedia: Brass\u00f3i magyar evang\u00e9likus templom|https:\/\/hu.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Brass%C3%B3i_magyar_evang%C3%A9likus_templom\n"},{"sightId":2006,"townId":77,"active":1,"name_LO":"","address":"Strada Doctor Ion Cantacuzino 2","mapdata":"1|2450|455","gps_lat":"45.6497745198","gps_long":"25.6005862126","religion":3,"oldtype":"1","newtype":"1","homepage":"https:\/\/hu.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Bolonyai_sz%C3%A1sz_evang%C3%A9likus_templom","openinghours":"","muemlekemlink":"","csemadoklink":"","picture":"\u003Ca title=\u0022Whitepixels, CC0, via Wikimedia Commons\u0022 href=\u0022https:\/\/commons.wikimedia.org\/wiki\/File:RO_BV_Blumana_Saxon_Church_1.jpg\u0022\u003E\u003Cimg width=\u0022512\u0022 alt=\u0022RO BV Blumana Saxon Church 1\u0022 src=\u0022https:\/\/upload.wikimedia.org\/wikipedia\/commons\/thumb\/9\/9f\/RO_BV_Blumana_Saxon_Church_1.jpg\/512px-RO_BV_Blumana_Saxon_Church_1.jpg\u0022\u003E\u003C\/a\u003E","picture_ref":"\u003Ca href=\u0022https:\/\/commons.wikimedia.org\/wiki\/File:RO_BV_Blumana_Saxon_Church_1.jpg\u0022\u003EWhitepixels\u003C\/a\u003E, CC0, via Wikimedia Commons","name":"Saxon Lutheran Church in Bolonya","seolink":"saxon-lutheran-church-in-bolonya","note":"","history":"The site of the church was once the chapel and cemetery of the town leprosy hospital and shelter. References to leprosy date back to 1413, and the first specific mention of the hospice dates back to 1463. The Gothic chapel dedicated to St. Barbara, whose existence is confirmed in 1477, was built next to it. After the end of the epidemics, the hospital was converted into an inn, but the chapel was abandoned after the Reformation, damaged in the battles and raids of the 17th century.@\nIn Bolonya, a predominantly Hungarian suburb of Brasos\u00f3, the number of Germans gradually increased from the 18th century onwards, thanks to the expansionist and assimilationist policies of the Saxons. In 1713, the Saxons of Bolonya designated the ruined St. Barbara's Chapel and the adjacent wooden prayer house as the site of their Lutheran services. In 1718 they were joined by Hungarian Lutherans who had been driven out of the town centre. The two communities took turns using the chapel and the prayer house. In 1739, Lutheran pastor Szeli J\u00f3zsef bought an organ and in 1741 a bell tower was built. In 1755, Empress Maria Theresa approved the enlargement of the chapel, but work did not begin until 1776, when the building was demolished and replaced by the larger church that still stands today It was consecrated by the parish priest Georg Preidt on 19 July 1778. The Saxons and the Hungarians took turns in using the new church, but friction between the two communities continued, and in 1783 the Hungarians built their own Lutheran church, moving out of the Saxon one.\n&\nwikipedia: Bolonyai sz\u00e1sz evang\u00e9likus templom|https:\/\/hu.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Bolonyai_sz%C3%A1sz_evang%C3%A9likus_templom"},{"sightId":2007,"townId":77,"active":1,"name_LO":"","address":"Prundului Stra\u00dfe 3","mapdata":"1|712|2401","gps_lat":"45.6381369982","gps_long":"25.5856052827","religion":3,"oldtype":"1","newtype":"1","homepage":"https:\/\/hu.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Bolg%C3%A1rszegi_evang%C3%A9likus_templom","openinghours":"","muemlekemlink":"","csemadoklink":"","picture":"\u003Ca title=\u0022Whitepixels, CC0, via Wikimedia Commons\u0022 href=\u0022https:\/\/commons.wikimedia.org\/wiki\/File:Biserica_Evanghelica_din_Schei_2.jpg\u0022\u003E\u003Cimg width=\u0022512\u0022 alt=\u0022Biserica Evanghelica din Schei 2\u0022 src=\u0022https:\/\/upload.wikimedia.org\/wikipedia\/commons\/thumb\/9\/9b\/Biserica_Evanghelica_din_Schei_2.jpg\/512px-Biserica_Evanghelica_din_Schei_2.jpg\u0022\u003E\u003C\/a\u003E","picture_ref":"\u003Ca href=\u0022https:\/\/commons.wikimedia.org\/wiki\/File:Biserica_Evanghelica_din_Schei_2.jpg\u0022\u003EWhitepixels\u003C\/a\u003E, CC0, via Wikimedia Commons","name":"Lutheran Vhurch in Bolg\u00e1rszeg, Evangelische Kirche Obere Vorstadt","seolink":"lutheran-vhurch-in-bolgarszeg-evangelische-kirche-obere-vorstadt","note":"","history":"Built in the Baroque style between 1790 and 1794, it is the youngest Lutheran church in the town. Together with its parish, it still serves the Saxon community."},{"sightId":2008,"townId":77,"active":1,"name_LO":"Biserica Sf\u00e2nta Adormire a Maicii Domnului","address":"Pia\u021ba Sfatului 3","mapdata":"1|1164|1597","gps_lat":"45.6429937074","gps_long":"25.5895940138","religion":5,"oldtype":"1","newtype":"1","homepage":"https:\/\/www.crestinortodox.ro\/biserici-manastiri\/biserica-sfanta-adormire-maicii-domnului-cetate-67986.html","openinghours":"","muemlekemlink":"https:\/\/www.muemlekem.hu\/hatareset\/Maria-mennybemenetele-ortodox-templom-Brasso-1061","csemadoklink":"https:\/\/lexikon.adatbank.transindex.ro\/muemlek.php?id=259","picture":"\u003Ca title=\u0022Mark Ahsmann, CC BY-SA 4.0 <https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by-sa\/4.0>, via Wikimedia Commons\u0022 href=\u0022https:\/\/commons.wikimedia.org\/wiki\/File:20140628_Bra%C5%9Fov_17.jpg\u0022\u003E\u003Cimg width=\u0022512\u0022 alt=\u002220140628 Bra\u015fov 17\u0022 src=\u0022https:\/\/upload.wikimedia.org\/wikipedia\/commons\/thumb\/b\/bf\/20140628_Bra%C5%9Fov_17.jpg\/512px-20140628_Bra%C5%9Fov_17.jpg\u0022\u003E\u003C\/a\u003E","picture_ref":"\u003Ca href=\u0022https:\/\/commons.wikimedia.org\/wiki\/File:20140628_Bra%C5%9Fov_17.jpg\u0022\u003EMark Ahsmann\u003C\/a\u003E, \u003Ca href=\u0022https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by-sa\/4.0\u0022\u003ECC BY-SA 4.0\u003C\/a\u003E, via Wikimedia Commons","name":"Dormition of the Mother of God Orthodox Church","seolink":"dormition-of-the-mother-of-god-orthodox-church","note":"","history":"In 1833, the Vlach inhabitants of Brasov built a chapel in the courtyard of a house in B\u00fazasor. The church was built between 1895 and 1899 with donations from Vlach merchants living in the town. It was designed by G. Brus, based on the model of the Orthodox church in Vienna built in 1895. Next to it is the neo-Byzantine towered building of the parish. The tower by the street collapsed in 1940 and was restored only in 1972."},{"sightId":2009,"townId":77,"active":1,"name_LO":"Biserica Sf\u00e2nta Parascheva","address":"Strada Doctor Gheorghe Baiulescu 16","mapdata":"1|783|2608","gps_lat":"45.6368980120","gps_long":"25.5862632425","religion":5,"oldtype":"1","newtype":"1","homepage":"","openinghours":"","muemlekemlink":"","csemadoklink":"","picture":"\u003Ca title=\u0022Whitepixels, CC0, via Wikimedia Commons\u0022 href=\u0022https:\/\/commons.wikimedia.org\/wiki\/File:RO_BV_Groaveri_church_2.jpg\u0022\u003E\u003Cimg width=\u0022512\u0022 alt=\u0022RO BV Groaveri church 2\u0022 src=\u0022https:\/\/upload.wikimedia.org\/wikipedia\/commons\/thumb\/b\/b7\/RO_BV_Groaveri_church_2.jpg\/512px-RO_BV_Groaveri_church_2.jpg\u0022\u003E\u003C\/a\u003E","picture_ref":"\u003Ca href=\u0022https:\/\/commons.wikimedia.org\/wiki\/File:RO_BV_Groaveri_church_2.jpg\u0022\u003EWhitepixels\u003C\/a\u003E, CC0, via Wikimedia Commons","name":"St. Paraskeva Orthodox Church","seolink":"st-paraskeva-orthodox-church","note":"","history":"The church was built by the Orthodox in 1876, originally as a chapel next to their cemetery. It was raised to the status of a church in 1954. It was built on the model of the Orthodox Church of Vienna.\n&\nwelcometoromania.eu: Brass\u00f3, Groaveri ortodox templom|https:\/\/www.welcometoromania.eu\/Brasov\/Brasov_Biserica_Groaveri_m.htm"},{"sightId":2010,"townId":77,"active":1,"name_LO":"Biserica Ortodox\u0103 Sf\u00e2ntul Nicolae","address":"Pia\u021ba Unirii 1","mapdata":"1|235|2813","gps_lat":"45.6356315357","gps_long":"25.5815263154","religion":5,"oldtype":"1","newtype":"1","homepage":"","openinghours":"","muemlekemlink":"https:\/\/www.muemlekem.hu\/hatareset\/Szent-Miklos-ortodox-templom-Brasso-1064","csemadoklink":"https:\/\/lexikon.adatbank.transindex.ro\/muemlek.php?id=224","picture":"\u003Ca title=\u0022I, Sailko, CC BY-SA 3.0 <https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by-sa\/3.0>, via Wikimedia Commons\u0022 href=\u0022https:\/\/commons.wikimedia.org\/wiki\/File:Brasov,_san_nicola_01.JPG\u0022\u003E\u003Cimg width=\u0022512\u0022 alt=\u0022Brasov, san nicola 01\u0022 src=\u0022https:\/\/upload.wikimedia.org\/wikipedia\/commons\/thumb\/d\/df\/Brasov%2C_san_nicola_01.JPG\/512px-Brasov%2C_san_nicola_01.JPG\u0022\u003E\u003C\/a\u003E","picture_ref":"\u003Ca href=\u0022https:\/\/commons.wikimedia.org\/wiki\/File:Brasov,_san_nicola_01.JPG\u0022\u003EI, Sailko\u003C\/a\u003E, \u003Ca href=\u0022https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by-sa\/3.0\u0022\u003ECC BY-SA 3.0\u003C\/a\u003E, via Wikimedia Commons","name":"St. Nicholas Orthodox Church","seolink":"st-nicholas-orthodox-church","note":"","history":"The most spectacular architectural monument of Bolg\u00e1rszeg. It is located in the park overlooking the main square of the district, the Porond (Pia\u021ba Unirii, Anger). It faces east-west. In its gardens stand the building of the First Vlach School, the Museum of the Youth of Brass\u00f3 and the statue of Deacon Coresi.@\nThe first source for the Bolg\u00e1rszeg Orthodox church is a letter of Pope Boniface IX to the Archbishop of Esztergom in 1399, in which he refers to the church of the \u0022schismatics\u0022 of Brass\u00f3. According to excavations, the first stone church in Gothic style with a polygonal sanctuary was built on the site of the present building in 1495, during the reign of Vlad IV the Monk, Prince of Wallachia. However, this first church was either damaged or not spacious enough, because, according to the surviving documents of the parish, in 1518 its priest Petru, leading a large delegation, approached Prince Basarab V (Neagoe) of Wallachia with a request to build a stone church for them. Subsequently, the predecessor of the present church was built. The rulers of the Wallachia continued to support the church with their donations. In 1583, Voivode Petru Cercel enlarged it and had a porch built, and in 1595, Prince Aaron of Moldavia added a tower. An inscription in Old Slavonic above the entrance, dating from 1598, is a reminder of this phase of construction.@\nIts present-day appearance is defined by 18th-century Baroque alterations. The first side chapel was built between 1733 and 1738 and painted inside and out by Gheorghe Ranite from Wallachia in 1738. Its dean, Eustatie Vasilievici (Grid), visited Russia in 1743, where he received substantial sums of money from Empress Elizabeth and others for the benefit of his church in Brass\u00f3. From this, by 1751, the whole church had been restored, a clock tower and a second side chapel were added, also with wall paintings.@\nAccording to the writer Cserei Mih\u00e1ly, on Easter 1710, one of the icons of the church, depicting Christ crucified on the Cross, was sweating blood. Today the church is the centre of two parishes. In its cemetery lie the politicians Aurel Popovici and Nicolae Titulescu.\n&\nwikipedia: Szent Mikl\u00f3s-templom (Brass\u00f3)|https:\/\/hu.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Szent_Mikl%C3%B3s-templom_(Brass%C3%B3)"},{"sightId":2011,"townId":77,"active":1,"name_LO":"Biserica Sf\u00e2nta Treime","address":"Strada George Bari\u021biu 12","mapdata":"1|929|1845","gps_lat":"45.6414709885","gps_long":"25.5875597388","religion":5,"oldtype":"1","newtype":"1","homepage":"","openinghours":"","muemlekemlink":"","csemadoklink":"","picture":"\u003Ca title=\u0022Dimitris Kamaras from Athens, Greece, CC BY 2.0 <https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/2.0>, via Wikimedia Commons\u0022 href=\u0022https:\/\/commons.wikimedia.org\/wiki\/File:Holy_Trinity_church_(Biserica_Sfanta_Treime_din_Cetate),_Brasov_(46424728812).jpg\u0022\u003E\u003Cimg width=\u0022512\u0022 alt=\u0022Holy Trinity church (Biserica Sfanta Treime din Cetate), Brasov (46424728812)\u0022 src=\u0022https:\/\/upload.wikimedia.org\/wikipedia\/commons\/thumb\/e\/e0\/Holy_Trinity_church_%28Biserica_Sfanta_Treime_din_Cetate%29%2C_Brasov_%2846424728812%29.jpg\/512px-Holy_Trinity_church_%28Biserica_Sfanta_Treime_din_Cetate%29%2C_Brasov_%2846424728812%29.jpg\u0022\u003E\u003C\/a\u003E","picture_ref":"\u003Ca href=\u0022https:\/\/commons.wikimedia.org\/wiki\/File:Holy_Trinity_church_(Biserica_Sfanta_Treime_din_Cetate),_Brasov_(46424728812).jpg\u0022\u003EDimitris Kamaras from Athens, Greece\u003C\/a\u003E, \u003Ca href=\u0022https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/2.0\u0022\u003ECC BY 2.0\u003C\/a\u003E, via Wikimedia Commons","name":"Holy Trinity Orthodox Church","seolink":"holy-trinity-orthodox-church","note":"","history":"The so-called Greek Company (merchant society) was founded in 1678. Its members were long-distance wholesale merchants and entrepreneurs, bound together by a corporative spirit, an identical legal status in the Ottoman and later the Habsburg Empire and a specific culture. They used the Greek language among themselves and were all of the Orthodox faith. Their ethnic and linguistic background was heterogeneous: initially, most of them were Aromanians, but there were also a number of Vlachs from Wallachia and Balkan Slavs (Bulgarians and Serbs). During the 18th century, many of the wealthiest Vlach merchants of Bolg\u00e1rszeg also joined the company. Most of the Vlachs from Bolg\u00e1rszeg lost their membership of the Company in 1783 because they did not swear that they were 'Greek' (i.e. from what is now Greece or Macedonia). By the middle of the 19th century, the merchant families of various origins had become linguistically Vlach and clung to Greek only as a sacral language.@\nAfter Emperor Joseph II's Patent of Toleration, in 1786, the Company and the non-member Vlach and Greek merchants and butchers who had moved to the town centre after the imperial decree opened the Saxon towns for other nationalities, were granted permission by the town council to build a church for all Orthodox believers. And at the request of Bishop Gedeon Nikiti\u0107, Greeks and Vlachs agreed to share the church. The building was consecrated in 1788, but the following year the war between the Companist and non-Companist Vlachs, which would continue for more than a century, began.@\nAfter the suppression of the Ipsilantis rebellion in 1821, Greeks from Moldavia and Wallachia fled in large numbers to Brass\u00f3, where they became the majority in the parish. They brought in a Greek priest and removed the Vlach worshippers from the church. In 1833, the expelled Vlach built their own chapel on B\u00fazasor. In the meantime, the Company lost significance, and after the suppression of the 1848 Hungarian Revolution, Bishop Andrei \u0218aguna dismissed the Greek priest and appointed a Vlach in his place. In 1886, a court in Budapest sentenced the parish to the Greeks. Since 1942 the liturgical language of the church has been Romanian.@\nThe oldest of his icons is a Venetian work from 1633. Several of his icons date from the 17th and 18th centuries, others were made in 1851 by the Saxon goldsmith Jekelius. The interior painting is by a painter called Gulimievici from 1859. Its old collection of books and manuscripts was transferred to the Romanian Academy Library in 1931.\n&\nwikipedia: G\u00f6r\u00f6g templom (Brass\u00f3)|https:\/\/hu.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/G%C3%B6r%C3%B6g_templom_(Brass%C3%B3)\nwelcometoromania.eu: Brass\u00f3, A Szenth\u00e1roms\u00e1g templom|https:\/\/www.welcometoromania.eu\/Brasov\/Brasov_Biserica_Sfanta_Treime_m.htm"},{"sightId":2012,"townId":77,"active":1,"name_LO":"Sinagoga Veche","address":"Castelului 64","mapdata":"1|1436|2103","gps_lat":"45.6399307626","gps_long":"25.5918326474","religion":6,"oldtype":"8","newtype":"121","homepage":"","openinghours":"","muemlekemlink":"https:\/\/www.muemlekem.hu\/hatareset\/Ortodox-zsinagoga-Brasso-1601","csemadoklink":"","picture":"\u003Ca title=\u0022Emmanuel DYAN from Paris, France, CC BY 2.0 <https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/2.0>, via Wikimedia Commons\u0022 href=\u0022https:\/\/commons.wikimedia.org\/wiki\/File:Orthodox_synagogue_brasov.jpg\u0022\u003E\u003Cimg width=\u0022512\u0022 alt=\u0022Orthodox synagogue brasov\u0022 src=\u0022https:\/\/upload.wikimedia.org\/wikipedia\/commons\/thumb\/0\/0e\/Orthodox_synagogue_brasov.jpg\/512px-Orthodox_synagogue_brasov.jpg\u0022\u003E\u003C\/a\u003E","picture_ref":"\u003Ca href=\u0022https:\/\/commons.wikimedia.org\/wiki\/File:Orthodox_synagogue_brasov.jpg\u0022\u003EEmmanuel DYAN from Paris, France\u003C\/a\u003E, \u003Ca href=\u0022https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/2.0\u0022\u003ECC BY 2.0\u003C\/a\u003E, via Wikimedia Commons","name":"Orthodox Synagage","seolink":"orthodox-synagage","note":"","history":"The synagogue was built in 1926. In the Middle Ages it was the site of the so-called \u0022lepers' church\u0022, later used by Lutherans and then Calvinists. In 1941 it was ransacked and looted by the Romanian nationalist Iron Guard. Today it is used as a warehouse.\n&\nwikipedia: Ortodox zsinag\u00f3ga (Brass\u00f3)|https:\/\/hu.