The Roman invaders who built the city of Apulum had long since been gone when the Slavs who settled here in the 7th century named their settlement Belgrade (White Castle) after the white ruins of the former city. This name was taken over by the Hungarians who arrived in the 9th century and the sparse Slav population assimilated into them. From the very beginning, the Hungarians governed Transylvania from here, and this was the seat of the gyula, an ancient Hungarian office which also appears in the name of the town. Later, it was also the seat of the Transylvanian vajda, who represented the Hungarian royal power in this remote corner of the country, beyond the forests (Transsylvania). St Stephen of Hungary founded the Catholic diocese of Transylvania, whose cathedral and palace were built in the castle of Gyulafehérvár. The town also became the seat of Fehér (White) County. Until 1542 the town was administered by the Bishop of Transylvania. At that time, the widowed Queen Isabella moved here with her son John Sigismund, when the capital of the country, Buda, was conquered by the Turks in 1541, after the death of King John I of Hungary. The Bishop's Palace was then remodelled to suit the seat of the Eastern Hungarian Kingdom. The country was split in two after the Battle of Mohács in 1526, when both Ferdinand I of Habsburg and Szapolyai János (John I) were elected king. Under the terms of the Treaty of Speyer of 1570, John Sigismund renounced his title of King of Hungary in favour of King Maximilian I (Emperor Maximilian II) and assumed the title of Prince of Transylvania. From then until 1690, Gyulafehérvár was the capital of the Principality of Transylvania. The princes were buried in the cathedral here. The last prince, Rákóczi Ferenc II, was elected here during the 1703-1711 Hungarian War of Independence. In the 18th century, on the orders of King Charles III, the town was transformed into a star-shaped fortress and renamed Karlsburg, after the king. The fortress city could not be liberated during the 1848-1849 Hungarian War of Independence. Transylvania was formally reunited with Hungary with the Austro-Hungarian Compromise of 1867. On 1 December 1918, the Vlach migrants of Hungary gathered here to declare unification with Romania, regardless of other nationalities. At that time, the town still had about the same number of Hungarians and Vlachs. The city is the seat of the Roman Catholic Archdiocese, and the denomination's adherents are mostly Hungarians.

Check out other towns in Hungary as well!

{"item":"town","set":{"mapcenter":{"lat":"46.0680010000","long":"23.5708800000"},"townlink":"gyulafehervar-alba-iulia","town":{"townId":73,"active":1,"name_HU":"Gyulafeh\u00e9rv\u00e1r","name_LO":"Alba Iulia; B\u0103lgrad","name_GE":"Weissenburg;Karlsburg","name_LT":"Apulum","seolink":"gyulafehervar-alba-iulia","listorder":6,"oldcounty":34,"country":4,"division":19,"altitude":"225","gps_lat":"46.0680010000","gps_long":"23.5708800000","population":55,"hungarian_2011":1.7,"population_1910":11616,"hungarian_1910":44.98,"german_1910":6.81,"slovak_1910":0,"romanian_1910":44.5,"rusin_1910":0,"serbian_1910":0,"croatian_1910":0,"slovenian_1910":0,"coatofarms":"","coatofarms_ref":"","picture":"\u003Ca title=\u0022Andrei Dan Suciu, CC BY 3.0 \u003Chttps:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/3.0\u003E, via Wikimedia Commons\u0022 href=\u0022https:\/\/commons.wikimedia.org\/wiki\/File:Cetatea_Alba_Iulia_-_panoramio_(14).jpg\u0022\u003E\u003Cimg width=\u0022512\u0022 alt=\u0022Cetatea Alba Iulia - panoramio (14)\u0022 src=\u0022https:\/\/upload.wikimedia.org\/wikipedia\/commons\/thumb\/d\/de\/Cetatea_Alba_Iulia_-_panoramio_%2814%29.jpg\/512px-Cetatea_Alba_Iulia_-_panoramio_%2814%29.jpg\u0022\u003E\u003C\/a\u003E","picture_ref":"\u003Ca href=\u0022https:\/\/commons.wikimedia.org\/wiki\/File:Cetatea_Alba_Iulia_-_panoramio_(14).jpg\u0022\u003EAndrei Dan Suciu\u003C\/a\u003E, \u003Ca href=\u0022https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/3.0\u0022\u003ECC BY 3.0\u003C\/a\u003E, via Wikimedia Commons","georegion":"Maros Valley","river":"Maros, Ompoly","description":"The Roman invaders who built the city of Apulum had long since been gone when the Slavs who settled here in the 7th century named their settlement Belgrade (White Castle) after the white ruins of the former city. This name was taken over by the Hungarians who arrived in the 9th century and the sparse Slav population assimilated into them. From the very beginning, the Hungarians governed Transylvania from here, and this was the seat of the gyula, an ancient Hungarian office which also appears in the name of the town. Later, it was also the seat of the Transylvanian vajda, who represented the Hungarian royal power in this remote corner of the country, beyond the forests (Transsylvania). St Stephen of Hungary founded the Catholic diocese of Transylvania, whose cathedral and palace were built in the castle of Gyulafeh\u00e9rv\u00e1r. The town also became the seat of Feh\u00e9r (White) County. Until 1542 the town was administered by the Bishop of Transylvania. At that time, the widowed Queen Isabella moved here with her son John Sigismund, when the capital of the country, Buda, was conquered by the Turks in 1541, after the death of King John I of Hungary. The Bishop's Palace was then remodelled to suit the seat of the Eastern Hungarian Kingdom. The country was split in two after the Battle of Moh\u00e1cs in 1526, when both Ferdinand I of Habsburg and Szapolyai J\u00e1nos (John I) were elected king. Under the terms of the Treaty of Speyer of 1570, John Sigismund renounced his title of King of Hungary in favour of King Maximilian I (Emperor Maximilian II) and assumed the title of Prince of Transylvania. From then until 1690, Gyulafeh\u00e9rv\u00e1r was the capital of the Principality of Transylvania. The princes were buried in the cathedral here. The last prince, R\u00e1k\u00f3czi Ferenc II, was elected here during the 1703-1711 Hungarian War of Independence. In the 18th century, on the orders of King Charles III, the town was transformed into a star-shaped fortress and renamed Karlsburg, after the king. The fortress city could not be liberated during the 1848-1849 Hungarian War of Independence. Transylvania was formally reunited with Hungary with the Austro-Hungarian Compromise of 1867. On 1 December 1918, the Vlach migrants of Hungary gathered here to declare unification with Romania, regardless of other nationalities. At that time, the town still had about the same number of Hungarians and Vlachs. The city is the seat of the Roman Catholic Archdiocese, and the denomination's adherents are mostly Hungarians.","nameorigin":"","history":"Ancient times|There was a hillfort already in the Iron Age, where the Romans built a castrum. Apulum was a significant town in Dacia province. Its name came from the Latin Apula name of the Ompoly River.@7th century|Slavic settlers founded a settlement, which was called Belgr\u00e1d (White Castle) after the white limestone ruins of the Roman castrum. The settlement was populated during the period of the First Bulgarian Empire.@#1|@after 895|Transylvania was governed from here since the foundation of Hungary, as the settlement was the seat of the gyula, and later of the vajda of Transylvania. The castle was built at that time. The Hungarian name of the settlement, Gyulafeh\u00e9rv\u00e1r, means \u2019the white castle of the gyula\u2019 (gyula was an ancient Hungarian title). The Romanian name, Alba Iulia, is a simple translation of the Hungarian name, where gyula was misinterpreted as a personal name (Gyula is also a common Hungarian first name).@953|The Transylvanian gyula named Zombor (the maternal grandfather of King Stephen I of Hungary) was baptized in Byzantium (Constantinople), and had a church built in Gyulafeh\u00e9rv\u00e1r. This was the firts Orthodox church built in Transylvania, and was used by Hierotheos, the bishop of Turkia (Hungary). Eastern and Wastern churches rivalled to convert the pagan Hungarians to Christianity. Later the Grand Prince of Hungary, G\u00e9za, chose Rome over Constantinople and this decision applied also to Transylvania, as it was an integral part of Hungary. Romanians claim to have been living in Transylvania before the Hungarians arrived, but in that case they also would have been converted to Roman Christianity just like the Hungarians. But Vlachs have always followed the Orthodox faith, which also proves that they were baptized in the Balkans and not in Transylvania under Hungarian rule.@997|Grand Prince Vajk of Hungary (later King Stephen I) defeated his greatest rival, Kopp\u00e1ny, who was quartered and one part of his body was nailed to the gate of Gyulafeh\u00e9rv\u00e1r.@#3|@1003|King Stephen I of Hungary confiscated the properties of the disloyal Transylvanian Gyula and gave them to one of his relatives, Erd\u0151elvi Zolt\u00e1n, together with Gyulafeh\u00e9rv\u00e1r. The Transylvania name means \u2019land beyond the forest\u2019. This name appeared first in 11th century Hungarian documents written in Latin. The forest refers to the huge forests covering the mountains separating Transylvania from the Great Plain. This clearly reflects the point of view of the Hungarian monarch, whose capitol was located in Pannonia. The Hungarian name of Transylvania is Erd\u00e9ly, which is a combination of words meaning \u2019beyond the forest\u2019 (the word erd\u0151 means forest). This was translated to Latin as Transsylvania. Romanians do not have a name of their own for Transylvania. They either use Transilvania or Ardeal, which appeared first in 1432 in the form Ardeliu originating in the Hungarian word Erd\u00e9ly.@1009|King Stephen I of Hungary established the Roman Catholic Diocese of Transylvania. The episcopal palace and the cathedral were constructed in the castle of Gyulafeh\u00e9rv\u00e1r. The settlement became the seat of Feh\u00e9r County afterwards. The town was managed by the bishop of Transylvania until 1542. A three nave basilica was built in the 11th century as cathedral, and the construction of a larger three nave basilica began in the middle of the 12th century in Romanesque style.@1232|The castle was mentioned for the first time in the letter of donation issued by King Andrew II of Hungary.@#5|@1241|The Mongols destroyed Gyulafeh\u00e9rv\u00e1r.@February 1277|Alardus, the Saxon judge of V\u00edzakna, was executed by the bishop of Transylvania. The enraged Saxons led by his son, J\u00e1nos, burned the church and partly the town as well. The restoration of the town started in 1287 and was completed in 1291.@1291|King Andrew III of Hungary held a country assembly in Gyulafeh\u00e9rv\u00e1r, where he confirmed the decisions made in \u00d3buda in 1290 on strengthening the rights of the church and the nobility and on acting against the power of the aristocracy. Ger\u00e9bs, the leaders and wealthiest landowners of the Transylvanian Saxons, were also raised to a higher rank equal to nobility.@#6|@1441|King Ul\u00e1szl\u00f3 I appointed Hunyadi J\u00e1nos vajda of Transylvania. He shared that title with \u00dajlaki Mikl\u00f3s.@March 18, 1442|The Turks attacked Transylvania. Hunyadi J\u00e1nos with his army of 10 thousand took on a battle with the three times larger army of Bey Mezid at Marosszentimre. After the first successes, the Turks finally gained victory. Bishop L\u00e9pes Gy\u00f6rgy of Transylvania fell in the battle and Hunyadi retreated to Gyulafeh\u00e9rv\u00e1r. The Turks, hungry for the big booty, besieged the Saxon town of Nagyszeben, which repelled the attack.@March 25, 1442|Hunyadi J\u00e1nos crushed the Turkis army of Bey Mezid on the plain next to Nagyszeben. The Turks wanted to achieve victory by killing Hunyadi, who was informed of this. The hero Kem\u00e9ny Simon put on the ornate armour of Hunyadi voluntarily. The Turks assaulted him with full force and killed him. But their delight didn\u2019t last long as they noticed that in the meantime the real Hunyadi captured their camp and encircled them. 20.000 Turks fell in the battle including Bey Mezid. After that, Hunyadi defeated Beylerbey Sehabeddin of Rumelia in July next to the Iron Gates gorge. These victories brought Hunyadi the fame as Turk-beater.@1442|Hunyadi J\u00e1nos, vajda of Transylvania, expanded the castle against the Tuks. He was buried here in the cathedral after his death.@#7|@1469|Mikl\u00f3s, governor of Transylvania, informed the cathedral chapter of Transylvania, that the castle of Gyulafeh\u00e9rv\u00e1r had to be torn to the ground and the moats had to be filled by order of King Matthias of Hungary.@1516|King Ul\u00e1szl\u00f3 I of Hungary ordered the cathedral chapter of Transylvania to rebuild the stone walls of the castle for the protection of the church and the homeland. He also ordered the allocation of salt worth of 200 gold forints for that purpose.@#8|@March 1539|King John I of Hungary and Queen Isabella, the daughter of King Sigismund I the Old of Poland got married in Sz\u00e9kesfeh\u00e9rv\u00e1r. Isabella was 20 years old, 30 years younger than her husband.