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Ortodox_zsinag%C3%B3ga_(Brass%C3%B3)"},{"sightId":2013,"townId":77,"active":1,"name_LO":"Sinagoga Beit Israel Bra\u0219ov","address":"Str. Poarta \u0218chei 27","mapdata":"1|971|2203","gps_lat":"45.6392732449","gps_long":"25.5878830358","religion":6,"oldtype":"8","newtype":"8","homepage":"","openinghours":"","muemlekemlink":"https:\/\/www.muemlekem.hu\/hatareset\/Neolog-zsinagoga-Brasso-1600","csemadoklink":"","picture":"\u003Ca title=\u0022Mark Ahsmann, CC BY-SA 4.0 <https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by-sa\/4.0>, via Wikimedia Commons\u0022 href=\u0022https:\/\/commons.wikimedia.org\/wiki\/File:20140627_Bra%C5%9Fov_157.jpg\u0022\u003E\u003Cimg width=\u0022512\u0022 alt=\u002220140627 Bra\u015fov 157\u0022 src=\u0022https:\/\/upload.wikimedia.org\/wikipedia\/commons\/thumb\/d\/d4\/20140627_Bra%C5%9Fov_157.jpg\/512px-20140627_Bra%C5%9Fov_157.jpg\u0022\u003E\u003C\/a\u003E","picture_ref":"\u003Ca href=\u0022https:\/\/commons.wikimedia.org\/wiki\/File:20140627_Bra%C5%9Fov_157.jpg\u0022\u003EMark Ahsmann\u003C\/a\u003E, \u003Ca href=\u0022https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by-sa\/4.0\u0022\u003ECC BY-SA 4.0\u003C\/a\u003E, via Wikimedia Commons","name":"Neolog Synagogue","seolink":"neolog-synagogue","note":"","history":"Jews were already living in Brass\u00f3 in the 15th century, but they were not officially allowed to settle until 1807. Brass\u00f3 was the first Saxon town where Jewish merchants played a role, and they were the ones who wrote the petition that later allowed Jews to settle in other Transylvanian towns.@\nAfter 1868, the congregation became neolog, and in 1877 it split into two branches: the neolog (led by Aronshon L\u00f6bl) favoring integration and the nationalist orthodox (led by Adler Bernhard). Both communities built their own prayer houses. The Neologue synagogue was built between 1899 and 1901 at 29 Orphanage Street, designed by Baumhorn Lip\u00f3t in the Moorish style, and inaugurated on 20 August 1901 by Rabbi Ludovic Pap-Rosenberg.@\nIn the first four decades of the 20th century, the Jewish community in the city grew to 3,494. In November 1940, the synagogue was damaged by the Romanian Iron Guard, who smashed its equipment. The building was used as a gymnasium until 1944, and was repaired after the Second World War. In 1949, the neolog and orthodox denominations were reunited. After the establishment of the State of Israel, the majority of Jews emigrated, and their numbers in the city were greatly reduced.\n&\nwikipedia: Neol\u00f3g zsinag\u00f3ga (Brass\u00f3)|https:\/\/hu.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Neol%C3%B3g_zsinag%C3%B3ga_(Brass%C3%B3)"},{"sightId":2014,"townId":77,"active":1,"name_LO":"","address":"Mure\u015fenilor 19","mapdata":"1|1128|1367","gps_lat":"45.6443174573","gps_long":"25.5892347471","religion":1,"oldtype":"4","newtype":"4","homepage":"","openinghours":"","muemlekemlink":"https:\/\/www.muemlekem.hu\/hatareset\/Romai-katolikus-plebania-Brasso-1063","csemadoklink":"https:\/\/lexikon.adatbank.transindex.ro\/muemlek.php?id=271","picture":"\u003Ca title=\u0022Andrei Dan Suciu, CC BY 3.0 <https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/3.0>, via Wikimedia Commons\u0022 href=\u0022https:\/\/commons.wikimedia.org\/wiki\/File:Biserica_Catolica,_Bra%C8%99ov_-_panoramio.jpg\u0022\u003E\u003Cimg width=\u0022512\u0022 alt=\u0022Biserica Catolica, Bra\u0219ov - panoramio\u0022 src=\u0022https:\/\/upload.wikimedia.org\/wikipedia\/commons\/thumb\/7\/74\/Biserica_Catolica%2C_Bra%C8%99ov_-_panoramio.jpg\/512px-Biserica_Catolica%2C_Bra%C8%99ov_-_panoramio.jpg\u0022\u003E\u003C\/a\u003E","picture_ref":"\u003Ca href=\u0022https:\/\/commons.wikimedia.org\/wiki\/File:Biserica_Catolica,_Bra%C8%99ov_-_panoramio.jpg\u0022\u003EAndrei Dan Suciu\u003C\/a\u003E, \u003Ca href=\u0022https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/3.0\u0022\u003ECC BY 3.0\u003C\/a\u003E, via Wikimedia Commons","name":"Roman Catholic Parish","seolink":"roman-catholic-parish","note":"","history":"It was built between 1778 and 1782, at the same time as the adjoining Roman Catholic parish church of Saints Peter and Paul. In the courtyard stands a wooden memorial column (kopjafa) to the deceased teachers of the \u00c1prily Lajos Grammar School, which was re-established after 1989."},{"sightId":2015,"townId":77,"active":1,"name_LO":"Bastionul \u021aes\u0103torilor","address":"Strada George Co\u0219buc 9, Bra\u0219ov 500015, Rom\u00e1nia","mapdata":"1|1098|2600","gps_lat":"45.6369004826","gps_long":"25.5889338294","religion":0,"oldtype":"24","newtype":"98","homepage":"http:\/\/www.brasovistorie.ro\/despre-muzeu\/istoria-cladirilor\/bastionul-tesatorilor","openinghours":"","muemlekemlink":"https:\/\/www.muemlekem.hu\/hatareset\/Varosi-eroditesrendszer-Brasso-1052","csemadoklink":"https:\/\/lexikon.adatbank.transindex.ro\/muemlek.php?id=272","picture":"\u003Ca title=\u0022Whitepixels, CC0, via Wikimedia Commons\u0022 href=\u0022https:\/\/commons.wikimedia.org\/wiki\/File:Bastionul_Tesatorilor_Brasov_3.jpg\u0022\u003E\u003Cimg width=\u0022512\u0022 alt=\u0022Bastionul Tesatorilor Brasov 3\u0022 src=\u0022https:\/\/upload.wikimedia.org\/wikipedia\/commons\/thumb\/9\/94\/Bastionul_Tesatorilor_Brasov_3.jpg\/512px-Bastionul_Tesatorilor_Brasov_3.jpg\u0022\u003E\u003C\/a\u003E","picture_ref":"\u003Ca href=\u0022https:\/\/commons.wikimedia.org\/wiki\/File:Bastionul_Tesatorilor_Brasov_3.jpg\u0022\u003EWhitepixels\u003C\/a\u003E, CC0, via Wikimedia Commons","name":"Weaver's Bastion, Weberbastei, History Museum of Brass\u00f3 County","seolink":"weavers-bastion-weberbastei-history-museum-of-brasso-county","note":"","history":"The Bastion of the Weavers (Romanian: Bastionul \u021aes\u0103torilor, German: Weberbastei) is the southern corner bastion of the town fortifications of Brass\u00f3. It was built at the beginning of the 15th century and took its present form in the 16th century. The building in the courtyard houses the permanent exhibition of the Brass\u00f3 County History Museum.@\nOriginally a two-storey bastion, it was built between 1421-1436 by the Weavers' Guild along with the very first walls of Brass\u00f3, and was designed to function as a separate castle if necessary. The bastion was first mentioned in documents in 1522. In 1554, the south-western defences were reinforced by the addition of a second wall. Between 1570 and 1573, two more storeys and two towers were added to the bastion.@\nSouth of the bastion there was a shooting range (Czylstatt) in the 16th and 17th centuries, where members of the Brass\u00f3 guilds and brotherhoods and students of the Saxon grammar school practised. It was destroyed by fire in 1689. The bastion was spared by the fire, but it partially collapsed during an earthquake in June 1710 and was only restored in 1750. At the end of the 18th century, the defensive role of the bastion was lost due to the development of military technology. Between 1800 and 1807, several buildings were erected inside: the Guildhall, a guardroom and a ballroom (Hochzeitsaal), where weddings were held in the first half of the century. In 1857, a tree nursery was established next to the bastion; it is now a park and a playground.@\nAfter the guilds were abolished in 1877, the city took over the assets of the weaver's guild, including the bastion, paying compensation. In 1884, the town leased it to the Lutheran parish, which opened a workshop school in it, where interested youngsters were introduced to the mysteries of plaster moulding. In 1899 the parish bought it. Renovations were carried out in 1910, and from 1913 onwards the Saxon Museum of Barcas\u00e1g held exhibitions in the buildings. In 1948, the communists who came to power nationalized the building, and in 1950 it was taken over by the newly established county museum.@\nIts irregular hexagonal shape, 36 to 40 metres on each side, encloses a courtyard of 1616 m\u00b2. It is 12-17 metres high, with stone and brick walls 4.3 metres thick at the bottom and 1.5 metres thick at the top. Inside, a four-storey wooden scaffolding is attached to the wall, which has openings at each storeys: loopholes for cannons and pitch openings at the lower two levels, and small loopholes for rifles at the upper storeys, which were built later. It has two watchtowers, a north-east and a south-east, from which it was possible to keep an eye on most of the south-west and south-east walls. It was originally connected by a low section of wall to the tower of the cutlers, built on the side of the Cenk Hill.@\nThis is one of the best preserved bastions of the town fortification, still intact in its 16th century form. Inside, the permanent exhibition \u0022Brass\u00f3 Castle and fortifications of Barcas\u00e1g\u0022 of the County Museum displays old photographs, Turkish weapons and former objects of the weaver's guild. The most interesting attraction is a 1:200 scale model of the 17th century Brass\u00f3 town fortifications, made by the sculptor and drawing teacher Friedrich Hermann for the celebrations of the Hungarian Millennium in 1896. The Romanian communist leadership objected that the model only showed the Saxon-inhabited town fortress, so in 1968 a model of the 19th century Vlach-inhabited Boolg\u00e1rszeg was also made.\n&\nwikipedia: Tak\u00e1csok b\u00e1sty\u00e1ja|https:\/\/hu.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Tak%C3%A1csok_b%C3%A1sty%C3%A1ja\nwelcometoromania.eu: Brass\u00f3, Lensz\u00f6v\u0151k-b\u00e1sty\u00e1ja, Tak\u00e1cs-b\u00e1stya|https:\/\/www.welcometoromania.eu\/Brasov\/Brasov_Bastionul_tesatorilor_m.htm"},{"sightId":2016,"townId":77,"active":1,"name_LO":"Turnul Negru","address":"Strada Dup\u0103 Ziduri","mapdata":"1|715|1875","gps_lat":"45.6412912816","gps_long":"25.5857015687","religion":0,"oldtype":"24","newtype":"24","homepage":"","openinghours":"","muemlekemlink":"https:\/\/www.muemlekem.hu\/hatareset\/Varosi-eroditesrendszer-Brasso-1052","csemadoklink":"https:\/\/lexikon.adatbank.transindex.ro\/muemlek.php?id=272","picture":"\u003Ca title=\u0022Auguste at Hungarian Wikipedia, CC BY-SA 2.5 <https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by-sa\/2.5>, via Wikimedia Commons\u0022 href=\u0022https:\/\/commons.wikimedia.org\/wiki\/File:Fekete-torony_(Brass%C3%B3).jpg\u0022\u003E\u003Cimg width=\u0022256\u0022 alt=\u0022Fekete-torony (Brass\u00f3)\u0022 src=\u0022https:\/\/upload.wikimedia.org\/wikipedia\/commons\/thumb\/d\/d0\/Fekete-torony_%28Brass%C3%B3%29.jpg\/256px-Fekete-torony_%28Brass%C3%B3%29.jpg\u0022\u003E\u003C\/a\u003E","picture_ref":"\u003Ca href=\u0022https:\/\/commons.wikimedia.org\/wiki\/File:Fekete-torony_(Brass%C3%B3).jpg\u0022\u003EAuguste at Hungarian Wikipedia\u003C\/a\u003E, \u003Ca href=\u0022https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by-sa\/2.5\u0022\u003ECC BY-SA 2.5\u003C\/a\u003E, via Wikimedia Commons","name":"Black Tower, Schwarze Turm","seolink":"black-tower-schwarze-turm","note":"","history":"The town was defended by two towers, the Black and White Towers, which still stand today, on the Warte hill on the north side. The Black Tower is one of the four medieval outer watchtowers of Brass\u00f3. It stands on the side of the Raupenberg, close to the Blacksmiths' bastion. It owes its name to the fact that it was struck by lightning in 1559 and was blackened with soot for hundreds of years.@\nThe exact date of its construction is not known, but it was probably built around 1400, together with the first walls of the town fortress. Its purpose was to control the area and repel attackers: without a guard, the enemy could easily approach the town from the Warthe hill and destroy the walls by hurling down rocks. In addition, a 300 kg chain lowered from the tower could be used to close the passage between the rock and the castle wall, bypassing the town fortress in case of danger and 'to prevent smuggling'.@\nIt was first mentioned in documents in 1541. On 23 July 1559, a lightning strike set it on fire, damaging it, burning the roof and blackening the walls. It was repaired in 1669 but was damaged again by fire in 1689 and a lightning strike in 1696. It was repaired again in the early 18th century. It was last used as a watchtower during the plague epidemic of 1756-1757, when guards were stationed here to quarantine the town. In July 1991, rains caused the southern wall to collapse. It was then controversially stripped of its soot layer and covered with a glass roof during renovation. In the early 2000s, the arms exhibition of the county museum was opened in the tower, but it was closed in 2015 as it was not profitable; the interior of the tower has not been open to the public since.\n&\nwikipedia: Fekete torony (Brass\u00f3)|https:\/\/hu.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Fekete_torony_(Brass%C3%B3)\nwelcometoromania.eu: Brass\u00f3, Fekete torony|https:\/\/www.welcometoromania.eu\/Brasov\/Brasov_Turnul_Negru_m.htm"},{"sightId":2017,"townId":77,"active":1,"name_LO":"Turnul Alb","address":"Calea Poienii","mapdata":"1|812|1612","gps_lat":"45.6428932573","gps_long":"25.5865699834","religion":0,"oldtype":"24","newtype":"24","homepage":"","openinghours":"","muemlekemlink":"https:\/\/www.muemlekem.hu\/hatareset\/Varosi-eroditesrendszer-Brasso-1052","csemadoklink":"https:\/\/lexikon.adatbank.transindex.ro\/muemlek.php?id=272","picture":"\u003Ca title=\u0022Dickelbers, CC BY-SA 3.0 <https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by-sa\/3.0>, via Wikimedia Commons\u0022 href=\u0022https:\/\/commons.wikimedia.org\/wiki\/File:046_Roemeni%C3%AB_(Brasov)_2005_%C2%A9_DJE.jpg\u0022\u003E\u003Cimg width=\u0022512\u0022 alt=\u0022046 Roemeni\u00eb (Brasov) 2005 \u00a9 DJE\u0022 src=\u0022https:\/\/upload.wikimedia.org\/wikipedia\/commons\/thumb\/4\/45\/046_Roemeni%C3%AB_%28Brasov%29_2005_%C2%A9_DJE.jpg\/512px-046_Roemeni%C3%AB_%28Brasov%29_2005_%C2%A9_DJE.jpg\u0022\u003E\u003C\/a\u003E","picture_ref":"\u003Ca href=\u0022https:\/\/commons.wikimedia.org\/wiki\/File:046_Roemeni%C3%AB_(Brasov)_2005_%C2%A9_DJE.jpg\u0022\u003EDickelbers\u003C\/a\u003E, \u003Ca href=\u0022https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by-sa\/3.0\u0022\u003ECC BY-SA 3.0\u003C\/a\u003E, via Wikimedia Commons","name":"White Tower, Wei\u00dfer Turm","seolink":"white-tower-wei\u00dfer-turm","note":"","history":"The town was defended by two towers, the Black and White Towers, which still stand today, on the Warte hill on the north side. The White Tower is one of the four medieval outer watchtowers of Brass\u00f3. It stands on the B\u00e1cs\u00e9l hill, which rises northeast above the city centre, next to the road leading to Brass\u00f3poj\u00e1na. It takes its name from its white plasterwork.@\nIt was built in 1460 or 1494. Its purpose was to control the surroundings and repel attackers: without a guard, the enemy could easily approach the town from the Warthe hill and destroy the walls by hurling down rocks. At the beginning of the 16th century, the Graft Bastion was built under the tower, bridging the K\u00f6sz\u00f6r\u0171 Brook; from here, the White Tower was supplied with ammunition and food via a drawbridge, and a change of defenders was ensured during sieges.@\nThe tower was built and guarded by members of the tin and copper foundry guilds, with two men on watch even in peacetime. After a while the tin-casting craftsmen were too few, so the obligation was bought back in 1678.@\nIt burnt down in the fire of 1689 and was only restored in 1723. From 1888 to 1960, the Royal Walkway, created by Oskar Alesius, ran along the White Tower, offering an exceptional view of the whole valley, but was dismantled when the Poy\u00e1na road was built. In 2004-2005, it underwent a major renovation, it was painted and a glass roof, a staircase leading to the entrance and a viewing gallery were added.\n&\nwikipedia: Feh\u00e9r torony (Brass\u00f3)|https:\/\/hu.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Feh%C3%A9r_torony_(Brass%C3%B3)\nwelcometoromania.eu: Brass\u00f3, Feh\u00e9r torony|https:\/\/www.welcometoromania.eu\/Brasov\/Brasov_Turnul_Alb_m.htm"},{"sightId":2018,"townId":77,"active":1,"name_LO":"Bastionul Fierarilor, Direc\u021bia Jude\u021bean\u0103 a Arhivelor Na\u021bionale","address":"Strada George Bari\u021biu 34","mapdata":"1|735|1985","gps_lat":"45.6406533354","gps_long":"25.5859558702","religion":0,"oldtype":"24","newtype":"79","homepage":"","openinghours":"","muemlekemlink":"https:\/\/www.muemlekem.hu\/hatareset\/Varosi-eroditesrendszer-Brasso-1052","csemadoklink":"https:\/\/lexikon.adatbank.transindex.ro\/muemlek.php?id=272","picture":"\u003Ca title=\u0022Novichok, CC BY-SA 3.0 <https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by-sa\/3.0>, via Wikimedia Commons\u0022 href=\u0022https:\/\/commons.wikimedia.org\/wiki\/File:Bra%C8%99ov,_Bastionul_Fierarilor_-_panoramio.jpg\u0022\u003E\u003Cimg width=\u0022512\u0022 alt=\u0022Bra\u0219ov, Bastionul Fierarilor - panoramio\u0022 src=\u0022https:\/\/upload.wikimedia.org\/wikipedia\/commons\/thumb\/0\/02\/Bra%C8%99ov%2C_Bastionul_Fierarilor_-_panoramio.jpg\/512px-Bra%C8%99ov%2C_Bastionul_Fierarilor_-_panoramio.jpg\u0022\u003E\u003C\/a\u003E","picture_ref":"\u003Ca href=\u0022https:\/\/commons.wikimedia.org\/wiki\/File:Bra%C8%99ov,_Bastionul_Fierarilor_-_panoramio.jpg\u0022\u003ENovichok\u003C\/a\u003E, \u003Ca href=\u0022https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by-sa\/3.0\u0022\u003ECC BY-SA 3.0\u003C\/a\u003E, via Wikimedia Commons","name":"Smith's Bastion, Schmiedebastei","seolink":"smiths-bastion-schmiedebastei","note":"","history":"The bastion already existed in 1521. It was damaged by floods in 1526 and again in 1667. In 1689 it was the victim of a great fire. It was first used as a granary, and since 1923 it has housed the Brass\u00f3 section of the National Archives. \n&\nwikipedia: Kov\u00e1csok b\u00e1sty\u00e1ja (Brass\u00f3)|https:\/\/hu.