@July 1540|Queen Isabella gave birth to a child, John Sigismund, a few days before the death of King John I. This put an end to the Peace of V\u00e1rad negotiated in 1538, according to which the Eastern Hungarian Kingdom was to be inherited by King Ferdinand I.@#9|@1542|After the Turks captured Buda with a deception, Queen Isabella and her son, John II of Hungary, moved to Gyulafeh\u00e9rv\u00e1r. The episcopal palace was transformed to be suitable for the seat of the Eastern Hungarian Kingdom. Gyulafeh\u00e9rv\u00e1r was the capitol of the Principality of Transylvania during its existence from 1570 to 1690.@1549|At Ny\u00edrb\u00e1tor, George Martinuzzi made a secret agreement with the envoys of King Ferdinand I, B\u00e1thory Andr\u00e1s and General Niklas Salm, on behalf of John II and his mother Queen Isabella, without her being aware of it. According to this, Queen Isabella and her child John II renounced the Hungarian throne in favour of King Ferdinand I, and they received the duchies of Oppeln And Ratibor in Silesia in exchange. George Martinuzzi was the guardian of the child John II.1550@May 1551|George Martinuzzi besieged and captured Gyulafeh\u00e9rv\u00e1r, where the soldiers loyal to Queen Isabella were stationed.@July 19, 1551|George Martinuzzi and General Castaldo with his invading imperial army forced Queen Isabella to sign the agreement in Gyulafeh\u00e9rv\u00e1r. The Queen handed over the Holy Crown of Hungary and renounced the throne on behalf of his son in favour of King Ferdinand I and left for Poland. The Turks launched a retaliatory campaign against Hungary immediately and occupied Temesv\u00e1r.@October 1556|The Estates of Transylvania, dissatisfied with Habsburg rule, recalled Queen Isabella to the throne, to which the Sultan gave his consent. On her return, she regained control of eastern Hungary. But she established a power that was more centralized than the Habsburg\u2019s, and she held a lavish Renaissance royal court in Gyulafeh\u00e9rv\u00e1r. The aristocrats of Transylvania watched this with distaste.@1556|The country assembly held in Sz\u00e1szsebes that asked Queen Isabella to return, obsessed with Protestantism, expelled the Catholic bishop Bornemisza P\u00e1l from Transylvania and confiscated his properties. The Catholic Diocese of Transylvania ceased to exist.@1558|The aristocrats Bebek Ferenc, Kendy Ferenc and Antal plotted against Queen Isabella. They wanted to poison her, but the Queen became aware of the treason and had them slaughtered after a feast by Balassa Menyh\u00e9rt.@September 15, 1559|Queen Isabella died unexpectedly in Gyulafeh\u00e9rv\u00e1r at the age of 40.@#10|@March 14, 1571|John Sigismund, Prince of Transylvania and also the last freely elected king of Hungary (John II), died in Gyulafeh\u00e9rv\u00e1r. The ashes of John Sigismund and his mother, Queen Isabella, rest in the cathedral.@May 25, 1571|After the death of Prince John II (John Sigismund), the mostly Protestant Transylvanian estates elected the Roman Catholic aristocrat B\u00e1thory Istv\u00e1n as Prince of Transylvania. But King Maximilian I (Emperor Maximilian II) couldn\u2019t make do with the fact that the estates of Transylvania were free to elect their own prince. The king convinced the Unitarian aristocrat Bekes G\u00e1sp\u00e1r to rebel against Prince B\u00e1thory Istv\u00e1n with false promises.@1572\u20131574|Bekes G\u00e1sp\u00e1r was engaged in organizing a plot to overthrow the power of Prince B\u00e1thory Istv\u00e1n and take the throne.@June 24, 1574|Pierre Lescalopier, the emissary of King Charles IX of France arrived in Transylvania to negotiate with Prince B\u00e1thory Istv\u00e1n, who wanted to get married. The French emissary later wrote a book about his travel and among other things he recounted that most of the population of Transylvania and Gyulafeh\u00e9rv\u00e1r spoke Hungarian.@July 8, 1575|Bekes G\u00e1sp\u00e1r, a pretender to the throne of Transylvania supported by the Habsburgs, was defeated in the battle of Radn\u00f3t. His bravery brought Sz\u00e9kely M\u00f3zes fame for the first time in this battle. The armies of Bekes G\u00e1sp\u00e1r and Prince B\u00e1thory Istv\u00e1n clashed again two days later at Kerel\u0151szentp\u00e1l. Sz\u00e9kely M\u00f3zes played a decisive role in this battle as well, for which the Prince appointed him commander of his bodyguard.@January 16, 1576|Prince B\u00e1thory Istv\u00e1n of Transylvania announced at the country assembly in Medgyes, that he was elected King of Poland, and proposed the Estates to choose B\u00e1thory Krist\u00f3f as the new prince in his place. After the death of B\u00e1thory Krist\u00f3f, B\u00e1thory Zsigmond became the new prince, who renounced the throne multiple times causing a lot of trouble to the town and the country.@1579|Jesuits arrived in town during the reign of the Catholic B\u00e1thory Krist\u00f3f, which boosted Catholic education.@#12|@October 17, 1599|Instigated by Emperor Rudolf, Voivode Mihai (Viteazul) of Wallachia broke into Transylvania through the Bodza Pass, after Prince B\u00e1thory Zsigmond, contrary to his promise, hand over power over Transylvania to his cousin Cardinal B\u00e1thory Andr\u00e1s instead of Emperor Rudolf. Voivode Mihai sided with the Sz\u00e9kelys, who were dissatisfied with the B\u00e1thory dynasty, by promising to restore their rights, and with their help he defeated the army of Prince B\u00e1thory Andr\u00e1s at Sellenberk on 28 October.@November 1, 1599|Voivode Mihai Viteazul of Wallachia marched into Gyulafeh\u00e9rv\u00e1r, the capitol of Transylvania, and took over power as governor appointed by Emperor Rudolf. But soon he started to act on his own behalf and introduced a reign of terror. He arbitrarily appointed Wallachian boyars to every position, looted the treasury and his unpaid mercenaries plundered and murdered throughout the land. The Vlach peasants rose up and started to exterminate Hungarian and Saxon population in Transylvania, which had a Hungarian majority at that time.@September 18, 1600|Voivode Mihai of Wallachia was defeated in the battle of Miriszl\u00f3 and driven out by the combined armies of the Transylvanian nobility led by B\u00e1thory Zsigmond and General Basta\u2019s imperial mercenaries. At the beginning of next year, the Estates of Transylvanian broke with the Emperor and B\u00e1thory Zsigmond was elected prince once more.@August 3, 1601|The combined armies of General Basta and Voivode Mihai of Wallachia defeated the Transylvanian army of Prince B\u00e1thory Zsigmond in the battle of Goroszl\u00f3. After that, the army of Voivode Mihai sacked and burned the towns of Torda, Nagyenyed and Gyulafeh\u00e9rv\u00e1r, where they robbed the tombs of the Hunyadi family, King John II of Hungary and his mother Queen Isabella.@August 19, 1601|Voivode Mihai of Wallachia was assassinated by the mercenaries of General Basta, because Mihai tried to usurp the throne of Transylvania once again. Genral Basta also introduced a reign of terror in Transylvania and let his mercenaries ravage freely throughout the land.@July 2, 1602|General Giorgio Basta defeated the army of Sz\u00e9kely M\u00f3zes at T\u00f6vis. Sz\u00e9kely M\u00f3zes became the leader of the Transylvanian uprising against the Habsburg Empire after the battle of Goroszl\u00f3.@#13|@#14|@1603|General Basta left Transylvania with his imperial army. Sz\u00e9kely M\u00f3zes set out from Temesv\u00e1r with Sz\u00e9kely and Turkish armies to liberate Transylvania. The estates of Transylvania, having enough of Basta\u2019s terror, welcomed him in Gyulafeh\u00e9rv\u00e1r and elected him Prince of Transylvania on 9 May. The Habsburgs mobilized their vassal, Voivode Radu Serban of Wallachia, who attacked the camp of Sz\u00e9kely M\u00f3zes at Brass\u00f3 at night on 17 July. The Prince was killed and General Basta returned to Transylvania.@1602, 1603|The minutes taken in Hungarian language at that time prove that most of the inhabitants of the town and all the members of the town council including the judge were Hungarian.@after 1613|Prince Bethlen G\u00e1bor of Transylvania established the town\u2019s Calvinist college, which was rescued to Nagyenyed in 1658 from the Turks.@1615-1617|Prince Bethlen G\u00e1bor of Transylvania ordered the construction of the south-eastern and south-western bastions.@#15|@#16|@November 15, 1629|Prince Bethlen G\u00e1bor of Transylvania died here. He rests in the cathedral.@#17|@#18|@October 11, 1648|Prince R\u00e1k\u00f3czi Gy\u00f6rgy I of Transylvania died here.@1657|Prince R\u00e1k\u00f3czi Gy\u00f6rgy II of Transylvania launched a campaign for the crown of Poland in alliance with Carl X Gustaf of Sweden. His aim was to unite the Hungarian-Polish-Wallachian forces against the Turks. The campaign started successfully with the prince taking Krak\u00f3w and Warsawa, but then the King of Sweden abandoned him. The vengeful Poles invaded northern Transylvania, burning defenceless villages, destroying churches and castles. Soon the punitive campaign of Turkish and Tatar armies devastated Transylvania, as the prince launched his Polish campaign against the Sultan's will.@September, 1658|Tatars burned the town, when the Sultan sent them to take revenge on Transylvania after the forbidden campaign of Prince R\u00e1k\u00f3czi Gy\u00f6rgy II for the Polish crown. The Prince renounced the throne on 25 October in Gyulafeh\u00e9rv\u00e1r.@#23|@#25|@#26|@1690|According to the Diploma Leopoldinum issued by Emperor Leopold I, Transylvania became part of the Habsburg Empire as an autonomous province under the Holy Crown of Hungary.@#27|@July 8, 1704|R\u00e1k\u00f3czi Ferenc II was elected Prince of Transylvania by the Estates in Gyulafeh\u00e9rv\u00e1r.@after 1711|The ethnic composition of the town\u2019s population changed during the Habsburg rule.@1713|M\u00e1rtonffy Gy\u00f6rgy became the bishop after the Catholic Diocese of Transylvania was reorganized. The diocese founded by King Saint Stephen I of Hungary in 1009 was abolished by the Protestants in 1556.@1715|Count Steinville began the construction of the new star shape fortress in Vauban-style by order of King Charles III of Hungary (Emperor Charles VI), which was completed by 1738. The town was renamed to K\u00e1rolyfeh\u00e9rv\u00e1r (Karlsburg).@1753|A new Catholic grammar school was built, which was destroyed on 24 June 1849 during the siege.@July 31, 1798|The Catholic Bishop Batthy\u00e1ny Ign\u00e1c of Transylvania established the Batthyaneum library, one of the most important cultural heritages of the town. It was nationalized by the Romanians in 1950, and has not been given back to the Catholic Church ever since.@Novembre 1784|The Vlach peasant horde of Horea, Clo\u0219ca and Crisan carried ethnic cleansing against the Hungarian and also to a smaller extent Saxon population of Als\u00f3-Feh\u00e9r, Z\u00e1r\u00e1nd and Hunyad counties. They attacked the villages one after another, burned the manor houses and massacred the non-Orthodox believers. In 1784, Emperor Joseph II ordered an increase in the number of border guards. The Valch serfs in Transylvania were under the misapprehension that the conscription had been started, and began to gather en masse, as the military service was the only way for the Vlach migrants that overpopulated in the Transylvanian mountains to escape the misery. The leaders of the local administration, believing that they were being bypassed by the imperial court, tried to block the process. In addition, the Vlach Orthodox priests incited the Vlach population against the Hungarians, whom they hated, and fooled the Vlachs with the myth of their Daco-Roman origin. Horea spread the word that the emperor had appointed him as the leader of the Vlachs. The enraged Vlach peasants attacked the Hungarian and Saxon citizens and began a terrible ethnic cleansing, exterminating 133 mostly Hungarian settlements and murdering thousands of people.@December, 1784|Kray P\u00e1l and Lieutenant Colonel Schulz crushed the looting and murdering horde of the Vlach peasants. But Emperor Joseph II granted mercy to the participants, only the three leaders were sentenced to death. Two of them, Horea and Clo\u0219ca, were executed by the wheel in Gyulafeh\u00e9rv\u00e1r. The third leader, Cri\u015fan, cowardly committed suicide in the prison. These mass-murderers are now venerated by the Romanians and a large monument is dedicated to them also in Gyulafeh\u00e9rv\u00e1r.@February 28, 1785|Two leaders of the murderous Vlach peasant horde, Horea and Clo\u0219ca, were executed by the wheel in Gyulafeh\u00e9rv\u00e1r. The third leader, Cri\u015fan, cowardly committed suicide in the prison. The Romanian invaders built a memorial to the mass-murderers in 1937 in front of the St. George Gate.@#28|@1848-49|An Austrian garrison controlled the modern fortress, which the Hungarian revolutionary army couldn\u2019t capture even by a long siege. The Austrians trained the Vlach troops within the walls of the fortress, who devastated the Hungarian population of Transylvania afterwards.@April 2, 1849|General Bem J\u00f3zsef started the siege of the fortress. The Hungarians could not take the fortified town and they lifted the siege in the middle of August.@#30|@1910|The town had 11616 inhabitants, 5226 were Hungarians (44,98%), 5170 were Vlachs (44,50%), 792 were Germans (6,81%).@#31|@1916|On 27 August, Romania declared war on the Austro-Hungarian Monarchy and launched an attack against Hungary. This triggered a huge wave of refugees from Transylvania, as the population feared a repeat of the Romanian ethnic cleansing of 1848-49. Austro-Hungarian and German forces drove the invaders out of the country by mid-October and occupied Bucharest on 6 December. Romania surrendered and signed a peace treaty with the central powers on 7 May 1918 (Treaty of Bucharest).@1918|On 3 November, the Austro-Hungarian Monarchy signed the Armistice of Padua. The already defeated Romania then declared war on Germany on 10 November, just one day before the Germans signed the armistice near Compi\u00e8gne. The Romanians then launched an offensive against Hungary, which had already unconditionally ceased fighting at the demand of the Entente. Romania was only recognised by the Entente powers as one of the victors of WWI only later.@#32|@December 1, 1918|Without any legitimacy, 1228 delegates of the Vlach minority declared the union of eastern Hungary (including Transylvania) with Romania in Gyulafeh\u00e9rv\u00e1r in the building of the officer\u2019s casino. To this day, Romanians interpret this as a unanimous vote in favour of unification by the people of Transylvania, when it was only a meeting of Vlach separatists, with no representatives of other nationalities present. They did not allow a referendum to be held on which country the territory should belong to, because they knew that the separatists would surely lose.@January 8, 1919|Under the shadow of Romanian occupation, the Saxons of Transylvania accepted the union with Romania. They were promised autonomy, which was never fulfilled. No one ever asked the more than one and a half million Hungarians, the founders of Transylvania, whether they wanted to unite their homeland with Wallachia or not.@#36|@from 1918|By 1922, 197,000 Hungarians were forced to leave the Romanian-occupied part of the country. By 1939 a further 169,000 Hungarians had left Transylvania, mostly aristocrats, intellectuals and a significant number of farmers. Most of them moved to Hungary. Before the Romanian invasion, 1,662,000 Hungarians lived in Transylvania, 32 percent of the population.@1921|The Romanian \u2019land reform\u2019 deprived the Hungarian aristocracy, the historical Hungarian churches and also the Saxon Universality of their estates, which financed Hungarian and German language education entirely, after more than 1,000 Hungarian language state schools were closed by the Romanian invaders.@1921-22|The Romanians built an Orthodox cathedral in the town, where Ferdinand I was crowned King of Romania on 25 October, 1922.@1925|It became mandatory to teach history and geography in Romanian language even in private schools. The high school final exams had to be taken in Romanian before Romanian teachers. Most of the Hungarian students failed the exams.@1930|1.480.712 people confessed themselves Hungarians in the census in the territory of Transylvania. The entire eastern part of Hungary under Romanian occupation is now called Transylvania as a simplification, not just the historical Transylvania.@August 30, 1940|The Second Vienna Award gave back northern Transylvania to Hungary with a population of 1,334,000 Hungarians, 1,069,000 Romanians and 47,000 Germans. Another 400,000 Hungarians remained under Romanian occupation in southern Transylvania.@Second World War|The Hungarian population of Transylvania reduced by 260,000 people (from 1,743,800 to 1,481,900). This includes the victims of war, captivity, deportation, retaliation and those, who left Transylvania permanently. The number of the refugees, the displaced and the deported mount to approximately 200 thousand.@from the 1950s|800,000 Romanians were settled in Transylvania from Moldavia, but many also came from Wallachia. The aim was to Romanianize the still majorly Hungarian towns and to break up the ethnic Hungarian blocks. While previously there was a Romanian majority in only a few small towns, this has been reversed by now.@2002|7.2 million people lived in Transylvania, including 1.42 million Hungarians. In 1910, 1.65 millions of the 5.2 million inhabitants were Hungarians. The proportion of the Romanians increased from 53.78% to 74.69%, while the proportion of the Hungarians decreased from 31.64% to 19.6%. The proportion of the Germans decreased from 10.75% to below 1%. These changes were mainly the results of migration.&muvelodes.net: Gyulafeh\u00e9rv\u00e1r magyar m\u00faltja \u00e9s jelene \u2013 az oktat\u00e1s szemsz\u00f6g\u00e9b\u0151l|https:\/\/muvelodes.net\/m\/gyulafehervar-magyar-multja-es-jelene-az-oktatas-szemszogebol\nrubicon.hu: Hunyadi J\u00e1nos legy\u0151zi a t\u00f6r\u00f6k\u00f6ket Szebenn\u00e9l|https:\/\/rubicon.hu\/kalendarium\/1442-marcius-25-hunyadi-janos-legyozi-a-torokoket-szebennel\nrubicon.hu: Jagell\u00f3 Izabella kir\u00e1lyn\u00e9 hal\u00e1la|https:\/\/rubicon.hu\/kalendarium\/1559-szeptember-15-jagello-izabella-kiralyne-halala\nB\u00e1nlaky J\u00f3zsef: A magyar nemzet hadt\u00f6rt\u00e9nelme|https:\/\/www.arcanum.com\/hu\/online-kiadvanyok\/Banlaky-banlaky-jozsef-a-magyar-nemzet-hadtortenelme-2\/"},"castles":[{"castleId":188,"townId":73,"active":1,"name_LO":"Cetatea Alba Carolina","settlement_HU":"Gyulafeh\u00e9rv\u00e1r","settlement_LO":"Alba Iulia","address":"Calea Mo\u021bilor, Num\u0103rul 5A","listorder":4,"gps_lat":"46.0681060000","gps_long":"23.5720500000","oldcounty":34,"country":4,"division":19,"cond":1,"entrance":2,"varaklink":"https:\/\/varak.hu\/latnivalo\/index\/1256-Gyulafehervar-erod\/","homepage":"http:\/\/turism.apulum.ro\/","openinghours":"","picture":"\u003Ca title=\u0022h_laca, CC BY 3.0 \u003Chttps:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/3.0\u003E, via Wikimedia Commons\u0022 href=\u0022https:\/\/commons.wikimedia.org\/wiki\/File:Gyulafeh%C3%A9rv%C3%A1r,_Fels%C5%91_K%C3%A1roly-kapu_-_panoramio.jpg\u0022\u003E\u003Cimg width=\u0022512\u0022 alt=\u0022Gyulafeh\u00e9rv\u00e1r, Fels\u0151 K\u00e1roly-kapu - panoramio\u0022 src=\u0022https:\/\/upload.wikimedia.org\/wikipedia\/commons\/thumb\/7\/73\/Gyulafeh%C3%A9rv%C3%A1r%2C_Fels%C5%91_K%C3%A1roly-kapu_-_panoramio.jpg\/512px-Gyulafeh%C3%A9rv%C3%A1r%2C_Fels%C5%91_K%C3%A1roly-kapu_-_panoramio.jpg\u0022\u003E\u003C\/a\u003E","picture_ref":"\u003Ca href=\u0022https:\/\/commons.wikimedia.org\/wiki\/File:Gyulafeh%C3%A9rv%C3%A1r,_Fels%C5%91_K%C3%A1roly-kapu_-_panoramio.jpg\u0022\u003Eh_laca\u003C\/a\u003E, \u003Ca href=\u0022https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/3.0\u0022\u003ECC BY 3.0\u003C\/a\u003E, via Wikimedia Commons","name":"Gyulafeh\u00e9rv\u00e1r Fortress","seolink":"gyulafehervar-fortress-cetatea-alba-carolina","georegion":"Maros Valley","description":"","nameorigin":"","history":"Ancient times|There was a hillfort already in the Iron Age, where the Romans built a castrum. Apulum was a significant town in Dacia province. Its name came from the Latin Apula name of the Ompoly River.@7th century|Slavic settlers founded a settlement, which was called Belgr\u00e1d (White Castle) after the white limestone ruins of the Roman castrum. The settlement was populated during the period of the First Bulgarian Empire.@#1|@after 895|Transylvania was governed from here since the foundation of Hungary, as the settlement was the seat of the gyula, and later of the vajda of Transylvania. The castle was built at that time. The Hungarian name of the settlement, Gyulafeh\u00e9rv\u00e1r, means \u2019the white castle of the gyula\u2019 (gyula was an ancient Hungarian title). The Romanian name, Alba Iulia, is a simple translation of the Hungarian name, where gyula was misinterpreted as a personal name (Gyula is also a common Hungarian first name).@997|Grand Prince Vajk of Hungary (later King Stephen I) defeated his greatest rival, Kopp\u00e1ny, who was quartered and one part of his body was nailed to the gate of Gyulafeh\u00e9rv\u00e1r.@#3|@1003|King Stephen I of Hungary confiscated the properties of the disloyal Transylvanian Gyula and gave them to one of his relatives, Erd\u0151elvi Zolt\u00e1n, together with Gyulafeh\u00e9rv\u00e1r. The Transylvania name means \u2019land beyond the forest\u2019. This name appeared first in 11th century Hungarian documents written in Latin. The forest refers to the huge forests covering the mountains separating Transylvania from the Great Plain. This clearly reflects the point of view of the Hungarian monarch, whose capitol was located in Pannonia. The Hungarian name of Transylvania is Erd\u00e9ly, which is a combination of words meaning \u2019beyond the forest\u2019 (the word erd\u0151 means forest). This was translated to Latin as Transsylvania. Romanians do not have a name of their own for Transylvania. They either use Transilvania or Ardeal, which appeared first in 1432 in the form Ardeliu originating in the Hungarian word Erd\u00e9ly.@1009|King Stephen I of Hungary established the Roman Catholic Diocese of Transylvania. The episcopal palace and the cathedral were constructed in the castle of Gyulafeh\u00e9rv\u00e1r. The settlement became the seat of Feh\u00e9r County afterwards. The town was managed by the bishop of Transylvania until 1542. A three nave basilica was built in the 11th century as cathedral, and the construction of a larger three nave basilica began in the middle of the 12th century in Romanesque style.@1232|The castle was mentioned for the first time in the letter of donation issued by King Andrew II of Hungary.@#5|@1241|The Mongols destroyed Gyulafeh\u00e9rv\u00e1r.@#6|@1441|King Ul\u00e1szl\u00f3 I appointed Hunyadi J\u00e1nos vajda of Transylvania. He shared that title with \u00dajlaki Mikl\u00f3s.@March 18, 1442|The Turks attacked Transylvania. Hunyadi J\u00e1nos with his army of 10 thousand took on a battle with the three times larger army of Bey Mezid at Marosszentimre. After the first successes, the Turks finally gained victory. Bishop L\u00e9pes Gy\u00f6rgy of Transylvania fell in the battle and Hunyadi retreated to Gyulafeh\u00e9rv\u00e1r. The Turks, hungry for the big booty, besieged the Saxon town of Nagyszeben, which repelled the attack.@March 25, 1442|Hunyadi J\u00e1nos crushed the Turkis army of Bey Mezid on the plain next to Nagyszeben. The Turks wanted to achieve victory by killing Hunyadi, who was informed of this. The hero Kem\u00e9ny Simon put on the ornate armour of Hunyadi voluntarily. The Turks assaulted him with full force and killed him. But their delight didn\u2019t last long as they noticed that in the meantime the real Hunyadi occupied their camp and encircled them. 20.000 Turks fell in the battle including Bey Mezid. After that, Hunyadi defeated Beylerbey Sehabeddin of Rumelia in July next to the Iron Gates gorge. These victories brought Hunyadi the fame as Turk-beater.@1442|Hunyadi J\u00e1nos, vajda of Transylvania, expanded the castle against the Tuks. He was buried here in the cathedral after his death.@#7|@1469|Mikl\u00f3s, governor of Transylvania, informed the cathedral chapter of Transylvania, that the castle of Gyulafeh\u00e9rv\u00e1r had to be torn to the ground and the moats had to be filled by order of King Matthias of Hungary.@1516|King Ul\u00e1szl\u00f3 I of Hungary ordered the cathedral chapter of Transylvania to rebuild the stone walls of the castle for the protection of the church and the homeland. He also ordered the allocation of salt worth of 200 gold forints for that purpose.@#8|@March 1539|King John I of Hungary and Queen Isabella, the daughter of King Sigismund I the Old of Poland got married in Sz\u00e9kesfeh\u00e9rv\u00e1r. Isabella was 20 years old, 30 years younger than her husband.@July 1540|Queen Isabella gave birth to a child, John Sigismund, a few days before the death of King John I. This put an end to the Peace of V\u00e1rad negotiated in 1538, according to which the Eastern Hungarian Kingdom was to be inherited by King Ferdinand I.@#9|@1542|After the Turks captured Buda with a deception, Queen Isabella and her son, John II of Hungary, moved to Gyulafeh\u00e9rv\u00e1r. The episcopal palace was transformed to be suitable for the seat of the Eastern Hungarian Kingdom. Gyulafeh\u00e9rv\u00e1r was the capitol of the Principality of Transylvania during its existence from 1570 to 1690.@1549|The guardian of King John II, George Martinuzzi, resigned from the throne on behalf of Queen Isabella, without her being aware of it, in favour of King Ferdinand I in a secret agreement in Ny\u00edrb\u00e1tor.@1550|After Queen Isabella started negotiations with King Ferdinand I, George Martinuzzi appeared before the gates of Gyulafeh\u00e9rv\u00e1r with his army, but he could not take control of the town. He only managed to capture Gyulafeh\u00e9rv\u00e1r and force Queen Isabella to an agreement by siege the next year.@May 1551|George Martinuzzi besieged and captured Gyulafeh\u00e9rv\u00e1r, where the soldiers loyal to Queen Isabella were stationed.