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Kov%C3%A1csok_b%C3%A1sty%C3%A1ja_(Brass%C3%B3)\nwelcometoromania.eu: Brass\u00f3, Kov\u00e1cs-b\u00e1stya|https:\/\/www.welcometoromania.eu\/Brasov\/Brasov_Bastionul_fierarilor_m.htm"},{"sightId":2019,"townId":77,"active":1,"name_LO":"Bastionul Graft","address":"Strada Dup\u0103 Ziduri","mapdata":"1|918|1669","gps_lat":"45.6425387101","gps_long":"25.5873599011","religion":0,"oldtype":"24","newtype":"98","homepage":"http:\/\/www.brasovistorie.ro\/despre-muzeu\/istoria-cladirilor\/bastionul-graft","openinghours":"","muemlekemlink":"https:\/\/www.muemlekem.hu\/hatareset\/Varosi-eroditesrendszer-Brasso-1052","csemadoklink":"https:\/\/lexikon.adatbank.transindex.ro\/muemlek.php?id=272","picture":"\u003Ca title=\u0022Daniel Pandelea, CC BY-SA 3.0 RO <https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by-sa\/3.0\/ro\/deed.en>, via Wikimedia Commons\u0022 href=\u0022https:\/\/commons.wikimedia.org\/wiki\/File:RO_BV_Bra%C8%99ov_Bastionul_Graft.JPG\u0022\u003E\u003Cimg width=\u0022512\u0022 alt=\u0022RO BV Bra\u0219ov Bastionul Graft\u0022 src=\u0022https:\/\/upload.wikimedia.org\/wikipedia\/commons\/thumb\/a\/af\/RO_BV_Bra%C8%99ov_Bastionul_Graft.JPG\/512px-RO_BV_Bra%C8%99ov_Bastionul_Graft.JPG\u0022\u003E\u003C\/a\u003E","picture_ref":"\u003Ca href=\u0022https:\/\/commons.wikimedia.org\/wiki\/File:RO_BV_Bra%C8%99ov_Bastionul_Graft.JPG\u0022\u003EDaniel Pandelea\u003C\/a\u003E, \u003Ca href=\u0022https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by-sa\/3.0\/ro\/deed.en\u0022\u003ECC BY-SA 3.0 RO\u003C\/a\u003E, via Wikimedia Commons","name":"Graft Bastion, Graftbastei, Torbastei","seolink":"graft-bastion-graftbastei-torbastei","note":"","history":"The bastion takes its name from the Graft Canal, the 14th century drainage channel of the K\u00f6sz\u00f6r\u0171 stream on the edge of \u00dajbrass\u00f3. Gracht is the German word for a rampart. The three-storey building, built against the town wall between 1515 and 1521, provided a link to the White Tower via a drawbridge. It was severely damaged during the 1809 downpour and was restored in 1822.\n&\nwikipedia: Graft-b\u00e1stya|https:\/\/hu.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Graft-b%C3%A1stya\nwelcometoromania.eu: Brass\u00f3, Graft b\u00e1stya|https:\/\/www.welcometoromania.eu\/Brasov\/Brasov_Bastionul_Graft_m.htm"},{"sightId":2020,"townId":77,"active":1,"name_LO":"Bastionul Funarilor","address":"Aleea Tiberiu Brediceanu","mapdata":"1|1532|2146","gps_lat":"45.6395553075","gps_long":"25.5926973846","religion":0,"oldtype":"24","newtype":"24","homepage":"","openinghours":"","muemlekemlink":"https:\/\/www.muemlekem.hu\/hatareset\/Varosi-eroditesrendszer-Brasso-1052","csemadoklink":"https:\/\/lexikon.adatbank.transindex.ro\/muemlek.php?id=272","picture":"\u003Ca title=\u0022Whitepixels, CC0, via Wikimedia Commons\u0022 href=\u0022https:\/\/commons.wikimedia.org\/wiki\/File:BVFunariBastion3.jpg\u0022\u003E\u003Cimg width=\u0022512\u0022 alt=\u0022BVFunariBastion3\u0022 src=\u0022https:\/\/upload.wikimedia.org\/wikipedia\/commons\/thumb\/6\/69\/BVFunariBastion3.jpg\/512px-BVFunariBastion3.jpg\u0022\u003E\u003C\/a\u003E","picture_ref":"\u003Ca href=\u0022https:\/\/commons.wikimedia.org\/wiki\/File:BVFunariBastion3.jpg\u0022\u003EWhitepixels\u003C\/a\u003E, CC0, via Wikimedia Commons","name":"Ropemaker's Bastion, Seilerbastei","seolink":"ropemakers-bastion-seilerbastei","note":"","history":"According to some sources, it was mentioned as early as 1416. This is contradicted by the fact that the first documentary reference to a 'ropemakers' corner' (Saler Eck) dates back to 1562, and the first specific reference to a bastion (S\u00f6ller Postay) dates back to 1613. It had to be rebuilt after fires in 1641 and 1689. It reinforced the southern defensive wall of the town. After its restoration, the bastion was used as a warehouse. In 1794, the ropemakers' guild built a guildhall inside the bastion. In 1894, it was sold to the manufacturer Karl Ganzert, who demolished the guildhall and built his high-rise apartment building, which still stands today. He dismantled most of the bastion, leaving only a low foundation which served as a fence, on which he opened a gate from the moat.\n&\nwikipedia: K\u00f6t\u00e9lver\u0151k b\u00e1sty\u00e1ja|https:\/\/hu.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/K%C3%B6t%C3%A9lver%C5%91k_b%C3%A1sty%C3%A1ja\nwelcometoromania.eu: Brass\u00f3, K\u00f6t\u00e9lver\u0151k b\u00e1sty\u00e1ja|https:\/\/www.welcometoromania.eu\/Brasov\/Brasov_Bastionul_funarilor_m.htm"},{"sightId":2021,"townId":77,"active":1,"name_LO":"Bastionul Post\u0103varilor","address":"Aleea Tiberiu Brediceanu","mapdata":"1|2109|1719","gps_lat":"45.6421842289","gps_long":"25.5976303942","religion":0,"oldtype":"24","newtype":"24","homepage":"","openinghours":"","muemlekemlink":"https:\/\/www.muemlekem.hu\/hatareset\/Varosi-eroditesrendszer-Brasso-1052","csemadoklink":"https:\/\/lexikon.adatbank.transindex.ro\/muemlek.php?id=272","picture":"\u003Ca title=\u0022Whitepixels, CC0, via Wikimedia Commons\u0022 href=\u0022https:\/\/commons.wikimedia.org\/wiki\/File:RO_BV_Bra%C8%99ov_Bastionul_post%C4%83varilor_7.jpg\u0022\u003E\u003Cimg width=\u0022512\u0022 alt=\u0022RO BV Bra\u0219ov Bastionul post\u0103varilor 7\u0022 src=\u0022https:\/\/upload.wikimedia.org\/wikipedia\/commons\/thumb\/6\/6a\/RO_BV_Bra%C8%99ov_Bastionul_post%C4%83varilor_7.jpg\/512px-RO_BV_Bra%C8%99ov_Bastionul_post%C4%83varilor_7.jpg\u0022\u003E\u003C\/a\u003E","picture_ref":"\u003Ca href=\u0022https:\/\/commons.wikimedia.org\/wiki\/File:RO_BV_Bra%C8%99ov_Bastionul_post%C4%83varilor_7.jpg\u0022\u003EWhitepixels\u003C\/a\u003E, CC0, via Wikimedia Commons","name":"Clothmaker's Bastion, Tuchmacherbastei","seolink":"clothmakers-bastion-tuchmacherbastei","note":"","history":"The bastion was built and defended by a guild of goldsmiths between 1450 and 1455. In 1521-1522, the northeastern defences were reinforced by the construction of a second outer wall, so that the Goldsmiths' Bastion could no longer protect the eastern corner. To remedy the situation, the horseshoe-shaped bastion of the tanners was built, protected by the red tanners, and the Goldsmiths' Bastion was also renovated. In the middle of the 17th century, the goldsmiths built another bastion, and in 1646 the eastern bastion was taken over by the Clothmakers' Guild, the fourth largest guild in the town. In 1881, they sold the bastion and its associated zwinger to the salami maker Michael Mutzig. He used the building to dry his sausages, and the bastion took the name Salamiturm (Salami Tower) for a long time.\n&\nwikipedia: Sz\u00f6vetk\u00e9sz\u00edt\u0151k b\u00e1sty\u00e1ja|https:\/\/hu.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Sz%C3%B6vetk%C3%A9sz%C3%ADt%C5%91k_b%C3%A1sty%C3%A1ja\nwelcometoromania.eu: Brass\u00f3, Poszt\u00f3s-b\u00e1stya|https:\/\/www.welcometoromania.eu\/Brasov\/Brasov_Bastionul_postavarilor_m.htm"},{"sightId":2022,"townId":77,"active":1,"name_LO":"Bastionul T\u0103b\u0103carilor","address":"Aleea Tiberiu Brediceanu","mapdata":"1|2170|1676","gps_lat":"45.6424145769","gps_long":"25.5981266283","religion":0,"oldtype":"24","newtype":"24","homepage":"","openinghours":"","muemlekemlink":"https:\/\/www.muemlekem.hu\/hatareset\/Varosi-eroditesrendszer-Brasso-1052","csemadoklink":"https:\/\/lexikon.adatbank.transindex.ro\/muemlek.php?id=272","picture":"\u003Ca title=\u0022Aisano, CC BY-SA 3.0 <https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by-sa\/3.0>, via Wikimedia Commons\u0022 href=\u0022https:\/\/commons.wikimedia.org\/wiki\/File:Bra%C5%9Dovo,_drapista_bastiono_de_oriento,_1.jpeg\u0022\u003E\u003Cimg width=\u0022512\u0022 alt=\u0022Bra\u015dovo, drapista bastiono de oriento, 1\u0022 src=\u0022https:\/\/upload.wikimedia.org\/wikipedia\/commons\/thumb\/6\/6d\/Bra%C5%9Dovo%2C_drapista_bastiono_de_oriento%2C_1.jpeg\/512px-Bra%C5%9Dovo%2C_drapista_bastiono_de_oriento%2C_1.jpeg\u0022\u003E\u003C\/a\u003E","picture_ref":"\u003Ca href=\u0022https:\/\/commons.wikimedia.org\/wiki\/File:Bra%C5%9Dovo,_drapista_bastiono_de_oriento,_1.jpeg\u0022\u003EAisano\u003C\/a\u003E, \u003Ca href=\u0022https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by-sa\/3.0\u0022\u003ECC BY-SA 3.0\u003C\/a\u003E, via Wikimedia Commons","name":"Tanner's Bastion, Gerberbastei, Ledererbastei","seolink":"tanners-bastion-gerberbastei-ledererbastei","note":"","history":"The Clothmakers' Bastion, which defends the eastern corner of the town, was originally built by a goldsmiths' guild in the mid-15th century. In 1521-1522, the northeastern defences were reinforced by the construction of an additional outer wall, which moved this bastion further away from the corner of the town wall. To remedy this situation, an additional bastion was built over the wall, and the red tanners, living in Black Street, were charged with its protection.\n&\nwikipedia: Cserz\u0151varg\u00e1k b\u00e1sty\u00e1ja|https:\/\/hu.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Cserz%C5%91varg%C3%A1k_b%C3%A1sty%C3%A1ja\nwelcometoromania.eu: Brass\u00f3, T\u00edm\u00e1rok b\u00e1sty\u00e1ja|https:\/\/www.welcometoromania.eu\/Brasov\/Brasov_Bastionul_cojocarilor_m.htm"},{"sightId":2023,"townId":77,"active":1,"name_LO":"Poarta Ecaterinei","address":"","mapdata":"1|781|2167","gps_lat":"45.6395120253","gps_long":"25.5860858708","religion":0,"oldtype":"23","newtype":"23","homepage":"","openinghours":"","muemlekemlink":"https:\/\/www.muemlekem.hu\/hatareset\/Varosi-eroditesrendszer-Brasso-1052","csemadoklink":"https:\/\/lexikon.adatbank.transindex.ro\/muemlek.php?id=272","picture":"\u003Ca title=\u0022Andrei kokelburg, CC BY-SA 3.0 RO <https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by-sa\/3.0\/ro\/deed.en>, via Wikimedia Commons\u0022 href=\u0022https:\/\/commons.wikimedia.org\/wiki\/File:Brasov_Poarta_Ecaterina.jpg\u0022\u003E\u003Cimg width=\u0022512\u0022 alt=\u0022Brasov Poarta Ecaterina\u0022 src=\u0022https:\/\/upload.wikimedia.org\/wikipedia\/commons\/thumb\/7\/78\/Brasov_Poarta_Ecaterina.jpg\/512px-Brasov_Poarta_Ecaterina.jpg\u0022\u003E\u003C\/a\u003E","picture_ref":"\u003Ca href=\u0022https:\/\/commons.wikimedia.org\/wiki\/File:Brasov_Poarta_Ecaterina.jpg\u0022\u003EAndrei kokelburg\u003C\/a\u003E, \u003Ca href=\u0022https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by-sa\/3.0\/ro\/deed.en\u0022\u003ECC BY-SA 3.0 RO\u003C\/a\u003E, via Wikimedia Commons","name":"Catherine Gate, Katherinentor","seolink":"catherine-gate-katherinentor","note":"","history":"The Katalin Gate (Romanian: Poarta Ecaterinei, German: Katherinentor) was one of the, and for a long time the only, south-western town gate of Brass\u00f3. For nearly three centuries, it was the only passage through the double wall that separated the town fortress from Bolg\u00e1rszeg. Today, only the ornate outer gate tower remains; many people mistakenly call it the gate. In reality, the town gate was a large fortified complex similar to the gates of the northeastern town wall, which was demolished in 1827.@\nIn Latin documents, it is called porta sanctae Katherinae; its name is borrowed from the neighbouring Catherine's Court. This was in the south-west of the fortress, south of the Black Church, and was the site of the Cistercian monastery and its 13th-century chapel of St Catherine. It was also known as the Vlavh Gate (porta Valacha, Wallachischen Tor), as the Vlachs living in Bolg\u00e1rszeg were only allowed to enter the town through this gate.@\nThe gate of the south-western town wall was probably built together with the first town walls of Brass\u00f3 at the end of the 14th century, but it is only mentioned for the first time in 1517. It was known as the Holy Spirit Gate (porta corporis Christi), named after the chapel of the Holy Spirit (Corpus Christi) in the vicinity of the Orphanage Street (then called Holy Spirit Street). In 1522, the name Catherine's Gate (portula sanctae Katherinae) appears, probably referring to a small gate for pedestrians.@\nOn August 24, 1526, a downpour caused a flood in the town, after which \u0022even inside the Black Church fish could be caught\u0022, and the gate was destroyed. The construction of the new Catherine Gate was then begun; the first mention of the construction of the outer gate tower is found in town records in 1558, and the work was completed on 17 September 1559.@\nIn October 1600, the Vlach from Bolg\u00e1rszeg besieged the south-western walls, while Voivode Mihai Viteazul of Wallachia attacked Brass\u00f3 from the north-east. The town's defenders repulsed both Vlach attacks, and the rift between the Saxons and the Vlach of Bolg\u00e1rszeg deepened. In 1644, a decree was passed to close the gate at night even in peacetime, and to open it only on request and in justified cases. The gate was damaged by the fires of 1689 and the earthquake of 1738, but was later repaired. In 1759 it burned again and the water mill in front of the gate was destroyed by the flames.@\nIn 1820 the Horse Market Gate was built, and in 1827 the Orphanage Street Gate, which took over the role of the Catherine Gate.@\nIn 1827 it was demolished, except for the outer gate tower, and the gate tower was converted into a warehouse, and the opening was walled up. After the demolition of the walls, public buildings were erected on both sides of the gate tower (Lutheran girls' school, kindergarten). In 1955 the gate tower was reopened, and between 1971 and 1973 G\u00fcnter Schuller restored it to its former glory and created a park in front of it. Inside, an exhibition of the Chamber of Architects can be seen.\n&\nwikipedia: Katalin-kapu|https:\/\/hu.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Katalin-kapu\nwelcometoromania.eu: Brass\u00f3, Katalin kapu|https:\/\/www.welcometoromania.eu\/Brasov\/Brasov_Poarta_Ecaterinei_m.htm"},{"sightId":2024,"townId":77,"active":1,"name_LO":"Poarta \u0218chei","address":"Strada Poarta Schei","mapdata":"1|801|2228","gps_lat":"45.6391560797","gps_long":"25.5863546079","religion":0,"oldtype":"23","newtype":"23","homepage":"","openinghours":"","muemlekemlink":"https:\/\/www.muemlekem.hu\/hatareset\/Varosi-eroditesrendszer-Brasso-1052","csemadoklink":"https:\/\/lexikon.adatbank.transindex.ro\/muemlek.php?id=272","picture":"\u003Ca title=\u0022Mark Ahsmann, CC BY-SA 4.0 <https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by-sa\/4.0>, via Wikimedia Commons\u0022 href=\u0022https:\/\/commons.wikimedia.org\/wiki\/File:20140627_Bra%C5%9Fov_140.jpg\u0022\u003E\u003Cimg width=\u0022512\u0022 alt=\u002220140627 Bra\u015fov 140\u0022 src=\u0022https:\/\/upload.wikimedia.org\/wikipedia\/commons\/thumb\/b\/b8\/20140627_Bra%C5%9Fov_140.jpg\/512px-20140627_Bra%C5%9Fov_140.jpg\u0022\u003E\u003C\/a\u003E","picture_ref":"\u003Ca href=\u0022https:\/\/commons.wikimedia.org\/wiki\/File:20140627_Bra%C5%9Fov_140.jpg\u0022\u003EMark Ahsmann\u003C\/a\u003E, \u003Ca href=\u0022https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by-sa\/4.0\u0022\u003ECC BY-SA 4.0\u003C\/a\u003E, via Wikimedia Commons","name":"Orphanage Street Gate, Bolg\u00e1rszeg Gate, Waisenhausg\u00e4sser Tor ","seolink":"orphanage-street-gate-bolgarszeg-gate-waisenhausgasser-tor","note":"","history":"The town gate is located next to the Catherine Gate and was built between 1827 and 1828 to accommodate the increased traffic. This was when the Catherine Gate was walled up.\n&\nwikipedia: \u00c1rvah\u00e1z utcai kapu|https:\/\/hu.