@July 19, 1551|George Martinuzzi and General Castaldo with his invading imperial army forced Queen Isabella to sign the agreement in Gyulafeh\u00e9rv\u00e1r. The Queen handed over the Holy Crown of Hungary and resigned from the throne on behalf of his son in favour of King Ferdinand I and left for Poland. The Turks launched a retaliatory campaign against Hungary immediately and occupied Temesv\u00e1r.@October 1556|The Estates of Transylvania, dissatisfied with Habsburg rule, recalled Queen Isabella to the throne, to which the Sultan gave his consent. On her return, she regained control of eastern Hungary. But she established a power that was more centralized than the Habsburg\u2019s, and she held a lavish Renaissance royal court in Gyulafeh\u00e9rv\u00e1r. The aristocrats of Transylvania watched this with distaste.@1556|The country assembly held in Sz\u00e1szsebes that asked Queen Isabella to return, obsessed with Protestantism, expelled the Catholic bishop Bornemisza P\u00e1l from Transylvania and confiscated his properties. The Catholic Diocese of Transylvania ceased to exist.@1558|The aristocrats Bebek Ferenc, Kendy Ferenc and Antal plotted against Queen Isabella. They wanted to poison her, but the Queen became aware of the treason and had them slaughtered after a feast by Balassa Menyh\u00e9rt.@September 15, 1559|Queen Isabella died unexpectedly in Gyulafeh\u00e9rv\u00e1r at the age of 40.@#10|@March 14, 1571|John Sigismund, Prince of Transylvania and also the last freely elected king of Hungary (John II), died in Gyulafeh\u00e9rv\u00e1r. The ashes of John Sigismund and his mother, Queen Isabella, rest in the cathedral.@May 25, 1571|After the death of Prince John II (John Sigismund), the mostly Protestant Transylvanian estates elected the Roman Catholic aristocrat B\u00e1thory Istv\u00e1n as Prince of Transylvania. But King Maximilian I (Emperor Maximilian II) couldn\u2019t make do with the fact that the estates of Transylvania were free to elect their own prince. The king convinced the Unitarian aristocrat Bekes G\u00e1sp\u00e1r to rebel against Prince B\u00e1thory Istv\u00e1n with false promises.@1572\u20131574|Bekes G\u00e1sp\u00e1r was engaged in organizing a plot to overthrow the power of Prince B\u00e1thory Istv\u00e1n and take the throne.@June 24, 1574|Pierre Lescalopier, the emissary of King Charles IX of France arrived in Transylvania to negotiate with Prince B\u00e1thory Istv\u00e1n, who wanted to get married. The French emissary later wrote a book about his journey and among other things he recounted that most of the population of Transylvania and Gyulafeh\u00e9rv\u00e1r spoke Hungarian.@July 8, 1575|Bekes G\u00e1sp\u00e1r, a pretender to the throne of Transylvania supported by the Habsburgs, was defeated in the battle of Radn\u00f3t. It was in this battle that Sz\u00e9kely M\u00f3zes stood out for his valour. The armies of Bekes G\u00e1sp\u00e1r and Prince B\u00e1thory Istv\u00e1n clashed again two days later at Kerel\u0151szentp\u00e1l. Sz\u00e9kely M\u00f3zes also played a decisive role in this battle, so the Prince appointed him commander of his bodyguard.@January 16, 1576|Prince B\u00e1thory Istv\u00e1n of Transylvania announced at the country assembly in Medgyes, that he was elected King of Poland, and proposed the Estates to choose B\u00e1thory Krist\u00f3f as the new prince in his place. After the death of B\u00e1thory Krist\u00f3f, B\u00e1thory Zsigmond became the new prince, who renounced the throne multiple times causing a lot of trouble to the town and the country.@#12|@1594|Prince B\u00e1thory Zsigmond renounced the throne in favour of B\u00e1thory Boldizs\u00e1r, but, instigated by Bocskai Istv\u00e1n, he soon returned to power and had B\u00e1thory Boldizs\u00e1r and his followers killed.@1599|Prince B\u00e1thory Zsigmond renounced the throne again in favour of the brother of Boldizs\u00e1r, Cardinal B\u00e1thory Andr\u00e1s. B\u00e1thory Andr\u00e1s wanted to place Transylvania under Turkish patronage again, but he was accepted neither by the Saxons nor by the Sz\u00e9kelys and he could gain the support of neither the Habsburgs nor the Turks.@October 17, 1599|Instigated by Emperor Rudolf, Voivode Mihai (Viteazul) of Wallachia broke into Transylvania through the Bodza Pass, after Prince B\u00e1thory Zsigmond, contrary to his promise, hand over power over Transylvania to his cousin Cardinal B\u00e1thory Andr\u00e1s instead of Emperor Rudolf. Voivode Mihai sided with the Sz\u00e9kelys, who were dissatisfied with the B\u00e1thory dynasty, by promising to restore their rights, and with their help he defeated the army of Prince B\u00e1thory Andr\u00e1s at Sellenberk on 28 October.@November 1, 1599|Voivode Mihai Viteazul of Wallachia marched into Gyulafeh\u00e9rv\u00e1r, the capitol of Transylvania, and took over power as governor appointed by Emperor Rudolf. But soon he started to act on his own behalf and introduced a reign of terror. He arbitrarily appointed Wallachian boyars to every position, looted the treasury and his unpaid mercenaries plundered and murdered throughout the land. The Vlach peasants rose up and started to exterminate Hungarian and Saxon population in Transylvania, which had a Hungarian majority at that time.@September 18, 1600|Voivode Mihai of Wallachia was defeated in the battle of Miriszl\u00f3 and driven out by the combined armies of the Transylvanian nobility led by B\u00e1thory Zsigmond and General Basta\u2019s imperial mercenaries. At the beginning of next year, the Estates of Transylvanian broke with the Emperor and B\u00e1thory Zsigmond was elected prince once more.@August 3, 1601|The combined armies of General Basta and Voivode Mihai of Wallachia defeated the Transylvanian army of Prince B\u00e1thory Zsigmond in the battle of Goroszl\u00f3. After that, the army of Voivode Mihai sacked and burned the towns of Torda, Nagyenyed and Gyulafeh\u00e9rv\u00e1r, where they robbed the tombs of the Hunyadi family, King John II of Hungary and his mother Queen Isabella.@August 19, 1601|Voivode Mihai of Wallachia was assassinated by the mercenaries of General Basta, because Mihai tried to usurp the throne of Transylvania once again. Genral Basta also continued the reign of terror of Mihai and he also let his mercenaries plunder and murder freely throughout the country.@July 2, 1602|General Giorgio Basta defeated the army of Sz\u00e9kely M\u00f3zes at T\u00f6vis. Sz\u00e9kely M\u00f3zes became the leader of the Transylvanian uprising against the Habsburg Empire after the battle of Goroszl\u00f3.@#13|@#14|@1603|General Basta left Transylvania with his imperial army. Sz\u00e9kely M\u00f3zes set out from Temesv\u00e1r with Sz\u00e9kely and Turkish armies to liberate Transylvania. The estates of Transylvania, having enough of Basta\u2019s terror, welcomed him in Gyulafeh\u00e9rv\u00e1r and elected him Prince of Transylvania on 9 May. The Habsburgs mobilized their vassal, Voivode Radu Serban of Wallachia, who attacked the camp of Sz\u00e9kely M\u00f3zes at Brass\u00f3 at night on 17 July. The Prince was killed and General Basta returned to Transylvania.@1615-1617|Prince Bethlen G\u00e1bor of Transylvania ordered the construction of the south-eastern and south-western bastions.@#15|@#16|@#17|@#18|@1657|Prince R\u00e1k\u00f3czi Gy\u00f6rgy II of Transylvania launched a campaign for the crown of Poland in alliance with Carl X Gustaf of Sweden. His aim was to unite the Hungarian-Polish-Wallachian forces against the Turks. The campaign started successfully with the prince taking Krak\u00f3w and Warsawa, but then the King of Sweden abandoned him. The vengeful Poles invaded northern Transylvania, burning defenceless villages, destroying churches and castles. Soon the punitive campaign of Turkish and Tatar armies devastated Transylvania, as the prince launched his Polish campaign against the Sultan's will.@September, 1658|Tatars burned the town, when the Sultan sent them to take revenge on Transylvania after the forbidden campaign of Prince R\u00e1k\u00f3czi Gy\u00f6rgy II for the Polish crown. The Prince resigned from the throne on 25 October in Gyulafeh\u00e9rv\u00e1r.@#19|@#20|@#21|@#22|@#23|@#24|@#25|@#26|@August 21, 1690|Th\u00f6k\u00f6ly Imre, the former leader of the anti-Habsburg Hungarian kuruc uprising, crossed the mountains with Turkish and Wallachian auxiliaries, attacked the imperial army of General Heisler from behind and defeated him.@September 21, 1690|The nobility of Transylvania joined Th\u00f6k\u00f6ly Imre and he was elected Prince of Transylvania in Szeben. Soon the combined armies of Castelli and Heisler pushed him out of Transylvania.@1690|According to the Diploma Leopoldinum issued by Emperor Leopold I, Transylvania became part of the Habsburg Empire as an autonomous province under the Holy Crown of Hungary.@#27|@1715|Count Steinville began the construction of the new star shape fortress in Vauban-style by order of King Charles III of Hungary (Emperor Charles VI), which was completed by 1738. The town was renamed to K\u00e1rolyfeh\u00e9rv\u00e1r (Karlsburg).@#28|@1848-49|An Austrian garrison controlled the modern fortress, which the Hungarian revolutionary army couldn\u2019t capture even by a long siege. The Austrians trained the Vlach troops within the walls of the fortress, who devastated the Hungarian population of Transylvania afterwards.@April 2, 1849|General Bem J\u00f3zsef started the siege of the fortress. The Hungarians could not take the fortified town and they lifted the siege in the middle of August.@#30|@#31|@#36|&muvelodes.net: Gyulafeh\u00e9rv\u00e1r magyar m\u00faltja \u00e9s jelene \u2013 az oktat\u00e1s szemsz\u00f6g\u00e9b\u0151l|https:\/\/muvelodes.net\/m\/gyulafehervar-magyar-multja-es-jelene-az-oktatas-szemszogebol\nrubicon.hu: Hunyadi J\u00e1nos legy\u0151zi a t\u00f6r\u00f6k\u00f6ket Szebenn\u00e9l|https:\/\/rubicon.hu\/kalendarium\/1442-marcius-25-hunyadi-janos-legyozi-a-torokoket-szebennel\nrubicon.hu: Jagell\u00f3 Izabella kir\u00e1lyn\u00e9 hal\u00e1la|https:\/\/rubicon.hu\/kalendarium\/1559-szeptember-15-jagello-izabella-kiralyne-halala"}],"sights":[{"sightId":1845,"townId":73,"active":2,"name_LO":"Catedrala Romano-Catolic\u0103 Sf\u00e2ntul Mihail","address":"","mapdata":"1|726|1192","gps_lat":"46.0676078399","gps_long":"23.5698224513","religion":1,"oldtype":"1","newtype":"1","homepage":"https:\/\/romkat.ro\/","openinghours":"","muemlekemlink":"","csemadoklink":"","picture":"\u003Ca title=\u0022Thaler Tamas, CC BY-SA 3.0 \u003Chttps:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by-sa\/3.0\u003E, via Wikimedia Commons\u0022 href=\u0022https:\/\/commons.wikimedia.org\/wiki\/File:GyulafehervarFotoThalerTamas.JPG\u0022\u003E\u003Cimg width=\u0022512\u0022 alt=\u0022GyulafehervarFotoThalerTamas\u0022 src=\u0022https:\/\/upload.wikimedia.org\/wikipedia\/commons\/3\/35\/GyulafehervarFotoThalerTamas.JPG\u0022\u003E\u003C\/a\u003E","picture_ref":"\u003Ca href=\u0022https:\/\/commons.wikimedia.org\/wiki\/File:GyulafehervarFotoThalerTamas.JPG\u0022\u003EThaler Tamas\u003C\/a\u003E, \u003Ca href=\u0022https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by-sa\/3.0\u0022\u003ECC BY-SA 3.0\u003C\/a\u003E, via Wikimedia Commons","name":"St. Michael Roman Catholic Cathedral","seolink":"st-michael-roman-catholic-cathedral","note":"","history":"The cathedral, built in the 13th century, was the burial place of the princes of Transylvania, and since 1991 it has been an archbishop's centre. It still contains the tombs of the Hunyadi family and the richly decorated stone sarcophagi of Queen Isabella of Hungary and Prince John Sigismund (John II). In its crypt, a long line of Transylvanian princes and bishops are buried.@\nIn 1003, King Stephen of Hungary defeated his maternal uncle, Prokuj, gyula of Transylvania, and broke his power. This removed the obstacle to the establishment of church organization in Transylvania. The establishment of the Diocese of Transylvania was finalised by the king in 1009, during a visit by the papal legate. It is certain that construction of the first cathedral had already begun when the bishopric was founded.@\nThe ruins of a 20 m long single-nave church with a single semicircular apse, with no written tradition, have been excavated 32 m from the facade of the present cathedral. This church was only in use for a short period, probably not fit for purpose, and was therefore demolished and replaced. It may therefore have been the first episcopal church. At the same time, 60 m to the east of this earliest episcopal church, there was a rotunda (round church), which was probably the castle church of the isp\u00e1n of the country.@\nPrior to the foundation of the Diocese of Transylvania, from 952-953, missionary activity had already been carried out at the invitation of Zombor, gyula of Transylvania, by the Greek bishop Hierotheos, with a centre in Gyulafeherv\u00e1r or S\u00e1vaszentdemeter. In 2011, the foundations of a previously unknown church were discovered in the square in front of the main facade of the present cathedral, 24 metres from the entrance. The church, 20.7 m long and 12 m wide, with a simple Greek cross plan, a semicircular apse and a square nave, was built between the mid-10th and early 11th centuries. Its Byzantine-style layout suggests that it was built under the rule of the gyula. It was later replaced by a cemetery at the end of the 11th century, by which time it had been demolished.