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/%C3%81rvah%C3%A1z_utcai_kapu\nwelcometoromania.eu: Brass\u00f3, Schei kapu|https:\/\/www.welcometoromania.eu\/Brasov\/Brasov_Poarta_Schei_m.htm"},{"sightId":2025,"townId":77,"active":2,"name_LO":"Colegiul Na\u021bional Johannes Honterus","address":"Curtea Honterus 3","mapdata":"1|974|2000","gps_lat":"45.6405296489","gps_long":"25.5879087794","religion":3,"oldtype":"74","newtype":"74","homepage":"http:\/\/liceulhonterusbrasov.ro\/lic\/","openinghours":"","muemlekemlink":"","csemadoklink":"https:\/\/lexikon.adatbank.transindex.ro\/muemlek.php?id=265","picture":"\u003Ca title=\u0022ThE cRaCkEr, CC BY 3.0 \u003Chttps:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/3.0\u003E, via Wikimedia Commons\u0022 href=\u0022https:\/\/commons.wikimedia.org\/wiki\/File:Johannes_Honterus_School_Brasov_Building_B_part_2.JPG\u0022\u003E\u003Cimg width=\u0022512\u0022 alt=\u0022Johannes Honterus School Brasov Building B part 2\u0022 src=\u0022https:\/\/upload.wikimedia.org\/wikipedia\/commons\/thumb\/5\/56\/Johannes_Honterus_School_Brasov_Building_B_part_2.JPG\/512px-Johannes_Honterus_School_Brasov_Building_B_part_2.JPG\u0022\u003E\u003C\/a\u003E","picture_ref":"\u003Ca href=\u0022https:\/\/commons.wikimedia.org\/wiki\/File:Johannes_Honterus_School_Brasov_Building_B_part_2.JPG\u0022\u003EThE cRaCkEr\u003C\/a\u003E, \u003Ca href=\u0022https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/3.0\u0022\u003ECC BY 3.0\u003C\/a\u003E, via Wikimedia Commons","name":"Former Lutheran Grammar School, Johannes Honterus High School","seolink":"former-lutheran-grammar-school-johannes-honterus-high-school","note":"","history":"The school was built in 1541. The founding humanist Johannes Honterus (1498-1549) drafted the school's regulations (Constitutio Scholae Coronensis) in 1543, which are the oldest in Transylvania. Honterus was a great reformer and also founded a humanist printing press in 1539. Damaged by a strong earthquake in 1738, it was rebuilt between 1743 and 1748. Between 1834 and 1835, under the direction of the architect Andreas Dieners, it was extended by two storeys. Between 1918 and 1939, the second floor, connected to Building C, housed the Saxon Museum of Barcas\u00e1g (Burzenl\u00e4nder S\u00e4chsisches Museum)."},{"sightId":2026,"townId":77,"active":1,"name_LO":"Casa Sfatului, Muzeul Jude\u021bean de Istorie Bra\u0219ov","address":"Pia\u021ba Sfatului 1","mapdata":"1|1096|1694","gps_lat":"45.6423521555","gps_long":"25.5889763203","religion":0,"oldtype":"12","newtype":"98","homepage":"https:\/\/www.brasovistorie.ro\/despre-muzeu\/istoria-cladirilor\/casa-sfatului","openinghours":"","muemlekemlink":"https:\/\/www.muemlekem.hu\/hatareset\/Varoshaza-Brasso-23","csemadoklink":"https:\/\/lexikon.adatbank.transindex.ro\/muemlek.php?id=266","picture":"\u003Ca title=\u0022Gabriel, CC BY 2.0 <https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/2.0>, via Wikimedia Commons\u0022 href=\u0022https:\/\/commons.wikimedia.org\/wiki\/File:Piata_Sfatului_in_Council_Square,_Brasov,_Romania.jpg\u0022\u003E\u003Cimg width=\u0022512\u0022 alt=\u0022Piata Sfatului in Council Square, Brasov, Romania\u0022 src=\u0022https:\/\/upload.wikimedia.org\/wikipedia\/commons\/thumb\/4\/4d\/Piata_Sfatului_in_Council_Square%2C_Brasov%2C_Romania.jpg\/512px-Piata_Sfatului_in_Council_Square%2C_Brasov%2C_Romania.jpg\u0022\u003E\u003C\/a\u003E","picture_ref":"\u003Ca href=\u0022https:\/\/commons.wikimedia.org\/wiki\/File:Piata_Sfatului_in_Council_Square,_Brasov,_Romania.jpg\u0022\u003EGabriel\u003C\/a\u003E, \u003Ca href=\u0022https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/2.0\u0022\u003ECC BY 2.0\u003C\/a\u003E, via Wikimedia Commons","name":"Council House, History Museum of Brass\u00f3 County","seolink":"council-house-history-museum-of-brasso-county","note":"","history":"The earliest core of the building was probably the tower of the former town wall. A grocer's shop was built next to it, and a storey was added to provide a council chamber.@\nOn 23 December 1420, a contract was signed between the furriers' guild and the town council for the use of the council chamber above the furriers' shop in the market square. Its tower was built in 1515. In 1521 the building house a prison. The tower was rebuilt between 1525 and 1528. In 1608, the tower was struck by lightning and renovated. In 1646, the building was enlarged by the addition of the Assembly Hall of the Hundred Fathers under town judge Michael Hermann. In 1772, the furriers' shop was taken over by the headquarters of the troops stationed in Brass\u00f3. Between 1776 and 1778, the building was restored in Baroque style, the tower got a new spire was and a loggia was added. The town council moved out in 1878 and the building continued to function as an archive. Between 1901 and 1910, it was given its present spire. Since 1950 it has been a museum."},{"sightId":2027,"townId":77,"active":2,"name_LO":"Centrul Cultural Reduta","address":"Strada Apollonia Hirscher 8","mapdata":"1|1157|1944","gps_lat":"45.6408756587","gps_long":"25.5894907572","religion":0,"oldtype":"91,92","newtype":"92,106","homepage":"https:\/\/centrulculturalreduta.ro\/","openinghours":"","muemlekemlink":"","csemadoklink":"","picture":"\u003Ca title=\u0022Whitepixels, CC0, via Wikimedia Commons\u0022 href=\u0022https:\/\/commons.wikimedia.org\/wiki\/File:Brasov_Reduta.jpg\u0022\u003E\u003Cimg width=\u0022512\u0022 alt=\u0022Brasov Reduta\u0022 src=\u0022https:\/\/upload.wikimedia.org\/wikipedia\/commons\/thumb\/7\/7a\/Brasov_Reduta.jpg\/512px-Brasov_Reduta.jpg\u0022\u003E\u003C\/a\u003E","picture_ref":"\u003Ca href=\u0022https:\/\/commons.wikimedia.org\/wiki\/File:Brasov_Reduta.jpg\u0022\u003EWhitepixels\u003C\/a\u003E, CC0, via Wikimedia Commons","name":"Redut","seolink":"redut","note":"","history":"The old stone theatre, Redut, was built in the 18th century. It was demolished in 1892. The present building was built between 1893 and 1894 according to the design of Christian Kertsch. It was also one of the first cinemas in the city. On its facade are busts of Wagner, Schumann, Mozart, Beethoven, Goethe, Schiller and Shakespeare."},{"sightId":2028,"townId":77,"active":1,"name_LO":"Muzeul de Etnografie, Muzeul de Art\u0103","address":"Bulevardul Eroilor 21","mapdata":"1|1644|1259","gps_lat":"45.6449564081","gps_long":"25.5936481956","religion":0,"oldtype":"16","newtype":"98","homepage":"https:\/\/www.etnobrasov.ro\/","openinghours":"","muemlekemlink":"","csemadoklink":"","picture":"\u003Ca title=\u0022Mister No, CC BY 3.0 <https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/3.0>, via Wikimedia Commons\u0022 href=\u0022https:\/\/commons.wikimedia.org\/wiki\/File:Muzeul_de_Etnografie_-_panoramio.jpg\u0022\u003E\u003Cimg width=\u0022512\u0022 alt=\u0022Muzeul de Etnografie - panoramio\u0022 src=\u0022https:\/\/upload.wikimedia.org\/wikipedia\/commons\/thumb\/7\/7d\/Muzeul_de_Etnografie_-_panoramio.jpg\/512px-Muzeul_de_Etnografie_-_panoramio.jpg\u0022\u003E\u003C\/a\u003E","picture_ref":"\u003Ca href=\u0022https:\/\/commons.wikimedia.org\/wiki\/File:Muzeul_de_Etnografie_-_panoramio.jpg\u0022\u003EMister No\u003C\/a\u003E, \u003Ca href=\u0022https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/3.0\u0022\u003ECC BY 3.0\u003C\/a\u003E, via Wikimedia Commons","name":"Former Seat of the Saxon Craftsmen's Association, Ethnographic Museum, Museum of Fine Arts","seolink":"former-seat-of-the-saxon-craftsmens-association-ethnographic-museum-museum-of-fine-arts","note":"","history":"The museum is located in the former headquarters of the Saxon Industrial Association (Gewerbeverein). In 1908, Saxon collectors from Brass\u00f3 founded the Saxon Museum of Barcas\u00e1g, which exhibited historical, natural and ethnographic material. In 1937, the ASTRA Romanian Cultural Association also opened a museum in Brass\u00f3. In 1948, the Communists, who came to power, expropriated the items that had survived the Second World War and founded the county museum.@\nIn 1967, the ethnographic department of the county museum was established. In 1979, the department moved to the building still in use today, the Gewerbeverein House. On 11 June 1990, the Ethnographic Museum was separated from the County Museum and became an independent institution. At the same time, it took over the municipal ethnographic museums of K\u0151halom, established in 1957, and Szecselev\u00e1ros, established in 1970. In 2009, the section called the Museum of the Urban Civilisation of Brass\u00f3 was opened. The museum presents life in the four ethnographic landscapes of Brass\u00f3 county (Barcas\u00e1g, the Fogaras Basin, K\u0151halom area, T\u00f6rcsv\u00e1r area) from the 17th to the 20th century. On the ground floor of the building there is a permanent exhibition of traditional textile industry and Romanian rural traditions and temporary exhibitions. The same building houses the Brass\u00f3 Museum of Fine Arts."},{"sightId":2029,"townId":77,"active":1,"name_LO":"","address":"Pia\u021ba Sfatului 15\u201316","mapdata":"1|1097|1841","gps_lat":"45.6414925731","gps_long":"25.5889759124","religion":0,"oldtype":"53","newtype":"53","homepage":"https:\/\/hu.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Closius%E2%80%93Hiemesch%E2%80%93Giesel-h%C3%A1zak","openinghours":"","muemlekemlink":"","csemadoklink":"","picture":"\u003Ca title=\u0022Whitepixels, CC0, via Wikimedia Commons\u0022 href=\u0022https:\/\/commons.wikimedia.org\/wiki\/File:BV_Closius-Hiemesch-Giesel.jpg\u0022\u003E\u003Cimg width=\u0022512\u0022 alt=\u0022BV Closius-Hiemesch-Giesel\u0022 src=\u0022https:\/\/upload.wikimedia.org\/wikipedia\/commons\/thumb\/7\/7f\/BV_Closius-Hiemesch-Giesel.jpg\/512px-BV_Closius-Hiemesch-Giesel.jpg\u0022\u003E\u003C\/a\u003E","picture_ref":"\u003Ca href=\u0022https:\/\/commons.wikimedia.org\/wiki\/File:BV_Closius-Hiemesch-Giesel.jpg\u0022\u003EWhitepixels\u003C\/a\u003E, CC0, via Wikimedia Commons","name":"Closius\u2013Hiemesch\u2013Giesel Houses","seolink":"closius-hiemesch-giesel-houses","note":"","history":"Its earliest buildings date from the early 14th century. At that time there were three ground-floor buildings on the site, separated by narrow courtyards. In 1566, the three houses were rebuilt, their facades advanced by 2 metres and a storey added; the date of construction is indicated by a date engraved on a stone window frame. They were rebuilt again after the fire of 1689. On the ground floor were arched porticoes, typical of medieval houses, where merchants sold their wares. They took their present form in 1835. The houses have a cellar, ground floor, first floor and mansard. Families lived upstairs, the ground floor was used for shops, and the cellar was used to store the merchants' goods. The oldest layers of Renaissance wall paintings date from the 16th century; they were repainted several times until the 18th century. According to art historians, it is the largest painted wall surface in a residential building in what is now Romania.@\nIn 1948 the houses were nationalised. The upper floors were divided into small flats and rented out to tenants, and shops occupied the ground floor. After the fall of communism, the buildings were returned to their original owners. The dilapidated and neglected complex was renovated between 1991 and 2011.@\nThe two houses at number 16 (Albrich-Hiemesch-Giesel house) have changed hands several times. Until the end of the 18th century, the house in the middle belonged to the Albrich family and the house on the Honterus courtyard belonged to the Hiemesch family (for the same reason, the group of buildings is also known as the Closius-Albrich-Hiemesch houses). Over time, the two houses were joined together, and from 1777 both were owned by Hiemesch. In 1824 it became the property of the Giesel family, in 1872 of the Trautsch and Plecker von Pleckersfeld families, and from 1905 of the Czeides Foundation and the Lutheran Church. Notable members of the Albrich family were Martin Albrich (1630-1694), rector of the grammar school, and Johann Albrich (1687-1749), a doctor, and the Hiemesch family included Franz Hiemesch (1849-1911), mayor.\n&\nwikipedia: Closius\u2013Hiemesch\u2013Giesel-h\u00e1zak|https:\/\/hu.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Closius%E2%80%93Hiemesch%E2%80%93Giesel-h%C3%A1zak"},{"sightId":2030,"townId":77,"active":1,"name_LO":"Muzeul Civiliza\u021biei Urbane","address":"Pia\u021ba Sfatului 15","mapdata":"1|1117|1830","gps_lat":"45.6415451921","gps_long":"25.5891452522","religion":0,"oldtype":"53","newtype":"98","homepage":"http:\/\/www.mcubrasov.ro\/","openinghours":"","muemlekemlink":"","csemadoklink":"","picture":"\u003Ca title=\u0022BogdyBBA, Public domain, via Wikimedia Commons\u0022 href=\u0022https:\/\/commons.wikimedia.org\/wiki\/File:Muzeul_Civilizatiei_Urbane_Brasov_2009.jpg\u0022\u003E\u003Cimg width=\u0022512\u0022 alt=\u0022Muzeul Civilizatiei Urbane Brasov 2009\u0022 src=\u0022https:\/\/upload.wikimedia.org\/wikipedia\/commons\/thumb\/d\/d9\/Muzeul_Civilizatiei_Urbane_Brasov_2009.jpg\/512px-Muzeul_Civilizatiei_Urbane_Brasov_2009.jpg\u0022\u003E\u003C\/a\u003E","picture_ref":"\u003Ca href=\u0022https:\/\/commons.wikimedia.org\/wiki\/File:Muzeul_Civilizatiei_Urbane_Brasov_2009.jpg\u0022\u003EBogdyBBA\u003C\/a\u003E, Public domain, via Wikimedia Commons","name":"Closius House, Museum of the Urban Civinization of Brass\u00f3","seolink":"closius-house-museum-of-the-urban-civinization-of-brasso","note":"","history":"Until the end of the 19th century, the house at number 15 belonged to the Closius (Closseiler until the 17th century) family of Brass\u00f3, of which the most prominent members were:\n\t-Martin Closius (1686-1752) town judge, town councillor, magistrate\n\t-Martin Gottfried Closius (1715-1770) town councillor, notary\n\t-Stephan Closius (1717-1781) town councillor and physician; supporter of the rebuilding of the Black Church\n\t-Martin Traugott Closius (1744-1789) pastor, head deacon of the Black Church, headmaster of the grammar school\n\t-Georg Stefan Friedrich Closius (1758-1818) land leaser, caretaker; left a fortune of 124 369 forints to his descendants\n\t-Stefan Friedrich von Closius (1795-1873) town councillor, archivist\nIn 1873 the Closius family died out, the house was inherited by the previous tenant, the Vlach merchant Dimitrie Eremias (1817-1887), and was owned by his descendants until nationalisation in 1948. In 2009 it was returned to the original owners, who sold it to the county council. In 2009 the museum of urban civilisation was opened here.\n&\nwikipedia: Closius\u2013Hiemesch\u2013Giesel-h\u00e1zak|https:\/\/hu.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Closius%E2%80%93Hiemesch%E2%80%93Giesel-h%C3%A1zak"},{"sightId":2031,"townId":77,"active":1,"name_LO":"Institu\u021bia Prefectului Jude\u021bul Bra\u0219ov, Curtea de Apel Bra\u0219ov","address":"Bulevardul Eroilor 5","mapdata":"1|1977|1329","gps_lat":"45.6445488189","gps_long":"25.5964654265","religion":0,"oldtype":"17","newtype":"17,11","homepage":"","openinghours":"","muemlekemlink":"","csemadoklink":"","picture":"\u003Ca title=\u0022Whitepixels, CC0, via Wikimedia Commons\u0022 href=\u0022https:\/\/commons.wikimedia.org\/wiki\/File:Brasov_Prefecture_(1).jpg\u0022\u003E\u003Cimg width=\u0022512\u0022 alt=\u0022Brasov Prefecture (1)\u0022 src=\u0022https:\/\/upload.wikimedia.org\/wikipedia\/commons\/thumb\/8\/84\/Brasov_Prefecture_%281%29.jpg\/512px-Brasov_Prefecture_%281%29.jpg\u0022\u003E\u003C\/a\u003E","picture_ref":"\u003Ca href=\u0022https:\/\/commons.wikimedia.org\/wiki\/File:Brasov_Prefecture_(1).jpg\u0022\u003EWhitepixels\u003C\/a\u003E, CC0, via Wikimedia Commons","name":"Former Hungarian Royal Court of Justice","seolink":"former-hungarian-royal-court-of-justice","note":"","history":"Between 1900 and 1902, the eclectic-style Palace of Justice was built for the Royal Court of Justice, and a prison and workshops for prisoners were built next to it.\n&\nwelcometoromania.eu: Brass\u00f3, Az igazs\u00e1g\u00fcgyi palota|https:\/\/www.welcometoromania.eu\/Brasov\/Brasov_Palatul_Justitiei_m.htm"},{"sightId":2032,"townId":77,"active":1,"name_LO":"Biblioteca Jude\u021bean\u0103 George Bari\u021biu","address":"Bulevardul Eroilor 33-35","mapdata":"1|885|1130","gps_lat":"45.6456785576","gps_long":"25.5871667373","religion":0,"oldtype":"16","newtype":"76","homepage":"http:\/\/www.bjbv.ro\/default.php","openinghours":"","muemlekemlink":"","csemadoklink":"","picture":"\u003Ca title=\u0022Haiducul, CC BY 1.0 <https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/1.0>, via Wikimedia Commons\u0022 href=\u0022https:\/\/commons.wikimedia.org\/wiki\/File:Biblioteca_judeteana_Brasov.jpg\u0022\u003E\u003Cimg width=\u0022512\u0022 alt=\u0022Biblioteca judeteana Brasov\u0022 src=\u0022https:\/\/upload.wikimedia.org\/wikipedia\/commons\/thumb\/a\/a2\/Biblioteca_judeteana_Brasov.jpg\/512px-Biblioteca_judeteana_Brasov.jpg\u0022\u003E\u003C\/a\u003E","picture_ref":"\u003Ca href=\u0022https:\/\/commons.wikimedia.org\/wiki\/File:Biblioteca_judeteana_Brasov.jpg\u0022\u003EHaiducul\u003C\/a\u003E, \u003Ca href=\u0022https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/1.0\u0022\u003ECC BY 1.0\u003C\/a\u003E, via Wikimedia Commons","name":"Former Chamber of Commerce and Industry","seolink":"former-chamber-of-commerce-and-industry","note":"","history":"Built between 1926 and 1928 for the Chamber of Commerce and Industry, it became the seat of the county library in 1969.\n&\nwelcometoromania.eu: Brass\u00f3, A megyei k\u00f6nyvt\u00e1r|https:\/\/www.welcometoromania.eu\/Brasov\/Brasov_Biblioteca_m.htm"},{"sightId":2033,"townId":77,"active":1,"name_LO":"","address":"Strada Nicolae B\u0103lcescu 40","mapdata":"1|1721|1719","gps_lat":"45.6422109127","gps_long":"25.5943011531","religion":0,"oldtype":"53","newtype":"53","homepage":"","openinghours":"","muemlekemlink":"","csemadoklink":"","picture":"\u003Ca title=\u0022Whitepixels, CC0, via Wikimedia Commons\u0022 href=\u0022https:\/\/commons.wikimedia.org\/wiki\/File:RO_BV_str_Balcescu_nr_40.jpg\u0022\u003E\u003Cimg width=\u0022512\u0022 alt=\u0022RO BV str Balcescu nr 40\u0022 src=\u0022https:\/\/upload.wikimedia.org\/wikipedia\/commons\/thumb\/e\/e7\/RO_BV_str_Balcescu_nr_40.jpg\/512px-RO_BV_str_Balcescu_nr_40.jpg\u0022\u003E\u003C\/a\u003E","picture_ref":"\u003Ca href=\u0022https:\/\/commons.wikimedia.org\/wiki\/File:RO_BV_str_Balcescu_nr_40.jpg\u0022\u003EWhitepixels\u003C\/a\u003E, CC0, via Wikimedia Commons","name":"Honterus House","seolink":"honterus-house","note":"","history":"In 1498, the great Saxon humanist Johannes Honterus was born in this building, the son of a furrier from Black Street. He was the editor of the first map of Transylvania, author of the books Latin Grammar and the Description of the World, founder of the first printing press and of the first college in Brass\u00f3.\n&\nwelcometoromania.eu: Brass\u00f3, A Honterus h\u00e1z|https:\/\/www.welcometoromania.eu\/Brasov\/Brasov_Casa_Honterus_m.htm"},{"sightId":2034,"townId":77,"active":1,"name_LO":"","address":"Strada Mihai Eminescu 10","mapdata":"1|1631|891","gps_lat":"45.6471831822","gps_long":"25.5935621468","religion":0,"oldtype":"52","newtype":"53","homepage":"","openinghours":"","muemlekemlink":"","csemadoklink":"","picture":"\u003Ca title=\u0022Whitepixels, CC0, via Wikimedia Commons\u0022 href=\u0022https:\/\/commons.wikimedia.org\/wiki\/File:RO_BV_Beer_villa_8.jpg\u0022\u003E\u003Cimg width=\u0022512\u0022 alt=\u0022RO BV Beer villa 8\u0022 src=\u0022https:\/\/upload.wikimedia.org\/wikipedia\/commons\/thumb\/9\/9b\/RO_BV_Beer_villa_8.jpg\/512px-RO_BV_Beer_villa_8.jpg\u0022\u003E\u003C\/a\u003E","picture_ref":"\u003Ca href=\u0022https:\/\/commons.wikimedia.org\/wiki\/File:RO_BV_Beer_villa_8.jpg\u0022\u003EWhitepixels\u003C\/a\u003E, CC0, via Wikimedia Commons","name":"Beer Villa","seolink":"beer-villa","note":"","history":"The Beer Villa in Brass\u00f3 was built between 1904-1905 for the Saxon banker Ignaz Beer and his family at 10, Citadel Row (now Mihai Eminescu Street). It was nationalised in 1948 and is now used as a residential building.@\nIn the 19th century, holiday homes began to be built on the sides of the Citadel hill. These were replaced by high-rise villas at the end of the century, and the Citadel Row on the southern side in particular became a popular residence for wealthy Brass\u00f3 residents. The wealthy banker Ignaz Beer built his residence here. The plans were drawn up by the architect Andreas Frank in 1901 and construction began in 1904. During the construction, Ignaz Beer repeatedly asked for changes to the original plan, and it was his idea to have a metal sculpture on the roof.@\nIgnaz died in 1923 and the villa was inherited by his son Hugo Beer. Hugo was president of the Saxon National Bank in the early 20th century and after his retirement he wrote books about old Brass\u00f3. In 1945, his family fled to Germany, but Hugo Beer stayed in Brass\u00f3, hoping, like others, that the Germans would win or the Americans would come in. But his hopes were dashed when the communists took all his possessions. The impoverished Beer was seen begging on the streets of Brass\u00f3 for a few years, and in 1952 he moved to Segesv\u00e1r, where he died in 1957. The nationalized building was divided into several apartments and rented out to tenants, and still houses apartments today.@\nIts style is eclectic, combining several trends. The toof is topped with a life-size metal statue of a warrior, made in Budapest, with the family coat of arms below. On the second-floor balcony is a stone bear statue, which has been damaged over the years and is now unrecognisable. The bear is a reference to the family name (Beer comes from the German B\u00e4r, meaning bear). In its courtyard is a stage surrounded by lion statues, and it is said that a tunnel used to connect the villa to the Citadel.\n&\nwikipedia: Beer-villa|https:\/\/hu.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Beer-villa"},{"sightId":2035,"townId":77,"active":1,"name_LO":"","address":"Pia\u021ba Sfatului nr 14","mapdata":"1|1144|1809","gps_lat":"45.6416856997","gps_long":"25.5893268301","religion":0,"oldtype":"83","newtype":"53","homepage":"","openinghours":"","muemlekemlink":"","csemadoklink":"","picture":"\u003Ca title=\u0022Elena Chochkova, CC BY-SA 3.0 <https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by-sa\/3.0>, via Wikimedia Commons\u0022 href=\u0022https:\/\/commons.wikimedia.org\/wiki\/File:Merchants_House_Brasov_2009.jpg\u0022\u003E\u003Cimg width=\u0022512\u0022 alt=\u0022Merchants House Brasov 2009\u0022 src=\u0022https:\/\/upload.wikimedia.org\/wikipedia\/commons\/thumb\/3\/38\/Merchants_House_Brasov_2009.jpg\/512px-Merchants_House_Brasov_2009.jpg\u0022\u003E\u003C\/a\u003E","picture_ref":"\u003Ca href=\u0022https:\/\/commons.wikimedia.org\/wiki\/File:Merchants_House_Brasov_2009.jpg\u0022\u003EElena Chochkova\u003C\/a\u003E, \u003Ca href=\u0022https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by-sa\/3.0\u0022\u003ECC BY-SA 3.0\u003C\/a\u003E, via Wikimedia Commons","name":"Hirscher House, House of Merchants","seolink":"hirscher-house-house-of-merchants","note":"","history":"The house, built in 1545, was the largest building in the town at the time and reflected the commercial power of Brass\u00f3. Apollonia Hirscher, the widow of Lucas Hirscher, the former town judge of Brass\u00f3, offered 8,000 gulden to build a commercial centre, or bazaar, where local guilds could display their wares. The building suffered extensive damage from repeated fires, but was restored to its original appearance in 1960. Tradition has it that the daughter of the widowed Hirscher Apollonia died unexpectedly, buried by her mother with a conspicuous amount of jewellery. She had been robbed at night and when the robbers wanted to cut off her finger for her fancy ring, she woke up. Her mother had the house built to commemorate the happy event. \n&\nwelcometoromania.eu: Brass\u00f3, Hirscher h\u00e1z|https:\/\/www.welcometoromania.eu\/Brasov\/Brasov_Casa_Hirscher_m.htm"},{"sightId":2036,"townId":77,"active":1,"name_LO":"Strada Sforii","address":"Strada Sforii","mapdata":"1|1047|2151","gps_lat":"45.6395834708","gps_long":"25.5885396513","religion":0,"oldtype":"27","newtype":"27","homepage":"","openinghours":"","muemlekemlink":"","csemadoklink":"","picture":"","picture_ref":"","name":"Rope Street","seolink":"rope-street","note":"","history":"The alley was mentioned in documents dating back to the 17th century as a street to help firefighters. With its variable widths of 111 and 135 centimetres, it has been named the narrowest street in the town. \n&\nwelcometoromania.eu: Bra\u0219ov, Rope street|https:\/\/www.welcometoromania.eu\/Brasov\/Brasov_Strada_Sforii_e.htm"},{"sightId":2037,"townId":77,"active":1,"name_LO":"Casa Mure\u0219enilor","address":"Pia\u021ba Sfatului 25","mapdata":"1|1024|1702","gps_lat":"45.6423876331","gps_long":"25.5883746055","religion":0,"oldtype":"53","newtype":"98","homepage":"http:\/\/muzeulmuresenilor.ro\/","openinghours":"","muemlekemlink":"","csemadoklink":"","picture":"\u003Ca title=\u0022Mister No, CC BY 3.0 <https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/3.0>, via Wikimedia Commons\u0022 href=\u0022https:\/\/commons.wikimedia.org\/wiki\/File:Muzeul_Imnului_National_-_panoramio.jpg\u0022\u003E\u003Cimg width=\u0022512\u0022 alt=\u0022Muzeul Imnului National - panoramio\u0022 src=\u0022https:\/\/upload.wikimedia.org\/wikipedia\/commons\/thumb\/c\/cd\/Muzeul_Imnului_National_-_panoramio.jpg\/512px-Muzeul_Imnului_National_-_panoramio.jpg\u0022\u003E\u003C\/a\u003E","picture_ref":"\u003Ca href=\u0022https:\/\/commons.wikimedia.org\/wiki\/File:Muzeul_Imnului_National_-_panoramio.jpg\u0022\u003EMister No\u003C\/a\u003E, \u003Ca href=\u0022https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/3.0\u0022\u003ECC BY 3.0\u003C\/a\u003E, via Wikimedia Commons","name":"Mureseanu House","seolink":"mureseanu-house","note":"","history":"The Mureseanu family's former house, where the Gazeta Transilvaniei newspaper was published in 1838, has been the site of a memorial house named Mursenilor House since 1968.@\nIt has a very rich collection of furniture, paintings, sculptures and a collection of 25,000 documents. It also contains documents related to the Romanian national anthem, as it was written by Andrei Mure\u0219anu."},{"sightId":2038,"townId":77,"active":1,"name_LO":"Muzeul Prima \u0218coal\u0103 Rom\u00e2neasc\u0103","address":"Pia\u021ba Unirii 2-3","mapdata":"1|195|2777","gps_lat":"45.6358296086","gps_long":"25.5812135955","religion":0,"oldtype":"74","newtype":"98","homepage":"http:\/\/www.primascoalaromaneasca.ro\/","openinghours":"","muemlekemlink":"","csemadoklink":"","picture":"\u003Ca title=\u0022Andrei Dan Suciu, CC BY 3.0 <https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/3.0>, via Wikimedia Commons\u0022 href=\u0022https:\/\/commons.wikimedia.org\/wiki\/File:Prund-Schei,_Bra%C8%99ov,_Romania_-_panoramio.jpg\u0022\u003E\u003Cimg width=\u0022512\u0022 alt=\u0022Prund-Schei, Bra\u0219ov, Romania - panoramio\u0022 src=\u0022https:\/\/upload.wikimedia.org\/wikipedia\/commons\/thumb\/3\/3b\/Prund-Schei%2C_Bra%C8%99ov%2C_Romania_-_panoramio.jpg\/512px-Prund-Schei%2C_Bra%C8%99ov%2C_Romania_-_panoramio.jpg\u0022\u003E\u003C\/a\u003E","picture_ref":"\u003Ca href=\u0022https:\/\/commons.wikimedia.org\/wiki\/File:Prund-Schei,_Bra%C8%99ov,_Romania_-_panoramio.jpg\u0022\u003EAndrei Dan Suciu\u003C\/a\u003E, \u003Ca href=\u0022https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/3.0\u0022\u003ECC BY 3.0\u003C\/a\u003E, via Wikimedia Commons","name":"Firts Vlach School","seolink":"firts-vlach-school","note":"","history":"The first known report of a Vlach school in Bolg\u00e1rszeg, Brass\u00f3, dates back to 1480. In 1597, with the support of the Voivode Aron Voda of Wallachia, a stone building was built to replace the wooden Vlach school. It was extended in 1761. Coresi, one of the fathers of the Vlach language and culture, came here from T\u00e2rgovi\u0219te in 1556. Thanks to Deacon Coresi and his printing press, the first books in the Vlach language were published here. At that time, the Slavonic language was still used in Orthodox churches, but already in Transylvania the translation of the Orthodox books into Vlach had begun.\n&\nwelcometoromania.eu: Brass\u00f3, Az Els\u0151 Rom\u00e1n Iskola|https:\/\/www.welcometoromania.eu\/Brasov\/Brasov_Prima_Scoala_Romaneasca_m.htm"},{"sightId":2039,"townId":77,"active":1,"name_LO":"Colegiul Na\u021bional Andrei \u0218aguna","address":"\u0218irul Mitropolit Andrei \u0218aguna 1","mapdata":"1|528|2360","gps_lat":"45.6383797333","gps_long":"25.5841394342","religion":0,"oldtype":"74","newtype":"74","homepage":"https:\/\/www.saguna.ro\/beta\/","openinghours":"","muemlekemlink":"","csemadoklink":"","picture":"\u003Ca title=\u0022Whitepixels, CC0, via Wikimedia Commons\u0022 href=\u0022https:\/\/commons.wikimedia.org\/wiki\/File:BrasovSaguna.jpg\u0022\u003E\u003Cimg width=\u0022512\u0022 alt=\u0022BrasovSaguna\u0022 src=\u0022https:\/\/upload.wikimedia.org\/wikipedia\/commons\/thumb\/e\/ea\/BrasovSaguna.jpg\/512px-BrasovSaguna.jpg\u0022\u003E\u003C\/a\u003E","picture_ref":"\u003Ca href=\u0022https:\/\/commons.wikimedia.org\/wiki\/File:BrasovSaguna.jpg\u0022\u003EWhitepixels\u003C\/a\u003E, CC0, via Wikimedia Commons","name":"First Vlach Grammar School","seolink":"first-vlach-grammar-school","note":"","history":"Between 1851 and 1856, the first Orthodox grammar school in the Vlach language was built according to the plans of the architect \u015etefan Emilian. The foundation stone was laid by the Transylvanian Orthodox Bishop Andrei \u015eaguna.\n&\nbrasovcity.ro|https:\/\/www.brasovcity.ro\/ro\/atractiile_brasovului"},{"sightId":2040,"townId":77,"active":1,"name_LO":"Prim\u0103ria","address":"Bulevardul Eroilor 8","mapdata":"1|1762|1116","gps_lat":"45.6458813095","gps_long":"25.5945848238","religion":0,"oldtype":"15","newtype":"12","homepage":"https:\/\/www.brasovcity.ro\/","openinghours":"","muemlekemlink":"","csemadoklink":"","picture":"\u003Ca title=\u0022Andrei Dan Suciu, CC BY 3.0 <https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/3.0>, via Wikimedia Commons\u0022 href=\u0022https:\/\/commons.wikimedia.org\/wiki\/File:Prim%C4%83ria_Bra%C5%9Fov_-_panoramio.jpg\u0022\u003E\u003Cimg width=\u0022512\u0022 alt=\u0022Prim\u0103ria Bra\u015fov - panoramio\u0022 src=\u0022https:\/\/upload.wikimedia.org\/wikipedia\/commons\/thumb\/3\/32\/Prim%C4%83ria_Bra%C5%9Fov_-_panoramio.jpg\/512px-Prim%C4%83ria_Bra%C5%9Fov_-_panoramio.jpg\u0022\u003E\u003C\/a\u003E","picture_ref":"\u003Ca href=\u0022https:\/\/commons.wikimedia.org\/wiki\/File:Prim%C4%83ria_Bra%C5%9Fov_-_panoramio.jpg\u0022\u003EAndrei Dan Suciu\u003C\/a\u003E, \u003Ca href=\u0022https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/3.0\u0022\u003ECC BY 3.0\u003C\/a\u003E, via Wikimedia Commons","name":"Former Hungarian Royal Palace of Finance","seolink":"former-hungarian-royal-palace-of-finance","note":"","history":"Built between 1897 and 1898, it is now the town hall.\n&\nbrasovcity.ro|https:\/\/www.brasovcity.ro\/ro\/atractiile_brasovului"},{"sightId":2041,"townId":77,"active":1,"name_LO":"Universitatea Transilvania","address":"Bulevardul Eroilor 29","mapdata":"1|1123|1209","gps_lat":"45.6453184760","gps_long":"25.5891820179","religion":0,"oldtype":"15","newtype":"75","homepage":"","openinghours":"","muemlekemlink":"","csemadoklink":"","picture":"\u003Ca title=\u0022Victor Briciu, CC BY-SA 4.0 <https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by-sa\/4.0>, via Wikimedia Commons\u0022 href=\u0022https:\/\/commons.wikimedia.org\/wiki\/File:Cladire_Rectorat_2019.jpg\u0022\u003E\u003Cimg width=\u0022512\u0022 alt=\u0022Cladire Rectorat 2019\u0022 src=\u0022https:\/\/upload.wikimedia.org\/wikipedia\/commons\/thumb\/d\/d1\/Cladire_Rectorat_2019.jpg\/512px-Cladire_Rectorat_2019.jpg\u0022\u003E\u003C\/a\u003E","picture_ref":"\u003Ca href=\u0022https:\/\/commons.wikimedia.org\/wiki\/File:Cladire_Rectorat_2019.jpg\u0022\u003EVictor Briciu\u003C\/a\u003E, \u003Ca href=\u0022https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by-sa\/4.0\u0022\u003ECC BY-SA 4.0\u003C\/a\u003E, via Wikimedia Commons","name":"Former General Pension Institute, Rectorate of the Transylvania University","seolink":"former-general-pension-institute-rectorate-of-the-transylvania-university","note":"","history":"It was built between 1881 and 1885 in the neo-Renaissance style, designed by Peter Bartesch.\n&\nbrasovcity.ro|https:\/\/www.brasovcity.ro\/ro\/atractiile_brasovului"},{"sightId":2042,"townId":77,"active":1,"name_LO":"Turnul Lemnarului","address":"Aleea Tiberiu Brediceanu","mapdata":"1|1976|1805","gps_lat":"45.6416705887","gps_long":"25.5965122383","religion":0,"oldtype":"24","newtype":"24","homepage":"","openinghours":"","muemlekemlink":"","csemadoklink":"","picture":"\u003Ca title=\u0022Andrei Dan Suciu, CC BY 3.0 <https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/3.0>, via Wikimedia Commons\u0022 href=\u0022https:\/\/commons.wikimedia.org\/wiki\/File:Turnul_Lemnarului_-_panoramio.jpg\u0022\u003E\u003Cimg width=\u0022256\u0022 alt=\u0022Turnul Lemnarului - panoramio\u0022 src=\u0022https:\/\/upload.wikimedia.org\/wikipedia\/commons\/thumb\/1\/13\/Turnul_Lemnarului_-_panoramio.jpg\/256px-Turnul_Lemnarului_-_panoramio.jpg\u0022\u003E\u003C\/a\u003E","picture_ref":"\u003Ca href=\u0022https:\/\/commons.wikimedia.org\/wiki\/File:Turnul_Lemnarului_-_panoramio.jpg\u0022\u003EAndrei Dan Suciu\u003C\/a\u003E, \u003Ca href=\u0022https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/3.0\u0022\u003ECC BY 3.0\u003C\/a\u003E, via Wikimedia Commons","name":"Carpenter's Tower","seolink":"carpenters-tower","note":"","history":"&\nwikipedia: Turnul Lemnarului din Bra\u0219ov|https:\/\/ro.