@\nBetween 1905 and 1908, the architects M\u00f6ller Istv\u00e1n and Fridli S\u00e1ndor excavated under the floor of the present cathedral the remains of the foundation walls of an earlier three-nave basilica, ending in a single large semicircular apse. The dating is helped by the fact that the Maiestas Domini timpanon, which was transferred to the second cathedral during the demolition of the first one, can be clearly dated to around 1090 based on the seals of Prince D\u00e1vid and King K\u00e1lm\u00e1n I of Hungary (1095-1116). It is one of the great building built during the reign of King St. L\u00e1szl\u00f3 I of Hungary.@\nThe construction of the second cathedral probably began during the reign of King Saint L\u00e1szl\u00f3 I of Hungary (1077-1095). They did not use the foundations of the previous basilica, because they had planned a much larger, grander cathedral. The churches of Burgundy and central France were used as models for its construction. The new cathedral was a three-nave building with a central tower. The facade was decorated with two towers that reached up to the second floor of the present towers. Several details of the church have survived to the present day, such as the transept arches, the triumphal arch, the semicircular enclosures of the side sanctuaries and the narrow windows of the side apses. The sacristy, the eastern part of the nave, the northern vestibule and the prince's gate are from this church. The church was destroyed during the Mongol invasion, when it was set on fire after the people fled inside. Its vaults and the central tower, built at the junction of the naves, collapsed.@\nThe central tower was not rebuilt at the time of the restoration. A slender early Gothic sanctuary was built. The rebuilding was barely completed when on 21 February 1277 the Saxons raided and burned the church. It was restored again with great financial sacrifices. In the 15th century the western part of the nave was vaulted and the towers were raised by two storeys. In 1439, the church was again damaged during a Turkish raid. In addition to the Archbishop of Esztergom, Hunyadi J\u00e1nos, who is credited with the Gothic extension of the sanctuary, contributed to the restoration of the church. He built the ornate western main gate and the balcony between the two towers, which was later closed off by a triangular pediment. The great general then decided to be buried in the church.@\nAt the beginning of the 16th century, the northern entrance hall was extended with the so-called L\u00e1szai Chapel. The chapel's altar, combining Gothic and Renaissance elements, was completed by 1512. Between 1512 and 1514, Bishop V\u00e1rday Ferenc built the V\u00e1rday Chapel, dedicated to St. Anne, between the chapel and the north transept.@\nThe church was sacked in 1601 by the Vlach armies of Mihai Viteazul, voivode of Wallachia, the tombstones of the Hunyadi family were smashed, and in 1603 the cathedral was devastated after a siege by the imperial army of Giorgio Basta.@\nIn 1658, during the Turkish punitive campaign against Transylvania, the church was again vandalised, and the ornate tombs of Prince R\u00e1k\u00f3czi Gy\u00f6rgy I and Prince Bethlen G\u00e1bor were smashed. In the early 18th century, Bishop M\u00e1rtonffy had four altars erected from the material of the R\u00e1k\u00f3czi tomb.@\nThe church is 83 m long, 38 m wide and 19 m high. Its floor plan shows the features of medieval Romanesque basilicas.@\nTo the left of the main entrance, in front of the first column supporting the choir, is the tomb of Father George Martinuzzi. On one of the capstones of the arch is the family coat of arms of Bishop Sz\u00e9csy, who rebuilt the church, depicting a two-headed eagle. The pulpit and the high altar of the church are 16th century works. In the lower part of the sanctuary there are Baroque stalls for the canons, biblical scenes on the backs of the chairs and busts of the apostles and Jesus and Mary above. In the western part of the southern side nave are the remains of the tombs of the Hunyadi family. The tomb of the governor's brother is the most intact, in the middle is the suppposed tomb of the governor, Hunyadi J\u00e1nos, while the tomb to the east of it is that of his son, Hunyadi L\u00e1szl\u00f3. The identification of the latter two is completely uncertain; the reclining figure of the governor, for example, is more reminiscent of that of Prince Bocskai Istv\u00e1n. The tombs are in fact empty due to repeated looting and relocation. In the northern side nave we enter the Sz\u00e9csy-V\u00e1rday chapel. Here you will find the sunk-in floor tombs of Bishop Sz\u00e9csy and Czudar Imre and the richly decorated marble tombs of Queen Isabella of Hungary and her son, John Sigismund.@\nThe organ of the church was made by Kolonics Istv\u00e1n, an organ builder from K\u00e9zdiv\u00e1s\u00e1rhely in 1877.@\n11 bishops of Transylvania are buried in the cathedral's crypt: M\u00e1rtonffy Gy\u00f6rgy, Antalfi J\u00e1nos, Sorger Gergely, Bajtay Antal, Manzador Piusz, Batthy\u00e1ny Ign\u00e1c, M\u00e1rtonffy J\u00f3zsef, Kov\u00e1cs Mikl\u00f3s, Vorbuchner Adolf, M\u00e1rton \u00c1ron and Jakab Antal, as well as the martyred secret bishop Maczalik Gy\u0151z\u0151.@\nThe Diocese of Transylvania, founded by King St Stephen of Hungary in 1009, was renamed Diocese of Gyulafeherv\u00e1r in 1932, and was promoted to archdiocese in 1991.\n&\nwikipedia: Gyulafeh\u00e9rv\u00e1ri \u00e9rseki sz\u00e9kesegyh\u00e1z|https:\/\/hu.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Gyulafeh%C3%A9rv%C3%A1ri_%C3%A9rseki_sz%C3%A9kesegyh%C3%A1z"},{"sightId":1846,"townId":73,"active":1,"name_LO":"Biserica Reformat\u0103-Calvin\u0103","address":"Strada Simion B\u0103rnu\u0163iu 18","mapdata":"1|2529|561","gps_lat":"46.0713727545","gps_long":"23.5854325168","religion":2,"oldtype":"1","newtype":"1","homepage":"","openinghours":"","muemlekemlink":"https:\/\/www.muemlekem.hu\/hatareset\/Reformatus-templom-Gyulafehervar-3931","csemadoklink":"","picture":"","picture_ref":"","name":"Calvinist Church","seolink":"calvinist-church","note":"","history":"The church was built between 1757 and 1761."},{"sightId":1847,"townId":73,"active":1,"name_LO":"Catedrala \u00cencoron\u0103rii","address":"Strada Mihai Viteazu 16","mapdata":"1|698|1066","gps_lat":"46.0684311500","gps_long":"23.5697206129","religion":5,"oldtype":"1","newtype":"1","homepage":"","openinghours":"","muemlekemlink":"","csemadoklink":"","picture":"\u003Ca title=\u0022Pudelek, CC BY-SA 4.0 <https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by-sa\/4.0>, via Wikimedia Commons\u0022 href=\u0022https:\/\/commons.wikimedia.org\/wiki\/File:Alba_Iulia_(Gyulafeh%C3%A9rv%C3%A1r,_Karlsburg)_-_Orthodox_Cathedral_(2).jpg\u0022\u003E\u003Cimg width=\u0022512\u0022 alt=\u0022Alba Iulia (Gyulafeh\u00e9rv\u00e1r, Karlsburg) - Orthodox Cathedral (2)\u0022 src=\u0022https:\/\/upload.wikimedia.org\/wikipedia\/commons\/thumb\/9\/99\/Alba_Iulia_%28Gyulafeh%C3%A9rv%C3%A1r%2C_Karlsburg%29_-_Orthodox_Cathedral_%282%29.jpg\/512px-Alba_Iulia_%28Gyulafeh%C3%A9rv%C3%A1r%2C_Karlsburg%29_-_Orthodox_Cathedral_%282%29.jpg\u0022\u003E\u003C\/a\u003E","picture_ref":"\u003Ca href=\u0022https:\/\/commons.wikimedia.org\/wiki\/File:Alba_Iulia_(Gyulafeh%C3%A9rv%C3%A1r,_Karlsburg)_-_Orthodox_Cathedral_(2).jpg\u0022\u003EPudelek\u003C\/a\u003E, \u003Ca href=\u0022https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by-sa\/4.0\u0022\u003ECC BY-SA 4.0\u003C\/a\u003E, via Wikimedia Commons","name":"Holy Trinity Orthodox Cathedral","seolink":"holy-trinity-orthodox-cathedral","note":"","history":"The Orthodox church was built shortly after the Romanian occupation, between 1921 and 1922, in the centre of the historic and sacral capital of Transylvania, inhabited by Hungarians, as a symbol of the conquest, for the coronation of the Romanian monarchs Ferdinand I and Mary on 15 October 1922. It was built in the immediate vicinity of the medieval cathedral of the ancient Catholic diocese of Transylvania. It is a copy of the church of T\u00e2rgoviste in Wallachia."},{"sightId":1848,"townId":73,"active":1,"name_LO":"Biserica Franciscan\u0103","address":"Bulevardul Ferdinand I","mapdata":"1|1855|1818","gps_lat":"46.0639160224","gps_long":"23.5797195386","religion":1,"oldtype":"1","newtype":"1","homepage":"https:\/\/ersekseg.ro\/hu\/templom\/608","openinghours":"","muemlekemlink":"","csemadoklink":"","picture":"\u003Ca title=\u0022Andrei kokelburg, CC BY-SA 3.0 RO <https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by-sa\/3.0\/ro\/deed.en>, via Wikimedia Commons\u0022 href=\u0022https:\/\/commons.wikimedia.org\/wiki\/File:Alba_Iulia_Biserica_franciscana.JPG\u0022\u003E\u003Cimg width=\u0022256\u0022 alt=\u0022Alba Iulia Biserica franciscana\u0022 src=\u0022https:\/\/upload.wikimedia.org\/wikipedia\/commons\/thumb\/5\/53\/Alba_Iulia_Biserica_franciscana.JPG\/256px-Alba_Iulia_Biserica_franciscana.JPG\u0022\u003E\u003C\/a\u003E","picture_ref":"\u003Ca href=\u0022https:\/\/commons.wikimedia.org\/wiki\/File:Alba_Iulia_Biserica_franciscana.JPG\u0022\u003EAndrei kokelburg\u003C\/a\u003E, \u003Ca href=\u0022https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by-sa\/3.0\/ro\/deed.en\u0022\u003ECC BY-SA 3.0 RO\u003C\/a\u003E, via Wikimedia Commons","name":"Sacred Heart of Jesus Franciscan Church","seolink":"sacred-heart-of-jesus-franciscan-church","note":"","history":"The Franciscans arrived in Gyulafeh\u00e9rv\u00e1r around 1691 and settled in the \u0022lower town\u0022. Around 1725, the Franciscans were given a marshy area for the purpose of building a house of prayer. Construction of the church began in 1725 and was completed in 1770. The building has been restored several times. It was damaged several times by the flooding of the Maros River, as well as by a fire. The latter is also mentioned on the facade of the church. The inscription in Latin recalls that in 1843, on the initiative of Bishop Kov\u00e1cs Mikl\u00f3s, the church was restored from its ashes.\n&\nalbaiuliaqr.ro: A FERENCES TEMPLOM|https:\/\/albaiuliaqr.ro\/biserica-franciscana\/?lang=hu"},{"sightId":1849,"townId":73,"active":1,"name_LO":"","address":"Strada Prim\u0103verii","mapdata":"1|1980|942","gps_lat":"46.0691016168","gps_long":"23.5806701997","religion":3,"oldtype":"1","newtype":"1","homepage":"","openinghours":"","muemlekemlink":"","csemadoklink":"","picture":"","picture_ref":"","name":"Lutheran Church","seolink":"lutheran-church","note":"","history":"The church is closely linked to the construction of the fortress of Gyulafeherv\u00e1r. The newly arrived German-speaking construction workers increased the number of German inhabitants in the majorly Hungarian town. The land was donated by the town to the Lutheran Church in 1819. The church was built between 1824 and 1826. The bell tower was added in 1853.\n&\nalbaiuliaqr.ro: AZ EVANG\u00c9LIKUS TEMPLOM|https:\/\/albaiuliaqr.ro\/biserica-evanghelica-ca\/?lang=hu"},{"sightId":1850,"townId":73,"active":1,"name_LO":"Sinagoga ","address":"Strada Tudor Vladimirescu 2","mapdata":"1|1974|201","gps_lat":"46.0735216954","gps_long":"23.5806632492","religion":6,"oldtype":"8","newtype":"8","homepage":"","openinghours":"","muemlekemlink":"","csemadoklink":"","picture":"\u003Ca title=\u0022Renardo la vulpo, CC BY-SA 3.0 <https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by-sa\/3.0>, via Wikimedia Commons\u0022 href=\u0022https:\/\/commons.wikimedia.org\/wiki\/File:Alba_Iulia,_sinagogo,_1.jpeg\u0022\u003E\u003Cimg width=\u0022512\u0022 alt=\u0022Alba Iulia, sinagogo, 1\u0022 src=\u0022https:\/\/upload.wikimedia.org\/wikipedia\/commons\/thumb\/d\/d4\/Alba_Iulia%2C_sinagogo%2C_1.jpeg\/512px-Alba_Iulia%2C_sinagogo%2C_1.jpeg\u0022\u003E\u003C\/a\u003E","picture_ref":"\u003Ca href=\u0022https:\/\/commons.wikimedia.org\/wiki\/File:Alba_Iulia,_sinagogo,_1.jpeg\u0022\u003ERenardo la vulpo\u003C\/a\u003E, \u003Ca href=\u0022https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by-sa\/3.0\u0022\u003ECC BY-SA 3.0\u003C\/a\u003E, via Wikimedia Commons","name":"Synagogue","seolink":"synagogue","note":"","history":"The first synagogue in Transylvania, built in 1840 under Rabbi Iezechiel Paneth and bearing his name, is located in the centre of the town. Gyulafeh\u00e9rv\u00e1r was the seat of the oldest Jewish community in Transylvania. The three cannon balls were drilled into the wall during the Hungarian War of Independence of 1848-1849. \n&\nalbaiuliaqr.ro: A ZSINAG\u00d3GA|https:\/\/albaiuliaqr.ro\/sinagoga\/?lang=hu"},{"sightId":1851,"townId":73,"active":2,"name_LO":"","address":"","mapdata":"1|648|1223","gps_lat":"46.0675150064","gps_long":"23.5692714460","religion":1,"oldtype":"7,50","newtype":"7","homepage":"","openinghours":"","muemlekemlink":"https:\/\/www.muemlekem.hu\/hatareset\/Romai-katolikus-puspoki-palota-Gyulafehervar-2737","csemadoklink":"","picture":"\u003Ca title=\u0022h_laca, CC BY 3.0 \u003Chttps:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/3.0\u003E, via Wikimedia Commons\u0022 href=\u0022https:\/\/commons.wikimedia.org\/wiki\/File:Gyulafeh%C3%A9rv%C3%A1r,_R%C3%B3mai-Kat%C3%B3likus_P%C3%BCsp%C3%B6ki_palota_-_panoramio.jpg\u0022\u003E\u003Cimg width=\u0022512\u0022 alt=\u0022Gyulafeh\u00e9rv\u00e1r, R\u00f3mai-Kat\u00f3likus P\u00fcsp\u00f6ki palota - panoramio\u0022 src=\u0022https:\/\/upload.wikimedia.org\/wikipedia\/commons\/thumb\/a\/ae\/Gyulafeh%C3%A9rv%C3%A1r%2C_R%C3%B3mai-Kat%C3%B3likus_P%C3%BCsp%C3%B6ki_palota_-_panoramio.jpg\/512px-Gyulafeh%C3%A9rv%C3%A1r%2C_R%C3%B3mai-Kat%C3%B3likus_P%C3%BCsp%C3%B6ki_palota_-_panoramio.jpg\u0022\u003E\u003C\/a\u003E","picture_ref":"\u003Ca href=\u0022https:\/\/commons.wikimedia.org\/wiki\/File:Gyulafeh%C3%A9rv%C3%A1r,_R%C3%B3mai-Kat%C3%B3likus_P%C3%BCsp%C3%B6ki_palota_-_panoramio.jpg\u0022\u003Eh_laca\u003C\/a\u003E, \u003Ca href=\u0022https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/3.0\u0022\u003ECC BY 3.0\u003C\/a\u003E, via Wikimedia Commons","name":"Roman Catholic Archiepiscopal Palace, Former Palace of the Prince of Transylvania","seolink":"roman-catholic-archiepiscopal-palace-former-palace-of-the-prince-of-transylvania","note":"","history":"Next to the cathedral stands the former 15th century palace of the princes of Transylvania and the bishop's palace. The Diocese of Transylvania, founded by King St Stephen I of Hungary in 1009, was renamed the Bishopric of Gyulafeherv\u00e1r in 1932 under pressure from the occupying Romanian authorities, and became an archdiocese in 1991.