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Turnul_lemnarului"},{"sightId":2043,"townId":77,"active":1,"name_LO":"Turnul V\u00e2n\u0103torilor","address":"Aleea Tiberiu Brediceanu","mapdata":"1|1566|2092","gps_lat":"45.6399554187","gps_long":"25.5929952856","religion":0,"oldtype":"24","newtype":"24","homepage":"","openinghours":"","muemlekemlink":"","csemadoklink":"","picture":"\u003Ca title=\u0022I, Sailko, CC BY-SA 3.0 <https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by-sa\/3.0>, via Wikimedia Commons\u0022 href=\u0022https:\/\/commons.wikimedia.org\/wiki\/File:Brasov,_mura_02_torre_vanatorilor.JPG\u0022\u003E\u003Cimg width=\u0022512\u0022 alt=\u0022Brasov, mura 02 torre vanatorilor\u0022 src=\u0022https:\/\/upload.wikimedia.org\/wikipedia\/commons\/thumb\/e\/e8\/Brasov%2C_mura_02_torre_vanatorilor.JPG\/512px-Brasov%2C_mura_02_torre_vanatorilor.JPG\u0022\u003E\u003C\/a\u003E","picture_ref":"\u003Ca href=\u0022https:\/\/commons.wikimedia.org\/wiki\/File:Brasov,_mura_02_torre_vanatorilor.JPG\u0022\u003EI, Sailko\u003C\/a\u003E, \u003Ca href=\u0022https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by-sa\/3.0\u0022\u003ECC BY-SA 3.0\u003C\/a\u003E, via Wikimedia Commons","name":"Hunter's Tower","seolink":"hunters-tower","note":"","history":""},{"sightId":2044,"townId":77,"active":1,"name_LO":"Turnul Artelor","address":"Aleea Tiberiu Brediceanu","mapdata":"1|1213|2449","gps_lat":"45.6378311810","gps_long":"25.5899209245","religion":0,"oldtype":"24","newtype":"24","homepage":"","openinghours":"","muemlekemlink":"","csemadoklink":"","picture":"\u003Ca title=\u0022Daniel Pandelea, CC BY-SA 3.0 RO <https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by-sa\/3.0\/ro\/deed.en>, via Wikimedia Commons\u0022 href=\u0022https:\/\/commons.wikimedia.org\/wiki\/File:RO_BV_Bra%C8%99ov_Turnul_artelor.JPG\u0022\u003E\u003Cimg width=\u0022256\u0022 alt=\u0022RO BV Bra\u0219ov Turnul artelor\u0022 src=\u0022https:\/\/upload.wikimedia.org\/wikipedia\/commons\/thumb\/4\/4b\/RO_BV_Bra%C8%99ov_Turnul_artelor.JPG\/256px-RO_BV_Bra%C8%99ov_Turnul_artelor.JPG\u0022\u003E\u003C\/a\u003E","picture_ref":"\u003Ca href=\u0022https:\/\/commons.wikimedia.org\/wiki\/File:RO_BV_Bra%C8%99ov_Turnul_artelor.JPG\u0022\u003EDaniel Pandelea\u003C\/a\u003E, \u003Ca href=\u0022https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by-sa\/3.0\/ro\/deed.en\u0022\u003ECC BY-SA 3.0 RO\u003C\/a\u003E, via Wikimedia Commons","name":"Potter's Tower","seolink":"potters-tower","note":"","history":""},{"sightId":2045,"townId":77,"active":2,"name_LO":"Colegiul Na\u021bional \u00c1prily Lajos","address":"Strada Dup\u0103 Ziduri 3","mapdata":"1|971|1322","gps_lat":"45.6445633229","gps_long":"25.5877927618","religion":1,"oldtype":"74","newtype":"74","homepage":"https:\/\/www.aprilyfogimnazium.ro\/hu\/rolunk\/iskolatoertenet","openinghours":"","muemlekemlink":"","csemadoklink":"","picture":"\u003Ca title=\u0022Whitepixels, CC0, via Wikimedia Commons\u0022 href=\u0022https:\/\/commons.wikimedia.org\/wiki\/File:BrasovAprily1.jpg\u0022\u003E\u003Cimg width=\u0022512\u0022 alt=\u0022BrasovAprily1\u0022 src=\u0022https:\/\/upload.wikimedia.org\/wikipedia\/commons\/thumb\/1\/18\/BrasovAprily1.jpg\/512px-BrasovAprily1.jpg\u0022\u003E\u003C\/a\u003E","picture_ref":"\u003Ca href=\u0022https:\/\/commons.wikimedia.org\/wiki\/File:BrasovAprily1.jpg\u0022\u003EWhitepixels\u003C\/a\u003E, CC0, via Wikimedia Commons","name":"Former Roman Catholic Grammar School, \u00c1prily Lajos Hungarian High School","seolink":"former-roman-catholic-grammar-school-aprily-lajos-hungarian-high-school","note":"","history":"The \u00c1prily Lajos High School is the only Hungarian high school in the town and the largest Hungarian-language secondary school in Barcas\u00e1g and the whole Brass\u00f3 County.@\nOn October 1, 1837, the abbot-parish priest Felfalusi Kov\u00e1cs Antal started the education of the 20 students of the first Grammar school class in the dining room of the Downtown Roman Catholic Parish. From 1856, the school was downgraded to an elementary school by the Austrian imperials. German was made compulsory instead of Latin, which led to a significant reduction in the number of pupils. The Austro-Hungarian Compromise in 1867 also brought a change in the life of the school: the language of instruction finally became Hungarian. The main aim was to regain the status of a grammar school, and this was achieved in the 1872\/1873 school year. On 1 June 1900, construction of the new building began. It was completed by 1 September 1901. On 28 August 1916, the Romanian army occupied Brass\u00f3. They were driven out soon, but normal teaching was not restored until the 1919\/1920 school year, after the second Romanian occupation. The teaching of Romanian language was introduced at the same time, and from the third grade onwards, Romanian history, geography and constitutional law had to be taught in Romanian. In June 1948, the communists nationalised the school and it was officially renamed Hungarian Mixed Lyceum No. 4. In 1960, the Hungarian Mixed Lyceum No. 4 was abolished and the Hungarian section was transferred to the Unirea Lyceum, which lasted until 1990. In May 1992 the school officially received the name \u00c1prily Lajos Theoretical Lyceum."},{"sightId":2046,"townId":77,"active":1,"name_LO":"Oficiul Po\u0219tal 1","address":"Strada Nicolae Iorga 1","mapdata":"1|1855|1154","gps_lat":"45.6454770935","gps_long":"25.5954627092","religion":0,"oldtype":"64","newtype":"64","homepage":"","openinghours":"","muemlekemlink":"","csemadoklink":"","picture":"\u003Ca title=\u0022Andrei Dan Suciu, CC BY 3.0 <https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/3.0>, via Wikimedia Commons\u0022 href=\u0022https:\/\/commons.wikimedia.org\/wiki\/File:Po%C8%99ta_Bra%C8%99ov_-_panoramio.jpg\u0022\u003E\u003Cimg width=\u0022512\u0022 alt=\u0022Po\u0219ta Bra\u0219ov - panoramio\u0022 src=\u0022https:\/\/upload.wikimedia.org\/wikipedia\/commons\/thumb\/0\/00\/Po%C8%99ta_Bra%C8%99ov_-_panoramio.jpg\/512px-Po%C8%99ta_Bra%C8%99ov_-_panoramio.jpg\u0022\u003E\u003C\/a\u003E","picture_ref":"\u003Ca href=\u0022https:\/\/commons.wikimedia.org\/wiki\/File:Po%C8%99ta_Bra%C8%99ov_-_panoramio.jpg\u0022\u003EAndrei Dan Suciu\u003C\/a\u003E, \u003Ca href=\u0022https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/3.0\u0022\u003ECC BY 3.0\u003C\/a\u003E, via Wikimedia Commons","name":"Former Hungarian Royal Post Office","seolink":"former-hungarian-royal-post-office","note":"","history":""},{"sightId":2047,"townId":77,"active":1,"name_LO":"Casa Baiulescu","address":"Bulevardul Eroilor 33","mapdata":"1|967|1196","gps_lat":"45.6453558832","gps_long":"25.5878990040","religion":0,"oldtype":"52","newtype":"106","homepage":"","openinghours":"","muemlekemlink":"","csemadoklink":"","picture":"\u003Ca title=\u0022Mister No, CC BY 3.0 <https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/3.0>, via Wikimedia Commons\u0022 href=\u0022https:\/\/commons.wikimedia.org\/wiki\/File:Casa_Baiulescu_-_panoramio.jpg\u0022\u003E\u003Cimg width=\u0022512\u0022 alt=\u0022Casa Baiulescu - panoramio\u0022 src=\u0022https:\/\/upload.wikimedia.org\/wikipedia\/commons\/thumb\/6\/64\/Casa_Baiulescu_-_panoramio.jpg\/512px-Casa_Baiulescu_-_panoramio.jpg\u0022\u003E\u003C\/a\u003E","picture_ref":"\u003Ca href=\u0022https:\/\/commons.wikimedia.org\/wiki\/File:Casa_Baiulescu_-_panoramio.jpg\u0022\u003EMister No\u003C\/a\u003E, \u003Ca href=\u0022https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/3.0\u0022\u003ECC BY 3.0\u003C\/a\u003E, via Wikimedia Commons","name":"Former Villa of the Isp\u00e1n of Brass\u00f3 County","seolink":"former-villa-of-the-ispan-of-brasso-county","note":"","history":"The villa was built in 1888 for the isp\u00e1n of Brass\u00f3 County.\n&\ngallery.hungaricana.hu: Brass\u00f3; F\u0151isp\u00e1ni villa|https:\/\/gallery.hungaricana.hu\/hu\/OSZKKepeslap\/1408619\/?img=0"},{"sightId":2048,"townId":77,"active":1,"name_LO":"Facultatea de Inginerie Mecanic\u0103","address":"","mapdata":"1|1864|1370","gps_lat":"45.6443058989","gps_long":"25.5955588252","religion":0,"oldtype":"75","newtype":"75","homepage":"http:\/\/old.unitbv.ro\/fim\/Prezentare.aspx","openinghours":"","muemlekemlink":"","csemadoklink":"","picture":"\u003Ca title=\u0022Marius-Ionut, CC BY-SA 3.0 <https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by-sa\/3.0>, via Wikimedia Commons\u0022 href=\u0022https:\/\/commons.wikimedia.org\/wiki\/File:Brasov_Romania_-_panoramio.jpg\u0022\u003E\u003Cimg width=\u0022512\u0022 alt=\u0022Brasov Romania - panoramio\u0022 src=\u0022https:\/\/upload.wikimedia.org\/wikipedia\/commons\/thumb\/a\/ae\/Brasov_Romania_-_panoramio.jpg\/512px-Brasov_Romania_-_panoramio.jpg\u0022\u003E\u003C\/a\u003E","picture_ref":"\u003Ca href=\u0022https:\/\/commons.wikimedia.org\/wiki\/File:Brasov_Romania_-_panoramio.jpg\u0022\u003EMarius-Ionut\u003C\/a\u003E, \u003Ca href=\u0022https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by-sa\/3.0\u0022\u003ECC BY-SA 3.0\u003C\/a\u003E, via Wikimedia Commons","name":"Former School of Commerce, Obere Handelsschule","seolink":"former-school-of-commerce-obere-handelsschule","note":"","history":"&\ngallery.hungaricana.hu: Brass\u00f3; Fels\u0151 kereskedelmi iskola|https:\/\/gallery.hungaricana.hu\/hu\/OSZKKepeslap\/1408605\/?img=0"},{"sightId":2049,"townId":77,"active":1,"name_LO":"Facultatea de Sociologie \u0219i Comunicare","address":"Bulevardul Eroilor 25","mapdata":"1|1505|1234","gps_lat":"45.6451139558","gps_long":"25.5924800679","religion":0,"oldtype":"74","newtype":"75","homepage":"","openinghours":"","muemlekemlink":"","csemadoklink":"","picture":"\u003Ca title=\u0022Whitepixels, CC0, via Wikimedia Commons\u0022 href=\u0022https:\/\/commons.wikimedia.org\/wiki\/File:RO_BV_University_T_building_2.jpg\u0022\u003E\u003Cimg width=\u0022512\u0022 alt=\u0022RO BV University T building 2\u0022 src=\u0022https:\/\/upload.wikimedia.org\/wikipedia\/commons\/thumb\/2\/29\/RO_BV_University_T_building_2.jpg\/512px-RO_BV_University_T_building_2.jpg\u0022\u003E\u003C\/a\u003E","picture_ref":"\u003Ca href=\u0022https:\/\/commons.wikimedia.org\/wiki\/File:RO_BV_University_T_building_2.jpg\u0022\u003EWhitepixels\u003C\/a\u003E, CC0, via Wikimedia Commons","name":"Former Hungarian Royal High Scool of Sciences","seolink":"former-hungarian-royal-high-scool-of-sciences","note":"","history":"&\ngallery.hungaricana.hu: Brass\u00f3 Magyar kir\u00e1lyi \u00e1llami f\u0151re\u00e1liskola|https:\/\/gallery.hungaricana.hu\/hu\/SzerencsKepeslap\/1165195\/?img=0"},{"sightId":2050,"townId":77,"active":1,"name_LO":"Colegiul Na\u021bional Unirea","address":"Bulevardul Eroilor 7","mapdata":"1|1951|1437","gps_lat":"45.6438763628","gps_long":"25.5962617634","religion":0,"oldtype":"74","newtype":"74","homepage":"https:\/\/cnunirea.ro\/","openinghours":"","muemlekemlink":"","csemadoklink":"","picture":"\u003Ca title=\u0022Mister No, CC BY 3.0 <https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/3.0>, via Wikimedia Commons\u0022 href=\u0022https:\/\/commons.wikimedia.org\/wiki\/File:Colegul_National_Unirea_-_panoramio.jpg\u0022\u003E\u003Cimg width=\u0022512\u0022 alt=\u0022Colegul National Unirea - panoramio\u0022 src=\u0022https:\/\/upload.wikimedia.org\/wikipedia\/commons\/thumb\/8\/87\/Colegul_National_Unirea_-_panoramio.jpg\/512px-Colegul_National_Unirea_-_panoramio.jpg\u0022\u003E\u003C\/a\u003E","picture_ref":"\u003Ca href=\u0022https:\/\/commons.wikimedia.org\/wiki\/File:Colegul_National_Unirea_-_panoramio.jpg\u0022\u003EMister No\u003C\/a\u003E, \u003Ca href=\u0022https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/3.0\u0022\u003ECC BY 3.0\u003C\/a\u003E, via Wikimedia Commons","name":"Former Hungarian Royal State Civil and Elementary Girl 's School","seolink":"former-hungarian-royal-state-civil-and-elementary-girl-s-school","note":"","history":"The school was built between 1898 and 1899.\n&\ngallery.hungaricana.hu: Brass\u00f3 Magyar kir\u00e1lyi \u00e1llami polg\u00e1ri \u00e9s elemi le\u00e1nyiskola|https:\/\/gallery.hungaricana.hu\/hu\/SzerencsKepeslap\/1165213\/?img=0"},{"sightId":2051,"townId":77,"active":1,"name_LO":"Coroana","address":"Strada Republicii 62","mapdata":"1|1727|1443","gps_lat":"45.6439182312","gps_long":"25.5943518161","religion":0,"oldtype":"80","newtype":"80","homepage":"https:\/\/hotelcoroanabrasov.ro\/","openinghours":"","muemlekemlink":"","csemadoklink":"","picture":"\u003Ca title=\u0022Stefanjurca, CC BY-SA 2.0 <https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by-sa\/2.0>, via Wikimedia Commons\u0022 href=\u0022https:\/\/commons.wikimedia.org\/wiki\/File:Bra%C8%99ov_(9372258772).jpg\u0022\u003E\u003Cimg width=\u0022512\u0022 alt=\u0022Bra\u0219ov (9372258772)\u0022 src=\u0022https:\/\/upload.wikimedia.org\/wikipedia\/commons\/thumb\/f\/f6\/Bra%C8%99ov_%289372258772%29.jpg\/512px-Bra%C8%99ov_%289372258772%29.jpg\u0022\u003E\u003C\/a\u003E","picture_ref":"\u003Ca href=\u0022https:\/\/commons.wikimedia.org\/wiki\/File:Bra%C8%99ov_(9372258772).jpg\u0022\u003EStefanjurca\u003C\/a\u003E, \u003Ca href=\u0022https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by-sa\/2.0\u0022\u003ECC BY-SA 2.0\u003C\/a\u003E, via Wikimedia Commons","name":"Former Hotel Crown","seolink":"former-hotel-crown","note":"","history":"&\ngallery.hungaricana.hu: Brass\u00f3; Korona sz\u00e1lloda|https:\/\/gallery.hungaricana.hu\/hu\/OSZKKepeslap\/1408626\/?img=0"},{"sightId":2052,"townId":77,"active":1,"name_LO":"","address":"Cenk Hill, T\u00e2mpa","mapdata":"1|1559|3063","gps_lat":"45.6341595046","gps_long":"25.5929330002","religion":0,"oldtype":"38","newtype":"122","homepage":"https:\/\/www.kozterkep.hu\/10011\/arpad-szobor#","openinghours":"","muemlekemlink":"https:\/\/www.muemlekem.hu\/hatareset\/Millenniumi-honfoglalas-emlekmu-Brasso-799","csemadoklink":"","picture":"\u003Ca title=\u0022Lip\u00f3t Kurcz\n, Public domain, via Wikimedia Commons\u0022 href=\u0022https:\/\/commons.wikimedia.org\/wiki\/File:Eml%C3%A9koszlop_a_Cenk-hegyen_1896-43.jpg\u0022\u003E\u003Cimg width=\u0022512\u0022 alt=\u0022Eml\u00e9koszlop a Cenk-hegyen 1896-43\u0022 src=\u0022https:\/\/upload.wikimedia.org\/wikipedia\/commons\/thumb\/3\/33\/Eml%C3%A9koszlop_a_Cenk-hegyen_1896-43.jpg\/512px-Eml%C3%A9koszlop_a_Cenk-hegyen_1896-43.jpg\u0022\u003E\u003C\/a\u003E","picture_ref":"\u003Ca href=\u0022https:\/\/commons.wikimedia.org\/wiki\/File:Eml%C3%A9koszlop_a_Cenk-hegyen_1896-43.jpg\u0022\u003ELip\u00f3t Kurcz\u003C\/a\u003E, Public domain, via Wikimedia Commons","name":"Pedestal of the Millennium Monument (\u00c1rp\u00e1d Statue)","seolink":"pedestal-of-the-millennium-monument-arpad-statue","note":"","history":"The 21.5 metre high monument to \u00c1rp\u00e1d, the leaders of the Hungarian tribes, was built in 1896 on the suggestion of historian Thaly K\u00e1lm\u00e1n, based on plans by Berczik Gyula. At the top of the Doric column on a cylindrical pedestal stood a 3.5 metre high stone statue of an \u00c1rp\u00e1d-era armed warrior. The statue was the work of Jankovics Gyula. The pedestal was decorated with the date of the arrival of the Hungarians and the Hungarian coat of arms. The monument commemorated the millennium of the Hungarian conquest of the Carpathian Basin.@\nIn 1902 the monument was vandalized with pickaxe, after which it was surrounded by a fence in 1903. In 1913, Romanian terrorists from Bessarabia attempted to blow up the monument with dynamite. The pedestal and fence were badly damaged in the attack. The column was finally toppled by a storm a few months later. The city had planned to renovate it, but the outbreak of World War I and the Romanian occupation thwarted the plan. Today, only a circular sector of the lower part of the cylindrical pedestal can be seen. Some of the pieces of the monument have been transferred to the Brass\u00f3 History Museum, while the head of the statue is in the building of the Hungarian Lutheran congregation in the city."},{"sightId":2053,"townId":77,"active":1,"name_LO":"Statuia lui Honterus","address":"Curtea Honterus","mapdata":"1|969|1956","gps_lat":"45.6407723164","gps_long":"25.5877816042","religion":0,"oldtype":"38","newtype":"38","homepage":"https:\/\/www.kozterkep.hu\/12152\/johannes-honterus","openinghours":"","muemlekemlink":"https:\/\/www.muemlekem.hu\/hatareset\/Johannes-Honterus-szobra-Brasso-691","csemadoklink":"https:\/\/lexikon.adatbank.transindex.ro\/muemlek.php?id=184","picture":"\u003Ca title=\u0022I, Alex:D, CC BY-SA 3.0 <http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by-sa\/3.0\/>, via Wikimedia Commons\u0022 href=\u0022https:\/\/commons.wikimedia.org\/wiki\/File:Johannes_Honterus_Brasov.jpg\u0022\u003E\u003Cimg width=\u0022256\u0022 alt=\u0022Johannes Honterus Brasov\u0022 src=\u0022https:\/\/upload.wikimedia.org\/wikipedia\/commons\/thumb\/b\/b2\/Johannes_Honterus_Brasov.jpg\/256px-Johannes_Honterus_Brasov.jpg\u0022\u003E\u003C\/a\u003E","picture_ref":"\u003Ca href=\u0022https:\/\/commons.wikimedia.org\/wiki\/File:Johannes_Honterus_Brasov.jpg\u0022\u003EI, Alex:D\u003C\/a\u003E, \u003Ca href=\u0022http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by-sa\/3.0\/\u0022\u003ECC BY-SA 3.0\u003C\/a\u003E, via Wikimedia Commons","name":"Statue of Johannes Honterus","seolink":"statue-of-johannes-honterus","note":"","history":"The statue was created in 1898 by the Berlin sculptor Harro Magnissen and unveiled on 21 August 1898.@\nJohannes Honterus (1498-1549) was born the son of a Black Street furrier. He was the editor of the first map of Transylvania, author of the books Latin Grammar and Description of the World, founder of the first printing press and of the first college in Brass\u00f3."