@\nNot much is known about the construction of the building, which incorporates Renaissance and Baroque elements. The passage that connected it to the cathedral opens from the wing to the left of the gate. This may be the oldest part of the palace, which probably includes elements from the period of the House of \u00c1rp\u00e1d. This palace later became the centre of the Principality of Transylvania, the seat of the princes. Its western, one-storey wing used to have two storeys. The bishop's palace was converted into a prince's palace in the 16th century by John Sigismund, and then rebuilt under Prince Bethlen G\u00e1bor to the designs of the Italian architect Giacomo Resti.@\nIn 1658, the Turks ravaged and burned the building and the town. From 1690 it was converted into a barracks by the Austrian troops. Part of the building was returned to the bishopric in 1716, but the other part (the so-called prince's palace) continued to be used by the military and was only given to the municipality in 2009. In the episcopal part, there was a seminary in the 18th century and a cantorial school in the 20th century. It is now the archbishop's office."},{"sightId":1852,"townId":73,"active":2,"name_LO":"","address":"Bethlen G\u00e1bor utca 1.","mapdata":"1|812|732","gps_lat":"46.0703582314","gps_long":"23.5706911596","religion":1,"oldtype":"76,101","newtype":"76","homepage":"","openinghours":"","muemlekemlink":"https:\/\/www.muemlekem.hu\/hatareset\/Batthyaneum-Gyulafehervar-2730","csemadoklink":"","picture":"\u003Ca title=\u0022h_laca, CC BY 3.0 \u003Chttps:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/3.0\u003E, via Wikimedia Commons\u0022 href=\u0022https:\/\/commons.wikimedia.org\/wiki\/File:Gyulafeh%C3%A9rv%C3%A1r,_Batthyaneum_-_panoramio.jpg\u0022\u003E\u003Cimg width=\u0022256\u0022 alt=\u0022Gyulafeh\u00e9rv\u00e1r, Batthyaneum - panoramio\u0022 src=\u0022https:\/\/upload.wikimedia.org\/wikipedia\/commons\/thumb\/a\/ab\/Gyulafeh%C3%A9rv%C3%A1r%2C_Batthyaneum_-_panoramio.jpg\/256px-Gyulafeh%C3%A9rv%C3%A1r%2C_Batthyaneum_-_panoramio.jpg\u0022\u003E\u003C\/a\u003E","picture_ref":"\u003Ca href=\u0022https:\/\/commons.wikimedia.org\/wiki\/File:Gyulafeh%C3%A9rv%C3%A1r,_Batthyaneum_-_panoramio.jpg\u0022\u003Eh_laca\u003C\/a\u003E, \u003Ca href=\u0022https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/3.0\u0022\u003ECC BY 3.0\u003C\/a\u003E, via Wikimedia Commons","name":"Batthy\u00e1neum Library","seolink":"batthyaneum-library","note":"","history":"Count Batthy\u00e1ny Ign\u00e1c, Bishop of Transylvania, founded the Batthyaneum in 1794. It was first built as an observatory, then the bishop gradually expanded it with a collection of minerals and coins and a library. The codices of the 55 000-volume episcopal library of the Batthyaneum is world-famous. The third oldest coherent Hungarian language text, the Gyulafeh\u00e9rv\u00e1r Rows from 1310, was found in one of the Latin-language codices.@\nThe most important part of the collection is the library, which contains 927 volumes of manuscripts and codices and 565 early printed books. It houses 80% of the medieval Latin codices in what is now Romania. Its valuable Bible collection consists of 600 volumes. The most valuable item in the codex collection is the Codex aureus, the Gospel of Matthew and Mark, written in gold letters in the Benedictine Abbey of Lorsch in 812. The Gyulafeh\u00e9rv\u00e1r Codex contains a Hungarian language glossary called Gyulafeh\u00e9rv\u00e1r rows (1310-20). The originals of the D\u00f6brentei Codex and the Batthy\u00e1ny Codex, the oldest known manuscript Protestant hymnal in Hungary, are preserved here.@\nBatthy\u00e1ny consciously collected books, including the purchase of the 8,000-volume library of Archbishop Migazzi of Vienna. In 1792, the diocese received the Baroque church and monastery of the Trinitarian Order, which had been dissolved in 1783, consecrated in 1745, and Batthy\u00e1ny converted it for the institution. In 1794 he set up an astronomical observatory in the former church, and in 1795 he moved his library from Nagyszeben to the former monastery and most of the episcopal printing press from Kolozsv\u00e1r. The later Batthyaneum was officially founded on 31 July 1798. Batthy\u00e1ny donated to the institution his private collection of manuscripts, coins, shells and minerals, in addition to books, and died in November of the same year. The library initially consisted of about 20,000 volumes.@\nIts founder intended the institution to be a developing, bustling scientific workshop, but due to a lack of additional funds it became a museum, and was enriched mainly by the bequests of ecclesiastical figures, including Beke Antal, Buczy Emil, Fogarasy Mih\u00e1ly, Kov\u00e1cs Mikl\u00f3s, L\u00f6nhart Ferenc, Majl\u00e1th Guszt\u00e1v K\u00e1roly and Temesv\u00e1ri J\u00e1nos. By 1893, the library had grown to 40,000 volumes. In 1912, it was declared a public collection, and thus received substantial annual state subsidies for the purchase of books. In the same year, a vault was installed to store the most valuable books.@\nThe first director of the observatory was M\u00e1rtonfi Antal, canon and astronomer, who had previously worked with Hell Miksa in Vienna. Hell Miksa personally supervised the design of the observatory and the acquisition of the astronomical instruments. Batthy\u00e1ny Ign\u00e1c himself also studied astronomy. He arranged for public lectures and ordered that the astronomer's observations be published in print every year. This was ensured by the institution's own printing press, located on the ground floor. From 1840, the first regular meteorological observations were made here in Transylvania.@\nIn 1914, some of his most valuable books and in 1940, some of his manuscripts were sent to Hungary. In the 1930s, part of its holdings were sold.@\nIn 1949, the collection was closed by the Romanian state and nationalised in 1950. Since then, it has been part of the Romanian National Library and is only open to researchers with special permission. A government decree in 1998 ordered its return to the successor of the diocese, but the Romanians have not returned it to the church since. "},{"sightId":1853,"townId":73,"active":1,"name_LO":"","address":"Sulu\u021biu Alexandru Sterca 2","mapdata":"1|1134|1034","gps_lat":"46.0685907344","gps_long":"23.5735145874","religion":0,"oldtype":"74,75","newtype":"21","homepage":"","openinghours":"","muemlekemlink":"https:\/\/www.muemlekem.hu\/hatareset\/Bethlen-Gabor-Kollegium-Gyulafehervar-2731","csemadoklink":"","picture":"\u003Ca title=\u0022Andrei kokelburg, CC BY-SA 3.0 RO <https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by-sa\/3.0\/ro\/deed.en>, via Wikimedia Commons\u0022 href=\u0022https:\/\/commons.wikimedia.org\/wiki\/File:Alba_Iulia_Colegiul_Bethlen.JPG\u0022\u003E\u003Cimg width=\u0022512\u0022 alt=\u0022Alba Iulia Colegiul Bethlen\u0022 src=\u0022https:\/\/upload.wikimedia.org\/wikipedia\/commons\/thumb\/b\/bc\/Alba_Iulia_Colegiul_Bethlen.JPG\/512px-Alba_Iulia_Colegiul_Bethlen.JPG\u0022\u003E\u003C\/a\u003E","picture_ref":"\u003Ca href=\u0022https:\/\/commons.wikimedia.org\/wiki\/File:Alba_Iulia_Colegiul_Bethlen.JPG\u0022\u003EAndrei kokelburg\u003C\/a\u003E, \u003Ca href=\u0022https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by-sa\/3.0\/ro\/deed.en\u0022\u003ECC BY-SA 3.0 RO\u003C\/a\u003E, via Wikimedia Commons","name":"Former Bethlen G\u00e1bor Calvinist College","seolink":"former-bethlen-gabor-calvinist-college","note":"","history":"The college was founded in 1622 by Prince Bethlen G\u00e1bor of Transylvania on the model of the Heidelberg Academy. In 1658, it was moved to Nagyenyed after the Turkish punitive campaign following the unsuccessful campaign of Prince R\u00e1k\u00f3czi Gy\u00f6rgy II for the Polish crown. After the restoration of the building, the Reformed College of S\u00e1rospatak was housed here from 1672 until 1716, when the building was taken over by the imperial military."},{"sightId":1854,"townId":73,"active":1,"name_LO":"","address":"Bethlen G\u00e1bor utca 5.","mapdata":"1|957|732","gps_lat":"46.0704094180","gps_long":"23.5719288144","religion":0,"oldtype":"50,19","newtype":"75","homepage":"","openinghours":"","muemlekemlink":"https:\/\/www.muemlekem.hu\/hatareset\/Apor-palota-Gyulafehervar-2735","csemadoklink":"","picture":"\u003Ca title=\u0022h_laca, CC BY 3.0 <https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/3.0>, via Wikimedia Commons\u0022 href=\u0022https:\/\/commons.wikimedia.org\/wiki\/File:Gyulafeh%C3%A9rv%C3%A1r,_Apor-h%C3%A1z_-_panoramio.jpg\u0022\u003E\u003Cimg width=\u0022512\u0022 alt=\u0022Gyulafeh\u00e9rv\u00e1r, Apor-h\u00e1z - panoramio\u0022 src=\u0022https:\/\/upload.wikimedia.org\/wikipedia\/commons\/thumb\/6\/60\/Gyulafeh%C3%A9rv%C3%A1r%2C_Apor-h%C3%A1z_-_panoramio.jpg\/512px-Gyulafeh%C3%A9rv%C3%A1r%2C_Apor-h%C3%A1z_-_panoramio.jpg\u0022\u003E\u003C\/a\u003E","picture_ref":"\u003Ca href=\u0022https:\/\/commons.wikimedia.org\/wiki\/File:Gyulafeh%C3%A9rv%C3%A1r,_Apor-h%C3%A1z_-_panoramio.jpg\u0022\u003Eh_laca\u003C\/a\u003E, \u003Ca href=\u0022https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/3.0\u0022\u003ECC BY 3.0\u003C\/a\u003E, via Wikimedia Commons","name":"Apor Palace","seolink":"apor-palace","note":"","history":"The palace was built in the second half of the 17th century in the late Renaissance style on the site of the Renaissance palace of the Transylvanian Chancellor Batthy\u00e1ny Mikl\u00f3s. It was built by Count Apor Istv\u00e1n, the treasurer of Transylvania. In the first half of the 18th century, it was occupied by the commander of the Austrian troops, de Steinville, when the Baroque interior portals were built. Later it was used by the town police headquarters. It was renovated in 2000. Today it houses the Rector's Office of the University of 1 December 1918 in Gyulafeh\u00e9rv\u00e1r."},{"sightId":1855,"townId":73,"active":1,"name_LO":"Muzeul Na\u021bional al Unirii","address":"Strada Mihai Viteazu 12-14","mapdata":"1|843|1087","gps_lat":"46.0682598763","gps_long":"23.5709486523","religion":0,"oldtype":"20","newtype":"98","homepage":"https:\/\/mnuai.ro\/","openinghours":"","muemlekemlink":"https:\/\/www.muemlekem.hu\/hatareset\/Nemzeti-Egyesules-Muzeuma-Gyulafehervar-2736","csemadoklink":"","picture":"\u003Ca title=\u0022h_laca, CC BY 3.0 <https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/3.0>, via Wikimedia Commons\u0022 href=\u0022https:\/\/commons.wikimedia.org\/wiki\/File:Gyulafeh%C3%A9rv%C3%A1r,_Babilon-palota_(_V%C3%A1rosi_m%C3%BAzeum_)_-_panoramio_(1).jpg\u0022\u003E\u003Cimg width=\u0022512\u0022 alt=\u0022Gyulafeh\u00e9rv\u00e1r, Babilon-palota ( V\u00e1rosi m\u00fazeum ) - panoramio (1)\u0022 src=\u0022https:\/\/upload.wikimedia.org\/wikipedia\/commons\/thumb\/f\/f1\/Gyulafeh%C3%A9rv%C3%A1r%2C_Babilon-palota_%28_V%C3%A1rosi_m%C3%BAzeum_%29_-_panoramio_%281%29.jpg\/512px-Gyulafeh%C3%A9rv%C3%A1r%2C_Babilon-palota_%28_V%C3%A1rosi_m%C3%BAzeum_%29_-_panoramio_%281%29.jpg\u0022\u003E\u003C\/a\u003E","picture_ref":"\u003Ca href=\u0022https:\/\/commons.wikimedia.org\/wiki\/File:Gyulafeh%C3%A9rv%C3%A1r,_Babilon-palota_(_V%C3%A1rosi_m%C3%BAzeum_)_-_panoramio_(1).jpg\u0022\u003Eh_laca\u003C\/a\u003E, \u003Ca href=\u0022https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/3.0\u0022\u003ECC BY 3.0\u003C\/a\u003E, via Wikimedia Commons","name":"Babilon House, Former Officer's Quarters, National Museum of the Union","seolink":"babilon-house-former-officers-quarters-national-museum-of-the-union","note":"","history":"It was built between 1851 and 1853 for officers' quarters. The eclectic style building is named after its imposing dimensions. Since 1967 the building has been occupied by the Museum of National Unification. Like everything else, the Romanians stole this museum as well.@\nThe museum was founded in 1888 by the Als\u00f3-Feh\u00e9r County Historical, Archaeological and Natural History Association, which had been established the previous year on the initiative of Rainer Zsigmond.@\nThe association's aim was to find and save historical monuments. Csernai B\u00e9la, a teacher at the Catholic grammar school, was entrusted with the organisation and management of the town museum. Cserni B\u00e9la devoted all his time to the museum's enrichment and excavations. He corresponded with the great archaeologists of the time. He passed away in 1916, leaving a huge collection: 5,865 finds from prehistoric times, 6,544 from Roman times, 679 medieval artefacts, 3,937 coins, 7,267 natural history artefacts and a library of 4,634 volumes. The museum was housed in the building of the present primary school No 3. In 1929 it was moved to the north-east corner of the Orthodox Coronation Church building, which was built by the Romanian invaders for the coronation of Ferdinand I in 1922. In 1958, the museum was given the former Officers' Casino, where the 'Unification Room' was set up. In 1967, it was also given the Babilon House, and was renamed the 'Unification Museum'.\n&\neloerdely.ro: Nemzeti Egyes\u00fcl\u00e9s M\u00fazeuma - Gyulafeh\u00e9rv\u00e1r|http:\/\/delerdely.eloerdely.ro\/kiallitok\/muzeum\/nemzeti-egyesules-muzeuma-gyulafehervar"},{"sightId":1856,"townId":73,"active":1,"name_LO":"Sala Unirii","address":"Strada Muzeului","mapdata":"1|899|1102","gps_lat":"46.0681880158","gps_long":"23.5714731394","religion":0,"oldtype":"93","newtype":"98","homepage":"https:\/\/mnuai.ro\/sala-unirii\/","openinghours":"","muemlekemlink":"https:\/\/www.muemlekem.hu\/hatareset\/Nemzeti-Egyesules-Muzeuma-Gyulafehervar-2736","csemadoklink":"","picture":"\u003Ca title=\u0022h_laca, CC BY 3.0 <https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/3.0>, via Wikimedia Commons\u0022 href=\u0022https:\/\/commons.wikimedia.org\/wiki\/File:Gyulafeh%C3%A9rv%C3%A1r,_az_1866._%C3%A9vi_Custozzai_csata_eml%C3%A9k%C3%A9re_%C3%A1ll%C3%ADtott_obeliszk,_a_h%C3%A1tt%C3%A9rben_a_Tiszti_kaszin%C3%B3_%C3%A9p%C3%BClete_-_panoramio.jpg\u0022\u003E\u003Cimg width=\u0022512\u0022 alt=\u0022Gyulafeh\u00e9rv\u00e1r, az 1866. \u00e9vi Custozzai csata eml\u00e9k\u00e9re \u00e1ll\u00edtott obeliszk, a h\u00e1tt\u00e9rben a Tiszti kaszin\u00f3 \u00e9p\u00fclete - panoramio\u0022 src=\u0022https:\/\/upload.wikimedia.org\/wikipedia\/commons\/thumb\/2\/20\/Gyulafeh%C3%A9rv%C3%A1r%2C_az_1866._%C3%A9vi_Custozzai_csata_eml%C3%A9k%C3%A9re_%C3%A1ll%C3%ADtott_obeliszk%2C_a_h%C3%A1tt%C3%A9rben_a_Tiszti_kaszin%C3%B3_%C3%A9p%C3%BClete_-_panoramio.jpg\/512px-Gyulafeh%C3%A9rv%C3%A1r%2C_az_1866._%C3%A9vi_Custozzai_csata_eml%C3%A9k%C3%A9re_%C3%A1ll%C3%ADtott_obeliszk%2C_a_h%C3%A1tt%C3%A9rben_a_Tiszti_kaszin%C3%B3_%C3%A9p%C3%BClete_-_panoramio.jpg\u0022\u003E\u003C\/a\u003E","picture_ref":"\u003Ca href=\u0022https:\/\/commons.wikimedia.org\/wiki\/File:Gyulafeh%C3%A9rv%C3%A1r,_az_1866._%C3%A9vi_Custozzai_csata_eml%C3%A9k%C3%A9re_%C3%A1ll%C3%ADtott_obeliszk,_a_h%C3%A1tt%C3%A9rben_a_Tiszti_kaszin%C3%B3_%C3%A9p%C3%BClete_-_panoramio.jpg\u0022\u003Eh_laca\u003C\/a\u003E, \u003Ca href=\u0022https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/3.0\u0022\u003ECC BY 3.0\u003C\/a\u003E, via Wikimedia Commons","name":"Former Officer's Casino, Union Hall","seolink":"former-officers-casino-union-hall","note":"","history":"The casino was built between 1898 and 1900 in the Art Nouveau style for the leisure of officers. The Vlach mob that gathered in the town on 1 December 1918 declared the unification of Transylvania with Romania here. The French Pierre Bellet made a wall painting commemorating this shameful event. Since 1958 the building has been occupied by the Museum of National Unification. Like everything else, the Romanians stole this museum as well.@\nThe museum was founded in 1888 by the Als\u00f3-Feh\u00e9r County Historical, Archaeological and Natural History Association, which had been established the previous year on the initiative of Rainer Zsigmond.@\nThe association's aim was to find and save historical monuments. Csernai B\u00e9la, a teacher at the Catholic grammar school, was entrusted with the organisation and management of the town museum. Cserni B\u00e9la devoted all his time to the museum's enrichment and excavations. He corresponded with the great archaeologists of the time. He passed away in 1916, leaving a huge collection: 5,865 finds from prehistoric times, 6,544 from Roman times, 679 medieval artefacts, 3,937 coins, 7,267 natural history artefacts and a library of 4,634 volumes. The museum was housed in the building of the present primary school No 3. In 1929 it was moved to the north-east corner of the Orthodox Coronation Church building, which was built by the Romanian invaders for the coronation of Ferdinand I in 1922. In 1958, the museum was given the former Officers' Casino, where the 'Unification Room' was set up. In 1967, it was also given the Babilon House, and was renamed the 'Unification Museum'.\n&\neloerdely.ro: Nemzeti Egyes\u00fcl\u00e9s M\u00fazeuma - Gyulafeh\u00e9rv\u00e1r|http:\/\/delerdely.eloerdely.ro\/kiallitok\/muzeum\/nemzeti-egyesules-muzeuma-gyulafehervar"},{"sightId":1857,"townId":73,"active":1,"name_LO":"Institu\u021bia Prefectului Jude\u021bul Alba","address":"Pia\u0163a Ion I. C. Br\u0103tianu, Strada Bucure\u015fti","mapdata":"1|2044|1248","gps_lat":"46.0672398938","gps_long":"23.5812563843","religion":0,"oldtype":"17,18","newtype":"11","homepage":"","openinghours":"","muemlekemlink":"https:\/\/www.muemlekem.hu\/hatareset\/Torvenyszeki-palota-es-foghaz-Gyulafehervar-1817","csemadoklink":"","picture":"\u003Ca title=\u0022Andrei kokelburg, CC BY-SA 3.0 RO <https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by-sa\/3.0\/ro\/deed.en>, via Wikimedia Commons\u0022 href=\u0022https:\/\/commons.wikimedia.org\/wiki\/File:Alba_Iulia_Prefectura.jpg\u0022\u003E\u003Cimg width=\u0022512\u0022 alt=\u0022Alba Iulia Prefectura\u0022 src=\u0022https:\/\/upload.wikimedia.org\/wikipedia\/commons\/thumb\/9\/91\/Alba_Iulia_Prefectura.jpg\/512px-Alba_Iulia_Prefectura.jpg\u0022\u003E\u003C\/a\u003E","picture_ref":"\u003Ca href=\u0022https:\/\/commons.wikimedia.org\/wiki\/File:Alba_Iulia_Prefectura.jpg\u0022\u003EAndrei kokelburg\u003C\/a\u003E, \u003Ca href=\u0022https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by-sa\/3.0\/ro\/deed.en\u0022\u003ECC BY-SA 3.0 RO\u003C\/a\u003E, via Wikimedia Commons","name":"Former Court of Justice and Jail","seolink":"former-court-of-justice-and-jail","note":"","history":"It was built in 1904 according to the plans of the Budapest architect Gerster K\u00e1lm\u00e1n. Today it is the seat of the Feh\u00e9r (Alba) County Municipality (Prefecture)."},{"sightId":1858,"townId":73,"active":2,"name_LO":"","address":"Strada Mihai Viteazu","mapdata":"1|1265|1281","gps_lat":"46.0670905642","gps_long":"23.5745672979","religion":0,"oldtype":"22","newtype":"22","homepage":"","openinghours":"","muemlekemlink":"https:\/\/www.muemlekem.hu\/hatareset\/Gyulafehervar-erodje-Gyulafehervar-1452","csemadoklink":"","picture":"\u003Ca title=\u0022h_laca, CC BY 3.0 \u003Chttps:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/3.0\u003E, via Wikimedia Commons\u0022 href=\u0022https:\/\/commons.wikimedia.org\/wiki\/File:Gyulafeh%C3%A9rv%C3%A1r,_Fels%C5%91_K%C3%A1roly-kapu_-_panoramio.jpg\u0022\u003E\u003Cimg width=\u0022512\u0022 alt=\u0022Gyulafeh\u00e9rv\u00e1r, Fels\u0151 K\u00e1roly-kapu - panoramio\u0022 src=\u0022https:\/\/upload.wikimedia.org\/wikipedia\/commons\/thumb\/7\/73\/Gyulafeh%C3%A9rv%C3%A1r%2C_Fels%C5%91_K%C3%A1roly-kapu_-_panoramio.jpg\/512px-Gyulafeh%C3%A9rv%C3%A1r%2C_Fels%C5%91_K%C3%A1roly-kapu_-_panoramio.jpg\u0022\u003E\u003C\/a\u003E","picture_ref":"\u003Ca href=\u0022https:\/\/commons.wikimedia.org\/wiki\/File:Gyulafeh%C3%A9rv%C3%A1r,_Fels%C5%91_K%C3%A1roly-kapu_-_panoramio.jpg\u0022\u003Eh_laca\u003C\/a\u003E, \u003Ca href=\u0022https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/3.0\u0022\u003ECC BY 3.0\u003C\/a\u003E, via Wikimedia Commons","name":"Upper Charles Gate, Castle Gate No. III","seolink":"upper-charles-gate-castle-gate-no-iii","note":"","history":""},{"sightId":1859,"townId":73,"active":1,"name_LO":"\u0218coala Gimnazial\u0103 Avram Iancu","address":"Strada Moldovei 2","mapdata":"1|1754|2070","gps_lat":"46.0623813037","gps_long":"23.5788012226","religion":0,"oldtype":"98","newtype":"74","homepage":"","openinghours":"","muemlekemlink":"","csemadoklink":"","picture":"","picture_ref":"","name":"Former Archeological Museum","seolink":"former-archeological-museum","note":"","history":"The museum was founded in 1888 by the Als\u00f3-Feh\u00e9r County Historical, Archaeological and Natural History Association, which had been established the previous year on the initiative of Rainer Zsigmond.@\nThe association's aim was to find and save historical monuments. Csernai B\u00e9la, a teacher at the Catholic grammar school, was entrusted with the organisation and management of the town museum. Cserni B\u00e9la devoted all his time to the museum's enrichment and excavations. He corresponded with the great archaeologists of the time. He passed away in 1916, leaving a huge collection: 5,865 finds from prehistoric times, 6,544 from Roman times, 679 medieval artefacts, 3,937 coins, 7,267 natural history artefacts and a library of 4,634 volumes. The museum was housed in the building of the present primary school No 3. In 1929 it was moved to the north-east corner of the Orthodox Coronation Church building, which was built by the Romanian invaders for the coronation of Ferdinand I in 1922. In 1958, the museum was given the former Officers' Casino, where the 'Unification Room' was set up. In 1967, it was also given the Babilon House, and was renamed the 'Unification Museum'."},{"sightId":1860,"townId":73,"active":1,"name_LO":"Liceul De Muzic\u0103 \u015ei Arte Plastice","address":"Strada C\u0103l\u0103ra\u0219ilor 4","mapdata":"1|2183|136","gps_lat":"46.0738506484","gps_long":"23.5825170254","religion":0,"oldtype":"74","newtype":"74","homepage":"","openinghours":"","muemlekemlink":"","csemadoklink":"","picture":"","picture_ref":"","name":"Former Hungarian Civil School","seolink":"former-hungarian-civil-school","note":"","history":"Built in 1900-1901 for the Hungarian civil school, it was taken over by the occupying Romanians in 1919 and the first Romanian state lyceum in Transylvania was opened here under the name of Mihai Viteazul."},{"sightId":1861,"townId":73,"active":1,"name_LO":"","address":"Strada Unirii 3","mapdata":"1|687|840","gps_lat":"46.0696853029","gps_long":"23.5695965059","religion":0,"oldtype":"71","newtype":"98","homepage":"http:\/\/www.museikon.ro\/","openinghours":"","muemlekemlink":"https:\/\/www.muemlekem.hu\/hatareset\/Gyulafehervar-erodje-Gyulafehervar-1452","csemadoklink":"","picture":"","picture_ref":"","name":"Former military hospital, Museikon museum of orthodox ecclesiastical art","seolink":"former-military-hospital-museikon-museum-of-orthodox-ecclesiastical-art","note":"","history":"It was built in the 18th century for an Austrian military hospital, designed by Joseph de Quadri."