},{"sightId":2490,"townId":77,"active":1,"name_LO":"Turnul Funarilor","address":"Aleea Tiberiu Brediceanu","mapdata":"1|1436|2217","gps_lat":"45.6392445633","gps_long":"25.5918749740","religion":0,"oldtype":"24","newtype":"24","homepage":"","openinghours":"","muemlekemlink":"","csemadoklink":"","picture":"\u003Ca title=\u0022Daniel Pandelea, CC BY-SA 3.0 RO <https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by-sa\/3.0\/ro\/deed.en>, via Wikimedia Commons\u0022 href=\u0022https:\/\/commons.wikimedia.org\/wiki\/File:RO_BV_Bra%C8%99ov_Bastionul_funarilor_2.JPG\u0022\u003E\u003Cimg width=\u0022256\u0022 alt=\u0022RO BV Bra\u0219ov Bastionul funarilor 2\u0022 src=\u0022https:\/\/upload.wikimedia.org\/wikipedia\/commons\/thumb\/c\/cc\/RO_BV_Bra%C8%99ov_Bastionul_funarilor_2.JPG\/256px-RO_BV_Bra%C8%99ov_Bastionul_funarilor_2.JPG\u0022\u003E\u003C\/a\u003E","picture_ref":"\u003Ca href=\u0022https:\/\/commons.wikimedia.org\/wiki\/File:RO_BV_Bra%C8%99ov_Bastionul_funarilor_2.JPG\u0022\u003EDaniel Pandelea\u003C\/a\u003E, \u003Ca href=\u0022https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by-sa\/3.0\/ro\/deed.en\u0022\u003ECC BY-SA 3.0 RO\u003C\/a\u003E, via Wikimedia Commons","name":"Ropemaker's Tower","seolink":"ropemakers-tower","note":"","history":""},{"sightId":2491,"townId":77,"active":1,"name_LO":"","address":"Pia\u021ba Sfatului 26","mapdata":"1|1037|1658","gps_lat":"45.6425477548","gps_long":"25.5884799537","religion":0,"oldtype":"50","newtype":"84","homepage":"","openinghours":"","muemlekemlink":"","csemadoklink":"","picture":"\u003Ca title=\u0022Whitepixels, CC0, via Wikimedia Commons\u0022 href=\u0022https:\/\/commons.wikimedia.org\/wiki\/File:RO_BV_Friedrich_Czell_palace_1.jpg\u0022\u003E\u003Cimg width=\u0022512\u0022 alt=\u0022RO BV Friedrich Czell palace 1\u0022 src=\u0022https:\/\/upload.wikimedia.org\/wikipedia\/commons\/thumb\/a\/a5\/RO_BV_Friedrich_Czell_palace_1.jpg\/512px-RO_BV_Friedrich_Czell_palace_1.jpg\u0022\u003E\u003C\/a\u003E","picture_ref":"\u003Ca href=\u0022https:\/\/commons.wikimedia.org\/wiki\/File:RO_BV_Friedrich_Czell_palace_1.jpg\u0022\u003EWhitepixels\u003C\/a\u003E, CC0, via Wikimedia Commons","name":"Friedrich Czell Palace","seolink":"friedrich-czell-palace","note":"","history":"The house was built in 1903 by Friedrich Czell Jr. At the beginning of the 20th century, the group of companies of Czell Frigyes and his sons had a monopoly on beer production in Transylvania. In addition to beer production, they were also involved in distilling, sugar production, trade and construction; the Czell brothers built several tenement houses in the centre to supplemented their fortune by renting out apartments. Karl Czell built his palace at 13 Monastery Street in 1898, Wilhelm Czell built the 'sun palace' at Rezs\u0151 Boulevard in 1901, and Friedrich Czell Jr. built the main square palace in 1903.\n&\nwikipedia: Friedrich Czell-palota|https:\/\/hu.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Friedrich_Czell-palota\nwikipedia: Czell Frigyes \u00e9s fiai|https:\/\/hu.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Czell_Frigyes_%C3%A9s_fiai"},{"sightId":2492,"townId":77,"active":1,"name_LO":"","address":"Strada Mure\u0219enilor 28","mapdata":"1|1207|1224","gps_lat":"45.6452326154","gps_long":"25.5898629423","religion":0,"oldtype":"50","newtype":"53","homepage":"","openinghours":"","muemlekemlink":"","csemadoklink":"","picture":"\u003Ca href=\u0022https:\/\/commons.wikimedia.org\/wiki\/File:Sun_Palace_Brasov.jpg\u0022\u003E\u003Cimg width=\u0022512\u0022 alt=\u0022Sun Palace Brasov\u0022 src=\u0022https:\/\/upload.wikimedia.org\/wikipedia\/commons\/thumb\/7\/78\/Sun_Palace_Brasov.jpg\/512px-Sun_Palace_Brasov.jpg\u0022\u003E\u003C\/a\u003E","picture_ref":"\u003Ca href=\u0022https:\/\/commons.wikimedia.org\/wiki\/File:Sun_Palace_Brasov.jpg\u0022\u003EI, Alex:D\u003C\/a\u003E, \u003Ca href=\u0022http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by-sa\/3.0\/\u0022\u003ECC BY-SA 3.0\u003C\/a\u003E, via Wikimedia Commons","name":"Wilhelm Czell Palace, Sun Palace","seolink":"wilhelm-czell-palace-sun-palace","note":"","history":"Wilhelm Czell's palace, built in 1901 to Albert Schuller's design, stands on the corner of Monastery Street and Rezs\u0151 Boulevard. It is also known as the \u0022Sun Palace\u0022 thanks to the reliefs of the sun and angels that decorate the facade.@\nAt the beginning of the 20th century, the group of companies of Czell Frigyes and his sons had a monopoly on beer production in Transylvania. In addition to beer production, they were also involved in distilling, sugar production, trade and construction; the Czell brothers built several tenement houses in the centre to supplemented their fortune by renting out apartments. Karl Czell built his palace at 13 Monastery Street in 1898, Wilhelm Czell built the 'sun palace' at Rezs\u0151 Boulevard in 1901, and Friedrich Czell Jr. built the main square palace in 1903.\n&\nwikipedia: Friedrich Czell-palota|https:\/\/hu.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Friedrich_Czell-palota\nwikipedia: Czell Frigyes \u00e9s fiai|https:\/\/hu.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Czell_Frigyes_%C3%A9s_fiai"},{"sightId":2493,"townId":77,"active":1,"name_LO":"","address":"Strada Mure\u0219enilor 13","mapdata":"1|1106|1434","gps_lat":"45.6439185076","gps_long":"25.5890506353","religion":0,"oldtype":"50","newtype":"53","homepage":"","openinghours":"","muemlekemlink":"","csemadoklink":"","picture":"","picture_ref":"","name":"Karl Czell Palace","seolink":"karl-czell-palace","note":"","history":"Karl Czell's palace, built in 1898 according to the design of Christian Kertsch, stands at 13 Kolostor Street.@\nAt the beginning of the 20th century, the group of companies of Czell Frigyes and his sons had a monopoly on beer production in Transylvania. In addition to beer production, they were also involved in distilling, sugar production, trade and construction; the Czell brothers built several tenement houses in the centre to supplemented their fortune by renting out apartments. Karl Czell built his palace at 13 Monastery Street in 1898, Wilhelm Czell built the 'sun palace' at Rezs\u0151 Boulevard in 1901, and Friedrich Czell Jr. built the main square palace in 1903.\n&\nwikipedia: Friedrich Czell-palota|https:\/\/hu.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Friedrich_Czell-palota\nwikipedia: Czell Frigyes \u00e9s fiai|https:\/\/hu.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Czell_Frigyes_%C3%A9s_fiai"},{"sightId":2494,"townId":77,"active":1,"name_LO":"","address":"Pia\u021ba Sfatului 27","mapdata":"1|1049|1627","gps_lat":"45.6427542230","gps_long":"25.5885612026","religion":0,"oldtype":"53,20","newtype":"53","homepage":"","openinghours":"","muemlekemlink":"","csemadoklink":"","picture":"\u003Ca title=\u0022Whitepixels, CC0, via Wikimedia Commons\u0022 href=\u0022https:\/\/commons.wikimedia.org\/wiki\/File:Brasov_Seuler_house.jpg\u0022\u003E\u003Cimg width=\u0022512\u0022 alt=\u0022Brasov Seuler house\u0022 src=\u0022https:\/\/upload.wikimedia.org\/wikipedia\/commons\/thumb\/5\/53\/Brasov_Seuler_house.jpg\/512px-Brasov_Seuler_house.jpg\u0022\u003E\u003C\/a\u003E","picture_ref":"\u003Ca href=\u0022https:\/\/commons.wikimedia.org\/wiki\/File:Brasov_Seuler_house.jpg\u0022\u003EWhitepixels\u003C\/a\u003E, CC0, via Wikimedia Commons","name":"Seuler House","seolink":"seuler-house","note":"","history":"The 16th century Baroque building burnt down in a fire in 1689; it was rebuilt in 1709-1710 by Bartholom\u00e4us Seuler, the town judge. It later became the property of the Herbertsheim family and was rebuilt in the mid-18th century by the town judge Samuel Herbert von Herbertsheim. It was one of the most luxurious buildings in 18th century Brass\u00f3, so the town council bought it in 1767 for 10 000 forints and made it the residence of the commander of the town guard and the headquarters of the border guard. During their visits to Brass\u00f3, the Habsburg monarchs Joseph II (June 1783), Franz I (June and September 1817) and Franz Joseph (July 1852) stayed here. The building was home to the Kronst\u00e4dter Allgemeine Sparkasse from 1835 and the municipal pawnshop from 1847.@\nAfter the First World War, the building was converted from a military headquarters into a tenement. Between 1919 and 1935, it was the seat of the Brass\u00f3 Romanian Casino (Casina Rom\u00e2n\u0103) cultural association. In 1927, S\u00e1nta Ferenc, Kossuth Prize-winning Hungarian writer, was born here. Between 1956 and 1958 it was renovated under the direction of architect G\u00fcnther Schuller.\n&\nwikipedia: Seuler-h\u00e1z|https:\/\/hu.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Seuler-h%C3%A1z"},{"sightId":2495,"townId":77,"active":1,"name_LO":"","address":"Pia\u021ba Sfatului 17","mapdata":"1|1086|1875","gps_lat":"45.6412818347","gps_long":"25.5888100389","religion":0,"oldtype":"72,84,80,4","newtype":"4","homepage":"","openinghours":"","muemlekemlink":"","csemadoklink":"","picture":"\u003Ca title=\u0022Whitepixels, CC0, via Wikimedia Commons\u0022 href=\u0022https:\/\/commons.wikimedia.org\/wiki\/File:RO_BV_Cziegler_house_4.jpg\u0022\u003E\u003Cimg width=\u0022512\u0022 alt=\u0022RO BV Cziegler house 4\u0022 src=\u0022https:\/\/upload.wikimedia.org\/wikipedia\/commons\/thumb\/1\/1f\/RO_BV_Cziegler_house_4.jpg\/512px-RO_BV_Cziegler_house_4.jpg\u0022\u003E\u003C\/a\u003E","picture_ref":"\u003Ca href=\u0022https:\/\/commons.wikimedia.org\/wiki\/File:RO_BV_Cziegler_house_4.jpg\u0022\u003EWhitepixels\u003C\/a\u003E, CC0, via Wikimedia Commons","name":"Cziegler House","seolink":"cziegler-house","note":"","history":"Documents mention a pharmacy on this site as early as 1512. The house burnt down in the fire of 1689. According to a contemporary account, fire spread to the Black Church from this building, and the town council did not allow the rebuilt house to have windows overlooking the churchyard for nearly a century. According to other witnesses, the Black Church was set on fire from the inside by the Habsburgs, who had caused the fire in revenge.@\nIn 1741, the chronicler Thomas Tartler refers to the building as w\u00fcssten Apotheke, or known pharmacy. According to a record from 1781, Andreas Cziegler, a b\u00fcrgerliche Kaufmann (merchant-citizen), the owner of the building at the time, asked the town council for permission to rebuild and extend the building. Around 1826 it became the property of the Romanian wholesaler Radu Orghidan, who had it rebuilt again.@\nIn 1850 it was bought by the Brass\u00f3 General Savings Bank. Around 1875 the Saxon Lutheran parish moved here. Around 1890, the Zum edlen Ritter (To the noble knight) restaurant was opened here. In 1948, the building was nationalised, and after the change of regime in 1989, it was returned to the Lutheran Church.\n&\nwikipedia: Cziegler-h\u00e1z (Brass\u00f3)|https:\/\/hu.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Cziegler-h%C3%A1z_(Brass%C3%B3)"},{"sightId":2496,"townId":77,"active":1,"name_LO":"","address":"Pia\u021ba Sfatului 4","mapdata":"1|1158|1641","gps_lat":"45.6426941125","gps_long":"25.5894562124","religion":0,"oldtype":"53","newtype":"53","homepage":"","openinghours":"","muemlekemlink":"","csemadoklink":"","picture":"\u003Ca title=\u0022Whitepixels, CC0, via Wikimedia Commons\u0022 href=\u0022https:\/\/commons.wikimedia.org\/wiki\/File:Piata_Sfatului_nr_4.jpg\u0022\u003E\u003Cimg width=\u0022512\u0022 alt=\u0022Piata Sfatului nr 4\u0022 src=\u0022https:\/\/upload.wikimedia.org\/wikipedia\/commons\/thumb\/8\/8b\/Piata_Sfatului_nr_4.jpg\/512px-Piata_Sfatului_nr_4.jpg\u0022\u003E\u003C\/a\u003E","picture_ref":"\u003Ca href=\u0022https:\/\/commons.wikimedia.org\/wiki\/File:Piata_Sfatului_nr_4.jpg\u0022\u003EWhitepixels\u003C\/a\u003E, CC0, via Wikimedia Commons","name":"Czeides House","seolink":"czeides-house","note":"","history":"The spacious 16th century patrician house burnt down in the 1689 fire and was rebuilt in the mid-18th century. The facade was restored to its present form in 1827. Originally known as Christoph House, it became the home of the Czeides family. In the 19th century, it was the home of Peter Carl Czeides (1809-1889), a Saxon merchant and member of the hundred fathers (representative body of Brass\u00f3), who co-founded the Kronst\u00e4dter Allgemeine Sparkasse (General Savings Bank of Brass\u00f3) in 1835 and established the Czeides Foundation for the benefit of poor Saxon girls in 1889. From 21 to 24 March 1849 it was the headquarters of General Bem J\u00f3zsef's Hungarian revolutionary army. The Deutsche Kasino German literary circle was based here until 1944. General Bem's stay in Brass\u00f3 is commemorated by two marble plaques on the walls of the house.@\nOn 11 March 1849, General Bem's troops captured Nagyszeben and then marched towards Brass\u00f3. The Austrian troops stationed there and many Saxon and Vlach citizens fled across the T\u00f6m\u00f6s Pass to Wallachia, the Vlach legion of Barcas\u00e1g was disbanded and the Brass\u00f3 town council declared its unconditional surrender.@\nBem marched into Brass\u00f3 on 20 March. In the evening hours, a delegation led by town judge Johann von Albrichsfeld arrived and begged Bem not to destroy the town and to show mercy to the inhabitants. Bem assured the delegation that he did not consider them enemies, that there would be no looting, and that they would not even have to pay tribute. The elderly town judge, however, did not understand the general's words and continued to plead for mercy, whereupon Bem became indignant that he was being treated as a robber.@\nOn 21 March, Bem read from the balcony of the Czeides House the Brass\u00f3 Proclamation: 'The Hungarian government wants to oppress no one. The people of Transylvania, wake up at once from the stupor into which you have been plunged by unscrupulous cunning. Let the blind return to their homes and their occupations. Hungarians, Saxons and Vlachs! Extend to one another the brotherly right, put away all national hatred, and you will be happy.@\nOn 23 March, he received here Cezar Bolliac, one of the leaders of the failed 1848 revolution in Wallachia, with whom he formed a lifelong friendship.@\nGeneral Bem J\u00f3zsef also visited Brass\u00f3 in June 1849, this time staying at the Closius House.@\nIn 1895, at the suggestion of Ko\u00f3s Ferenc, the chief inspector of education, a memorial plaque in German was placed on the Czeides House. It was removed by the Romanian nationalist Iron Guard in the late 1930s. In 2002 it was found in the collection of the Brass\u00f3 County History Museum and, after obtaining the necessary permits, it was put back on the house on 15 March 2008.\n&\nwikipedia: Czeides-h\u00e1z|https:\/\/hu.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Czeides-h%C3%A1z"},{"sightId":2497,"townId":77,"active":1,"name_LO":"Hotel Drachenhaus","address":"Strada Nicolae B\u0103lcescu 12","mapdata":"1|1468|1849","gps_lat":"45.6414506579","gps_long":"25.5921582172","religion":0,"oldtype":"53","newtype":"81","homepage":"http:\/\/www.drachenhaus.ro\/","openinghours":"","muemlekemlink":"","csemadoklink":"","picture":"\u003Ca title=\u0022Whitepixels, CC0, via Wikimedia Commons\u0022 href=\u0022https:\/\/commons.wikimedia.org\/wiki\/File:BVDrachenhaus3.jpg\u0022\u003E\u003Cimg width=\u0022512\u0022 alt=\u0022BVDrachenhaus3\u0022 src=\u0022https:\/\/upload.wikimedia.org\/wikipedia\/commons\/thumb\/5\/54\/BVDrachenhaus3.jpg\/512px-BVDrachenhaus3.jpg\u0022\u003E\u003C\/a\u003E","picture_ref":"\u003Ca href=\u0022https:\/\/commons.wikimedia.org\/wiki\/File:BVDrachenhaus3.jpg\u0022\u003EWhitepixels\u003C\/a\u003E, CC0, via Wikimedia Commons","name":"Drachenhaus, Dragon House","seolink":"drachenhaus-dragon-house","note":"","history":"The Drachenhaus was built by Georg D\u00fcck in 1822. D\u00fcck was a talented and wealthy master tanner and leather industrialist, the owner of the most famous leather factory in 19th century Transylvania, a patron of poor craftsmen, and one of the founders of the Kronst\u00e4dter Allgemeine Sparkasse. His son, Georg D\u00fcck Jr. served as town judge of Brass\u00f3 from 1869 to 1871.@\nThe winged, crowned dragon-shaped copper gargoyles have captured the imagination of the people of Brass\u00f3 from the very beginning. According to a well-known legend, the house - or its predecessor - is linked to the mysterious Klingsor von Ungerlant, a Transylvanian-born singer and magician who lived around 1200. Klingsor took part in the 1206 Wartburg Song Contest, which is also recorded in Wagner's Tannh\u00e4user, but was defeated in the competition. Disillusioned and excluded, he returned home to Brass\u00f3, learned black magic and built his dragon house. The dragons came to life at night and glowed red, frightening the citizens of Brass\u00f3.\n&\nwikipedia: Drachenhaus (Brass\u00f3)|https:\/\/hu.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Drachenhaus_(Brass%C3%B3)"},{"sightId":2498,"townId":77,"active":1,"name_LO":"","address":"str. George Bari\u021biu 1\u20131A","mapdata":"1|1019|1795","gps_lat":"45.6417366772","gps_long":"25.5882603712","religion":0,"oldtype":"53,93","newtype":"53","homepage":"","openinghours":"","muemlekemlink":"","csemadoklink":"","picture":"\u003Ca title=\u0022Whitepixels, CC0, via Wikimedia Commons\u0022 href=\u0022https:\/\/commons.wikimedia.org\/wiki\/File:RO_BV_Benkner_house_2.jpg\u0022\u003E\u003Cimg width=\u0022512\u0022 alt=\u0022RO BV Benkner house 2\u0022 src=\u0022https:\/\/upload.wikimedia.org\/wikipedia\/commons\/thumb\/2\/29\/RO_BV_Benkner_house_2.jpg\/512px-RO_BV_Benkner_house_2.jpg\u0022\u003E\u003C\/a\u003E","picture_ref":"\u003Ca href=\u0022https:\/\/commons.wikimedia.org\/wiki\/File:RO_BV_Benkner_house_2.jpg\u0022\u003EWhitepixels\u003C\/a\u003E, CC0, via Wikimedia Commons","name":"Benkner House","seolink":"benkner-house","note":"","history":"Although some sources trace the Benkner family tree back as far as the 13th century, the first verifiable member of the family was Christian Benkner, a town councillor in the late 15th century. Christian's son, Johannes Benkner Sr., was town captain and then town judge for eight years. For his merits he was twice raised to the ranks of the noblility by the king. Johannes Benkner Jr. was also a town judge, a supporter of Johannes Honterus and founder of the Brass\u00f3 paper mill. In the 17th and 18th centuries, several Benkners are mentioned as town officials, pastors and chroniclers. The last Benkner from Brass\u00f3 died in 1979.@\nThe house itself dates from the 15th century. According to accounts, it was owned by Johannes Benkner Sr. in 1504. After his death, Johannes Benkner Jr. inherited it, and in 1533 and 1539 it is mentioned as belonging to Peter Benkner and Michael Benkner respectively. It was rebuilt after the fire of 1689.@\nFrom 1835 to 1841, it was the seat of the Vlach Casino (Casina Rom\u00e2n\u0103), a cultural association in Brass\u00f3. In the 1870s, it became the property of the Plecker von Pleckersfeld family (also known as the Benkner-Plecker House or the Plecker House), and later the residence of the Schobel von Schobeln family. It underwent a major renovation in 1872 and again in the 1980s. Its present form dates from 1872.\n&\nwikipedia: Benkner-h\u00e1z|https:\/\/hu.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Benkner-h%C3%A1z"},{"sightId":2499,"townId":77,"active":1,"name_LO":"","address":"Pia\u021ba Sfatului 18","mapdata":"1|1054|1827","gps_lat":"45.6415661229","gps_long":"25.5885866707","religion":0,"oldtype":"53","newtype":"53","homepage":"","openinghours":"","muemlekemlink":"","csemadoklink":"","picture":"\u003Ca title=\u0022User:Mercy, CC BY-SA 3.0 <https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by-sa\/3.0>, via Wikimedia Commons\u0022 href=\u0022https:\/\/commons.wikimedia.org\/wiki\/File:Bra%C5%9Fov_-_town_square_cropped.jpg\u0022\u003E\u003Cimg width=\u0022512\u0022 alt=\u0022Bra\u015fov - town square cropped\u0022 src=\u0022https:\/\/upload.wikimedia.org\/wikipedia\/commons\/thumb\/f\/f6\/Bra%C5%9Fov_-_town_square_cropped.jpg\/512px-Bra%C5%9Fov_-_town_square_cropped.jpg\u0022\u003E\u003C\/a\u003E","picture_ref":"\u003Ca href=\u0022https:\/\/commons.wikimedia.org\/wiki\/File:Bra%C5%9Fov_-_town_square_cropped.jpg\u0022\u003EUser:Mercy\u003C\/a\u003E, \u003Ca href=\u0022https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by-sa\/3.0\u0022\u003ECC BY-SA 3.0\u003C\/a\u003E, via Wikimedia Commons","name":"Filstich\u2013Plecker House","seolink":"filstich-plecker-house","note":"","history":"The history of the two houses is very different, it was only in the mid-20th century that they were built together and since then have been treated as a single building.@\nThe houses date from the 16th century. The one to the south belonged to the Filstich patrician family, the oldest records mention the goldsmith Stefan Filstich (1565-1644). The two-storey building had a tower at the corner, which made it symmetrical with the Benkner house at the other end of the Cooper Row. His son, Michael Filstich, was town captain and then town judge during the 1688 uprising. His son Michael also served as town judge for several years, and his grandson as rector of the Honterus Grammar School. In the early 19th century the house was owned by the Clompe family.@\nThe owner of the neighbouring house to the north, the Plecker von Pleckersfeld family, also owned three buildings in the Main Square. In 1827, Dr Johann Friedrich Plecker (1780-1850), a town doctor, bought the Clompe (Filstich) house and rebuilt it in Renaissance style.@\nThe Filstich House was the seat of the Vlach Casino from 1835 to 1841, and the Zum wei\u00dfen L\u00f6wen (To the White Lion), the firm and shop of the Hesshaimer family from 1843 to 1948. In 1894 it was bought by the Lutheran parish. The neighbouring Plecker House was the headquarters of the Brass\u00f3 branch of the Albina Bank centered in Nagyszeben from 1886 to 1948.\n&\nwikipedia: Filstich\u2013Plecker-h\u00e1z|https:\/\/hu.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Filstich%E2%80%93Plecker-h%C3%A1z"},{"sightId":2500,"townId":77,"active":1,"name_LO":"","address":"str. Republicii 17","mapdata":"1|1405|1571","gps_lat":"45.6430920912","gps_long":"25.5915877322","religion":0,"oldtype":"53,72","newtype":"53","homepage":"","openinghours":"","muemlekemlink":"","csemadoklink":"","picture":"\u003Ca title=\u0022Whitepixels, CC0, via Wikimedia Commons\u0022 href=\u0022https:\/\/commons.wikimedia.org\/wiki\/File:RoBvJekelius2016.jpg\u0022\u003E\u003Cimg width=\u0022512\u0022 alt=\u0022RoBvJekelius2016\u0022 src=\u0022https:\/\/upload.wikimedia.org\/wikipedia\/commons\/thumb\/e\/e6\/RoBvJekelius2016.jpg\/512px-RoBvJekelius2016.jpg\u0022\u003E\u003C\/a\u003E","picture_ref":"\u003Ca href=\u0022https:\/\/commons.wikimedia.org\/wiki\/File:RoBvJekelius2016.jpg\u0022\u003EWhitepixels\u003C\/a\u003E, CC0, via Wikimedia Commons","name":"Jekelius House","seolink":"jekelius-house","note":"","history":"The Jekelius House is one of the oldest surviving buildings in Brass\u00f3, one of the few houses in the town fortress that survived the fire of 1689 intact.@\nDating from the 16th century, the house was built in the town centre on the site of a former Cistercian monastery. It was built in several phases, with Renaissance and Baroque elements. It was a modern and resistant building for its age and was not damaged by fires and earthquakes.@\nIn 1848, the Saxon apothecary Ferdinand Jekelius founded the Zur Hoffnung (To Hope) pharmacy in a ground-floor shop, the seventh pharmacy to open in Brass\u00f3. It was known to the townspeople as the Goldfischapotheke, because until the early 20th century it had an aquarium at the entrance. In 1898, Ferdinand's son Emil Jekelius took over the pharmacy, and in 1922 Emil's son-in-law Erich Phleps took over. The pharmacy Zur Hoffnung was nationalised in April 1949 and then closed down.\n&\nwikipedia: Jekelius-h\u00e1z|https:\/\/hu.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Jekelius-h%C3%A1z"},{"sightId":2501,"townId":77,"active":1,"name_LO":"","address":"Strada Mure\u0219enilor 9","mapdata":"1|1094|1483","gps_lat":"45.6436171692","gps_long":"25.5889316511","religion":0,"oldtype":"53","newtype":"53","homepage":"","openinghours":"","muemlekemlink":"","csemadoklink":"","picture":"\u003Ca title=\u0022Whitepixels, CC0, via Wikimedia Commons\u0022 href=\u0022https:\/\/commons.wikimedia.org\/wiki\/File:RO_BV_Bra%C8%99ov_Casa_Schobeln_4.jpg\u0022\u003E\u003Cimg width=\u0022512\u0022 alt=\u0022RO BV Bra\u0219ov Casa Schobeln 4\u0022 src=\u0022https:\/\/upload.wikimedia.org\/wikipedia\/commons\/thumb\/c\/c0\/RO_BV_Bra%C8%99ov_Casa_Schobeln_4.jpg\/512px-RO_BV_Bra%C8%99ov_Casa_Schobeln_4.jpg\u0022\u003E\u003C\/a\u003E","picture_ref":"\u003Ca href=\u0022https:\/\/commons.wikimedia.org\/wiki\/File:RO_BV_Bra%C8%99ov_Casa_Schobeln_4.jpg\u0022\u003EWhitepixels\u003C\/a\u003E, CC0, via Wikimedia Commons","name":"Schobeln House","seolink":"schobeln-house","note":"","history":"The Schobeln House in Brass\u00f3 is one of the few houses in the fortress that survived the fire of 1689 intact.@\nThe building on Monastery Street, dating from the 16th century, was owned by wealthy Brass\u00f3 patrician families: the Hermann, Seuler, Albrich, and Schobeln families. From 1654, the Honterus printing house was located in this building, or more precisely in the medieval watchtower behind the building. Hermann, the owner of the house, collected the surviving parts of Johannes Honterus's hand press, founded in 1539, replaced the missing equipment and restarted the printing press. In 1798, the house and the printing press became the property of Johann Georg von Schobeln, a councillor. The printing works itself was run by Friedrich August Herfurth; after his death, Johann G\u00f6tt took over. The G\u00f6tt printing house operated in the Schobeln house until 1893, when it moved. In December 1834, it received a licence from the Gubernium (Government of Transylvania) to print newspapers in German, Vlach and Hungarian. In 1849, at the request of General Bem J\u00f3zsef, new newspapers were published: the German Kronst\u00e4dter Zeitung, the Hungarian Brass\u00f3i Lap and the Vlach Espatriatul.\n&\nwikipedia: Schobeln-h\u00e1z|https:\/\/hu.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Schobeln-h%C3%A1z"},{"sightId":2502,"townId":77,"active":1,"name_LO":"","address":"Strada Republicii 14","mapdata":"1|1349|1668","gps_lat":"45.6425174978","gps_long":"25.5911285828","religion":0,"oldtype":"81,80","newtype":"53","homepage":"","openinghours":"","muemlekemlink":"","csemadoklink":"","picture":"\u003Ca title=\u0022Andrei Dan Suciu, CC BY 3.0 <https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/3.0>, via Wikimedia Commons\u0022 href=\u0022https:\/\/commons.wikimedia.org\/wiki\/File:Fa%C8%9Bad%C4%83_pe_Strada_Republici,_Bra%C8%99ov_-_panoramio.jpg\u0022\u003E\u003Cimg width=\u0022512\u0022 alt=\u0022Fa\u021bad\u0103 pe Strada Republici, Bra\u0219ov - panoramio\u0022 src=\u0022https:\/\/upload.wikimedia.org\/wikipedia\/commons\/thumb\/b\/b4\/Fa%C8%9Bad%C4%83_pe_Strada_Republici%2C_Bra%C8%99ov_-_panoramio.jpg\/512px-Fa%C8%9Bad%C4%83_pe_Strada_Republici%2C_Bra%C8%99ov_-_panoramio.jpg\u0022\u003E\u003C\/a\u003E","picture_ref":"\u003Ca href=\u0022https:\/\/commons.wikimedia.org\/wiki\/File:Fa%C8%9Bad%C4%83_pe_Strada_Republici,_Bra%C8%99ov_-_panoramio.jpg\u0022\u003EAndrei Dan Suciu\u003C\/a\u003E, \u003Ca href=\u0022https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/3.0\u0022\u003ECC BY 3.0\u003C\/a\u003E, via Wikimedia Commons","name":"Montaldo House, Tortenhaus","seolink":"montaldo-house-tortenhaus","note":"","history":"At the beginning of the 19th century, the people of Brass\u00f3 consumed sweets mainly of Turkish origin, bought mainly from Greek and Vlach traders. In 1822, the town council authorised the sale of sweets, coffee and lemonade on the lower promenade (the formerly landscaped area from the present Post Office to the Modarom shopping centre). In 1838, a caf\u00e9 was built on the promenade near the gate on Monastery Street, which was taken over in 1850 by Josef Montaldo (1825-1894), an Italian-born master confectioner.@\nMontaldo's business flourished, so in 1863 he asked the the architect Peter Bartesch to rebuild his residence on Gate Street. The new three-storey building was known in Brass\u00f3 as the Tortenhaus, because it had a confectionery on the ground floor, known mainly for its cakes. However, Montaldo later went bankrupt and died in great poverty at the age of 69. Between 1895 and 1900 it was the Baross Hotel.\n&\nwikipedia: Montaldo-h\u00e1z|https:\/\/hu.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Montaldo-h%C3%A1z "},{"sightId":2503,"townId":77,"active":1,"name_LO":"","address":"Strada George Bari\u021biu 7","mapdata":"1|885|1945","gps_lat":"45.6408863063","gps_long":"25.5871383573","religion":0,"oldtype":"53","newtype":"53","homepage":"","openinghours":"","muemlekemlink":"","csemadoklink":"","picture":"\u003Ca title=\u0022Whitepixels, CC0, via Wikimedia Commons\u0022 href=\u0022https:\/\/commons.wikimedia.org\/wiki\/File:RO_BV_Str._Baritiu_nr._7.jpg\u0022\u003E\u003Cimg width=\u0022512\u0022 alt=\u0022RO BV Str. Baritiu nr. 7\u0022 src=\u0022https:\/\/upload.wikimedia.org\/wikipedia\/commons\/thumb\/c\/c7\/RO_BV_Str._Baritiu_nr._7.jpg\/512px-RO_BV_Str._Baritiu_nr._7.jpg\u0022\u003E\u003C\/a\u003E","picture_ref":"\u003Ca href=\u0022https:\/\/commons.wikimedia.org\/wiki\/File:RO_BV_Str._Baritiu_nr._7.jpg\u0022\u003EWhitepixels\u003C\/a\u003E, CC0, via Wikimedia Commons","name":"Trausch House","seolink":"trausch-house","note":"","history":"The house dates from the 16th century. It has been rebuilt several times over the centuries and was restored to its present form in the 19th century.@\nThe Trausch family comes from Strasbourg in Alsace. In 1606 Georg Trausch was recorded as a Lutheran pastor in Pr\u00e9postfalva, and in 1641 in B\u00fcrk\u00f6s. Georg's grandson Paul (\u20201691) settled in Brasov; both he and his son Nathanael Sr. (1679-1768) served as pastors. From Nathanael Sr. descended the two great branches of the Trausch family: the civil branch (descendants of Nathanael Jr.) and the noble von Trauschenfels branch (descendants of Georg).@\nThe first recorded owner of the Trausch House in Brass\u00f3 was Nathanael Trausch Jr. (1713-1772), a master jeweller, followed by Johann Joseph Trausch (1768-1831), a town councillor and district inspector, and then Franz Joseph Trausch (1795-1871), a literary and local historian, whose most important work is the biographical encyclopaedia of Transylvanian German authors. After the death of Franz Joseph Trausch, the von Theuerkauf family acquired the house by marriage, and later the Fabritius family became the owner. In 1910 it was bought by the Lutheran parish.\n&\nwikipedia: Trausch-h\u00e1z|https:\/\/hu.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Trausch-h%C3%A1z"},{"sightId":2504,"townId":77,"active":1,"name_LO":"Muzeul Sporturilor","address":"Strada George Co\u0219buc 2","mapdata":"1|1045|2526","gps_lat":"45.6373815488","gps_long":"25.5885552017","religion":0,"oldtype":"90","newtype":"98","homepage":"","openinghours":"","muemlekemlink":"","csemadoklink":"","picture":"\u003Ca title=\u0022Mister No, CC BY 3.0 <https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/3.0>, via Wikimedia Commons\u0022 href=\u0022https:\/\/commons.wikimedia.org\/wiki\/File:Olimpia_Restaurant_-_panoramio.jpg\u0022\u003E\u003Cimg width=\u0022512\u0022 alt=\u0022Olimpia Restaurant - panoramio\u0022 src=\u0022https:\/\/upload.wikimedia.org\/wikipedia\/commons\/thumb\/2\/28\/Olimpia_Restaurant_-_panoramio.jpg\/512px-Olimpia_Restaurant_-_panoramio.jpg\u0022\u003E\u003C\/a\u003E","picture_ref":"\u003Ca href=\u0022https:\/\/commons.wikimedia.org\/wiki\/File:Olimpia_Restaurant_-_panoramio.jpg\u0022\u003EMister No\u003C\/a\u003E, \u003Ca href=\u0022https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/3.0\u0022\u003ECC BY 3.0\u003C\/a\u003E, via Wikimedia Commons","name":"Former Ice Skating Rink","seolink":"former-ice-skating-rink","note":"","history":"Ice skating has long been a favourite winter pastime in Brass\u00f3. In the 19th century, the sport was practised in the zwingers of the butchers and the goldsmiths. In March 1880, the Kronst\u00e4dter Eislaufverein (Brass\u00f3 Skating Association) was founded on the initiative of sports teacher Theodor Kuhlbrand. The pavilion was built between 1894 and 1895 according to a design by the Viennese architect Paul Br\u00e4ng, and the adjacent ice rink was opened on 22 January 1895. In the summer, the area was used for tennis, and the pavilion was often used for masquerade balls and performances. In 1948, when the communists took power, the Brass\u00f3 Skating Association was dissolved and the complex was nationalized. In 2018, the pavilion was renovated for the newly opened Museum of Sport and Mountain Tourism.\n&\nwikipedia: Olimpia sportkomplexum|https:\/\/hu.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Olimpia_sportkomplexum"},{"sightId":2505,"townId":77,"active":1,"name_LO":"","address":"Strada Poarta Schei 14","mapdata":"1|963|2107","gps_lat":"45.6398641212","gps_long":"25.5877948953","religion":0,"oldtype":"86,53","newtype":"53","homepage":"","openinghours":"","muemlekemlink":"","csemadoklink":"","picture":"\u003Ca title=\u0022Whitepixels, CC0, via Wikimedia Commons\u0022 href=\u0022https:\/\/commons.wikimedia.org\/wiki\/File:TartlerOrphanageBrasov2.jpg\u0022\u003E\u003Cimg width=\u0022512\u0022 alt=\u0022TartlerOrphanageBrasov2\u0022 src=\u0022https:\/\/upload.wikimedia.org\/wikipedia\/commons\/thumb\/0\/0b\/TartlerOrphanageBrasov2.jpg\/512px-TartlerOrphanageBrasov2.jpg\u0022\u003E\u003C\/a\u003E","picture_ref":"\u003Ca href=\u0022https:\/\/commons.wikimedia.org\/wiki\/File:TartlerOrphanageBrasov2.jpg\u0022\u003EWhitepixels\u003C\/a\u003E, CC0, via Wikimedia Commons","name":"Tartler Orphanage","seolink":"tartler-orphanage","note":"","history":"It was built in 1806 as the residence of Petrus Tartler on the northern part of Holy Spirit Street (now Strada Poarta \u0218chei, Orphanage Street).In 1875, Petrus's descendant, the town councillor Johann Tartler, renovated it in Baroque style and founded the town's Lutheran orphanage here. In the 1930s the ground floor housed a nursery and later a kindergarten as well. This institution gave the name to Orphanage Street and through it to the Orphanage Street Gate.\n&\nwikipedia: Tartler-\u00e1rvah\u00e1z|https:\/\/hu.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Tartler-%C3%A1rvah%C3%A1z"},{"sightId":2506,"townId":77,"active":1,"name_LO":"","address":"","mapdata":"1|1037|1967","gps_lat":"45.6407096959","gps_long":"25.5883688059","religion":3,"oldtype":"4","newtype":"4","homepage":"","openinghours":"","muemlekemlink":"","csemadoklink":"","picture":"\u003Ca title=\u0022Mark Ahsmann, CC BY-SA 4.0 <https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by-sa\/4.0>, via Wikimedia Commons\u0022 href=\u0022https:\/\/commons.wikimedia.org\/wiki\/File:20140627_Bra%C5%9Fov_224.jpg\u0022\u003E\u003Cimg width=\u0022512\u0022 alt=\u002220140627 Bra\u015fov 224\u0022 src=\u0022https:\/\/upload.wikimedia.org\/wikipedia\/commons\/thumb\/7\/7f\/20140627_Bra%C5%9Fov_224.jpg\/512px-20140627_Bra%C5%9Fov_224.jpg\u0022\u003E\u003C\/a\u003E","picture_ref":"\u003Ca href=\u0022https:\/\/commons.wikimedia.org\/wiki\/File:20140627_Bra%C5%9Fov_224.jpg\u0022\u003EMark Ahsmann\u003C\/a\u003E, \u003Ca href=\u0022https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by-sa\/4.0\u0022\u003ECC BY-SA 4.0\u003C\/a\u003E, via Wikimedia Commons","name":"Lutheran Parish","seolink":"lutheran-parish","note":"","history":""}]},"language":"en","region":"romania","regionid":4,"offer":[],"gallery":false,"album":false}
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