},{"sightId":1862,"townId":73,"active":1,"name_LO":"","address":"Strada Unirii","mapdata":"1|949|998","gps_lat":"46.0687775159","gps_long":"23.5718431315","religion":1,"oldtype":"75,6","newtype":"75","homepage":"","openinghours":"","muemlekemlink":"","csemadoklink":"","picture":"\u003Ca title=\u0022\u021aetcu Mircea Rare\u0219, CC BY-SA 4.0 <https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by-sa\/4.0>, via Wikimedia Commons\u0022 href=\u0022https:\/\/commons.wikimedia.org\/wiki\/File:RO_AB_Alba_Iulia_Unirii_15_(1).jpg\u0022\u003E\u003Cimg width=\u0022512\u0022 alt=\u0022RO AB Alba Iulia Unirii 15 (1)\u0022 src=\u0022https:\/\/upload.wikimedia.org\/wikipedia\/commons\/thumb\/b\/be\/RO_AB_Alba_Iulia_Unirii_15_%281%29.jpg\/512px-RO_AB_Alba_Iulia_Unirii_15_%281%29.jpg\u0022\u003E\u003C\/a\u003E","picture_ref":"\u003Ca href=\u0022https:\/\/commons.wikimedia.org\/wiki\/File:RO_AB_Alba_Iulia_Unirii_15_(1).jpg\u0022\u003E\u021aetcu Mircea Rare\u0219\u003C\/a\u003E, \u003Ca href=\u0022https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by-sa\/4.0\u0022\u003ECC BY-SA 4.0\u003C\/a\u003E, via Wikimedia Commons","name":"Former Jesuit College, Catholic Seminary","seolink":"former-jesuit-college-catholic-seminary","note":"","history":"The Jesuit order settled in Gyulafeh\u00e9rv\u00e1r in 1579, during the reign of the Catholic Prince B\u00e1thory Istv\u00e1n of Transylvania. They then began training priests in the now-defunct church donated by B\u00e1thory. Towards the end of the 16th century, the monastery building was built, including the college. The Jesuits were expelled soon afterwards, and it was not until the beginning of the 18th century that the college was reorganised. The school became the property of the Roman Catholic seminary after the dissolution of the Jesuit order in 1776. The seminary remained in operation until 1783. \n&\nalbaiuliaqr.ro: A VOLT JEZSUITA KOLL\u00c9GIUM|https:\/\/albaiuliaqr.ro\/fostul-colegiu-iezuit\/?lang=hu"},{"sightId":1863,"townId":73,"active":1,"name_LO":"Castrul Roman-Poarta de Sud","address":"Strada Militari","mapdata":"1|1037|1407","gps_lat":"46.0663261370","gps_long":"23.5726941141","religion":0,"oldtype":"22","newtype":"122","homepage":"","openinghours":"","muemlekemlink":"","csemadoklink":"","picture":"\u003Ca title=\u0022Saturnian, Public domain, via Wikimedia Commons\u0022 href=\u0022https:\/\/commons.wikimedia.org\/wiki\/File:Apulum_-_Porta_Principalis_Dextra_-_01.jpg\u0022\u003E\u003Cimg width=\u0022512\u0022 alt=\u0022Apulum - Porta Principalis Dextra - 01\u0022 src=\u0022https:\/\/upload.wikimedia.org\/wikipedia\/commons\/thumb\/7\/79\/Apulum_-_Porta_Principalis_Dextra_-_01.jpg\/512px-Apulum_-_Porta_Principalis_Dextra_-_01.jpg\u0022\u003E\u003C\/a\u003E","picture_ref":"\u003Ca href=\u0022https:\/\/commons.wikimedia.org\/wiki\/File:Apulum_-_Porta_Principalis_Dextra_-_01.jpg\u0022\u003ESaturnian\u003C\/a\u003E, Public domain, via Wikimedia Commons","name":"Artificial ruins of the south gate of the Roman castrum of Apulum","seolink":"artificial-ruins-of-the-south-gate-of-the-roman-castrum-of-apulum","note":"","history":"This artificial ruin is intended to symbolize the southern gate of the ancient Roman castrum of Apulum. It is an important monument of ancient Romanian history, as Rome was the empire of the ancient Romanians, at least according to the Romanians. \n&\nalbaiuliaqr.ro: A R\u00d3MAI KASTRUM D\u00c9LI KAPUJA|https:\/\/albaiuliaqr.ro\/poarta-de-sud-a-castrului-roman\/?lang=hu"},{"sightId":1864,"townId":73,"active":1,"name_LO":"Muzeul Principia","address":"Pia\u021ba Cet\u0103\u021bii","mapdata":"1|1003|1082","gps_lat":"46.0682634317","gps_long":"23.5722409356","religion":0,"oldtype":"98","newtype":"98","homepage":"","openinghours":"","muemlekemlink":"","csemadoklink":"","picture":"\u003Ca title=\u0022Leontin l, CC BY-SA 4.0 <https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by-sa\/4.0>, via Wikimedia Commons\u0022 href=\u0022https:\/\/commons.wikimedia.org\/wiki\/File:Alba-Carolina_07.jpg\u0022\u003E\u003Cimg width=\u0022512\u0022 alt=\u0022Alba-Carolina 07\u0022 src=\u0022https:\/\/upload.wikimedia.org\/wikipedia\/commons\/thumb\/5\/52\/Alba-Carolina_07.jpg\/512px-Alba-Carolina_07.jpg\u0022\u003E\u003C\/a\u003E","picture_ref":"\u003Ca href=\u0022https:\/\/commons.wikimedia.org\/wiki\/File:Alba-Carolina_07.jpg\u0022\u003ELeontin l\u003C\/a\u003E, \u003Ca href=\u0022https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by-sa\/4.0\u0022\u003ECC BY-SA 4.0\u003C\/a\u003E, via Wikimedia Commons","name":"Principia Museum","seolink":"principia-museum","note":"","history":"It shows the remains of the Principalis building of the old Roman castrum Apulum. This building was the headquarters of the 13th Gemina Legion.\n&\nalbaiuliaqr.ro: PRINCIPIA M\u00daZEUM|https:\/\/albaiuliaqr.ro\/muzeul-principia\/?lang=hu"},{"sightId":1865,"townId":73,"active":2,"name_LO":"Universitatea 1 Decembrie 1918","address":"Pia\u021ba Cet\u0103\u021bii","mapdata":"1|1039|1014","gps_lat":"46.0686451741","gps_long":"23.5726915506","religion":1,"oldtype":"74","newtype":"75","homepage":"","openinghours":"","muemlekemlink":"","csemadoklink":"","picture":"\u003Ca title=\u0022Leontin l, CC BY-SA 4.0 \u003Chttps:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by-sa\/4.0\u003E, via Wikimedia Commons\u0022 href=\u0022https:\/\/commons.wikimedia.org\/wiki\/File:Palatul_Apor_Alba-Iulia_02.jpg\u0022\u003E\u003Cimg width=\u0022512\u0022 alt=\u0022Palatul Apor Alba-Iulia 02\u0022 src=\u0022https:\/\/upload.wikimedia.org\/wikipedia\/commons\/thumb\/4\/46\/Palatul_Apor_Alba-Iulia_02.jpg\/512px-Palatul_Apor_Alba-Iulia_02.jpg\u0022\u003E\u003C\/a\u003E","picture_ref":"\u003Ca href=\u0022https:\/\/commons.wikimedia.org\/wiki\/File:Palatul_Apor_Alba-Iulia_02.jpg\u0022\u003ELeontin l\u003C\/a\u003E, \u003Ca href=\u0022https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by-sa\/4.0\u0022\u003ECC BY-SA 4.0\u003C\/a\u003E, via Wikimedia Commons","name":"Former Roman Catholic High School","seolink":"former-roman-catholic-high-school","note":"","history":"The school was built by Bishop Majl\u00e1th K\u00e1roly Guszt\u00e1v (1897-1938) between 1903 and 1906 in neoclassical style. It house the Roman Catholic Grammar School until 1948, when it was nationalised.@\nIn the Middle Ages it was the site of a Dominican convent and church, which the B\u00e1thory family handed over to the Jesuits who settled there in 1579. After only twenty years of teaching, the Jesuits had to leave the town. Behind the main building still stands part of the monastery, a single-storey building. It housed the famous library of the Bethlen Academy, which was burnt down and destroyed by the Turkish-Tatar armies in 1661. In 1716, the Jesuits regained their confiscated buildings and re-established a college, where they remained until the dissolution of the order in 1778. Then the Roman Catholic theology briefly moved into the building. Thereafter, until 1898, when the church and the monastery were demolished, priests and lay teachers taught in the predecessor of the Grammar school.@\nIn 1991, the Romanian University of 1 December 1918 was founded and the building is now the seat of the University.\n&\neloerdely.ro: Majl\u00e1th Guszt\u00e1v Gimn\u00e1zium|http:\/\/delerdely.eloerdely.ro\/epitett-orokseg\/emlekmu\/majlath-gusztav-gimnazium"},{"sightId":1866,"townId":73,"active":1,"name_LO":"","address":"Pia\u021ba Iuliu Maniu","mapdata":"1|2070|530","gps_lat":"46.0715416050","gps_long":"23.5815152237","religion":0,"oldtype":"53","newtype":"53","homepage":"","openinghours":"","muemlekemlink":"","csemadoklink":"","picture":"\u003Ca title=\u0022Andrei kokelburg, CC BY-SA 3.0 RO <https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by-sa\/3.0\/ro\/deed.en>, via Wikimedia Commons\u0022 href=\u0022https:\/\/commons.wikimedia.org\/wiki\/File:Alba_Iulia_Palatul_Gisella_(1).JPG\u0022\u003E\u003Cimg width=\u0022512\u0022 alt=\u0022Alba Iulia Palatul Gisella (1)\u0022 src=\u0022https:\/\/upload.wikimedia.org\/wikipedia\/commons\/thumb\/3\/34\/Alba_Iulia_Palatul_Gisella_%281%29.JPG\/512px-Alba_Iulia_Palatul_Gisella_%281%29.JPG\u0022\u003E\u003C\/a\u003E","picture_ref":"\u003Ca href=\u0022https:\/\/commons.wikimedia.org\/wiki\/File:Alba_Iulia_Palatul_Gisella_(1).JPG\u0022\u003EAndrei kokelburg\u003C\/a\u003E, \u003Ca href=\u0022https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by-sa\/3.0\/ro\/deed.en\u0022\u003ECC BY-SA 3.0 RO\u003C\/a\u003E, via Wikimedia Commons","name":"Gizella Palace","seolink":"gizella-palace","note":"","history":"It was the first high-rise building in the lower town, built in 1905 for the wealthy Jewish Gl\u00fcck family.\n&\nalbaiuliaqr.ro: A GIZELLA PALOTA|https:\/\/albaiuliaqr.ro\/palatul-gisella\/?lang=hu"},{"sightId":1867,"townId":73,"active":1,"name_LO":"Hotel Medieval","address":"Strada Militari 2","mapdata":"1|1136|1337","gps_lat":"46.0667527981","gps_long":"23.5734564654","religion":0,"oldtype":"20","newtype":"80","homepage":"http:\/\/hotel-medieval.ro\/","openinghours":"","muemlekemlink":"https:\/\/www.muemlekem.hu\/hatareset\/Gyulafehervar-erodje-Gyulafehervar-1452","csemadoklink":"","picture":"\u003Ca title=\u0022\u021aetcu Mircea Rare\u0219, CC BY-SA 4.0 <https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by-sa\/4.0>, via Wikimedia Commons\u0022 href=\u0022https:\/\/commons.wikimedia.org\/wiki\/File:RO_AB_Alba_Iulia_Militari_2.jpg\u0022\u003E\u003Cimg width=\u0022512\u0022 alt=\u0022RO AB Alba Iulia Militari 2\u0022 src=\u0022https:\/\/upload.wikimedia.org\/wikipedia\/commons\/thumb\/8\/85\/RO_AB_Alba_Iulia_Militari_2.jpg\/512px-RO_AB_Alba_Iulia_Militari_2.jpg\u0022\u003E\u003C\/a\u003E","picture_ref":"\u003Ca href=\u0022https:\/\/commons.wikimedia.org\/wiki\/File:RO_AB_Alba_Iulia_Militari_2.jpg\u0022\u003E\u021aetcu Mircea Rare\u0219\u003C\/a\u003E, \u003Ca href=\u0022https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by-sa\/4.0\u0022\u003ECC BY-SA 4.0\u003C\/a\u003E, via Wikimedia Commons","name":"Former Military Storage","seolink":"former-military-storage","note":"","history":"It was the storehouse of the 18th-century Austrian fortress and is now a five-star hotel.\n&\nalbaiuliaqr.ro: A V\u00c1R RAKT\u00c1RA|https:\/\/albaiuliaqr.ro\/fosta-manutana\/?lang=hu"},{"sightId":1868,"townId":73,"active":1,"name_LO":"","address":"","mapdata":"1|1102|1128","gps_lat":"46.0680232494","gps_long":"23.5731988855","religion":0,"oldtype":"21","newtype":"121","homepage":"","openinghours":"","muemlekemlink":"https:\/\/www.muemlekem.hu\/hatareset\/Gyulafehervar-erodje-Gyulafehervar-1452","csemadoklink":"","picture":"\u003Ca title=\u0022\u021aetcu Mircea Rare\u0219, CC BY-SA 4.0 <https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by-sa\/4.0>, via Wikimedia Commons\u0022 href=\u0022https:\/\/commons.wikimedia.org\/wiki\/File:RO_AB_Alba_Iulia_Monumentul_lui_Ludovic_Losy_von_Lossenau_(1).jpg\u0022\u003E\u003Cimg width=\u0022256\u0022 alt=\u0022RO AB Alba Iulia Monumentul lui Ludovic Losy von Lossenau (1)\u0022 src=\u0022https:\/\/upload.wikimedia.org\/wikipedia\/commons\/thumb\/8\/8e\/RO_AB_Alba_Iulia_Monumentul_lui_Ludovic_Losy_von_Lossenau_%281%29.jpg\/256px-RO_AB_Alba_Iulia_Monumentul_lui_Ludovic_Losy_von_Lossenau_%281%29.jpg\u0022\u003E\u003C\/a\u003E","picture_ref":"\u003Ca href=\u0022https:\/\/commons.wikimedia.org\/wiki\/File:RO_AB_Alba_Iulia_Monumentul_lui_Ludovic_Losy_von_Lossenau_(1).jpg\u0022\u003E\u021aetcu Mircea Rare\u0219\u003C\/a\u003E, \u003Ca href=\u0022https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by-sa\/4.0\u0022\u003ECC BY-SA 4.0\u003C\/a\u003E, via Wikimedia Commons","name":"Former Franz Joseph Military Barracks","seolink":"former-franz-joseph-military-barracks","note":"","history":"The barracks was built between 1897 and 1898 for the joint army of the Austro-Hungarian Monarchy, on the entire eastern side of the fortress. A large inner courtyard was formed by the independent buildings built on the four corners. The building was built on the site of a former church and monastery. \n&\nalbaiuliaqr.ro: AZ \u00daTT\u00d6R\u0150 LAKTANYA|https:\/\/albaiuliaqr.ro\/cazarma-pionierilor\/?lang=hu"},{"sightId":1869,"townId":73,"active":1,"name_LO":"","address":"Strada Militari","mapdata":"1|1171|1297","gps_lat":"46.0671166358","gps_long":"23.5738193320","religion":0,"oldtype":"15","newtype":"105","homepage":"","openinghours":"","muemlekemlink":"https:\/\/www.muemlekem.hu\/hatareset\/Gyulafehervar-erodje-Gyulafehervar-1452","csemadoklink":"","picture":"\u003Ca title=\u0022\u021aetcu Mircea Rare\u0219, CC BY-SA 4.0 <https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by-sa\/4.0>, via Wikimedia Commons\u0022 href=\u0022https:\/\/commons.wikimedia.org\/wiki\/File:RO_AB_Alba_Iulia_Militari_1.jpg\u0022\u003E\u003Cimg width=\u0022512\u0022 alt=\u0022RO AB Alba Iulia Militari 1\u0022 src=\u0022https:\/\/upload.wikimedia.org\/wikipedia\/commons\/thumb\/4\/41\/RO_AB_Alba_Iulia_Militari_1.jpg\/512px-RO_AB_Alba_Iulia_Militari_1.jpg\u0022\u003E\u003C\/a\u003E","picture_ref":"\u003Ca href=\u0022https:\/\/commons.wikimedia.org\/wiki\/File:RO_AB_Alba_Iulia_Militari_1.jpg\u0022\u003E\u021aetcu Mircea Rare\u0219\u003C\/a\u003E, \u003Ca href=\u0022https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by-sa\/4.0\u0022\u003ECC BY-SA 4.0\u003C\/a\u003E, via Wikimedia Commons","name":"Former Military Headquarters","seolink":"former-military-headquarters","note":"","history":"The former military headquarters designed by Giovanni Morando Visconti was built in the 18th century.\n&\nalbaiuliaqr.ro: A PARANCSNOKS\u00c1G \u00c9P\u00dcLETE|https:\/\/albaiuliaqr.ro\/fostul-comisariat-de-razboi\/?lang=hu"},{"sightId":1870,"townId":73,"active":1,"name_LO":"Poarta a II-a a Cet\u0103\u021bii","address":"","mapdata":"1|1379|1238","gps_lat":"46.0673777080","gps_long":"23.5755532504","religion":0,"oldtype":"22","newtype":"38","homepage":"","openinghours":"","muemlekemlink":"https:\/\/www.muemlekem.hu\/hatareset\/Gyulafehervar-erodje-Gyulafehervar-1452","csemadoklink":"","picture":"\u003Ca title=\u0022Andrei kokelburg, CC BY-SA 3.0 RO <https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by-sa\/3.0\/ro\/deed.en>, via Wikimedia Commons\u0022 href=\u0022https:\/\/commons.wikimedia.org\/wiki\/File:Alba_Iulia_Poarta_a_II-a_a_Cetatii.jpg\u0022\u003E\u003Cimg width=\u0022512\u0022 alt=\u0022Alba Iulia Poarta a II-a a Cetatii\u0022 src=\u0022https:\/\/upload.wikimedia.org\/wikipedia\/commons\/thumb\/5\/5b\/Alba_Iulia_Poarta_a_II-a_a_Cetatii.jpg\/512px-Alba_Iulia_Poarta_a_II-a_a_Cetatii.jpg\u0022\u003E\u003C\/a\u003E","picture_ref":"\u003Ca href=\u0022https:\/\/commons.wikimedia.org\/wiki\/File:Alba_Iulia_Poarta_a_II-a_a_Cetatii.jpg\u0022\u003EAndrei kokelburg\u003C\/a\u003E, \u003Ca href=\u0022https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by-sa\/3.0\/ro\/deed.en\u0022\u003ECC BY-SA 3.0 RO\u003C\/a\u003E, via Wikimedia Commons","name":"Castle Gate No. II","seolink":"castle-gate-no-ii","note":"","history":"The gate was demolished in 1935 and restored in 2009, not in its original form."},{"sightId":1871,"townId":73,"active":2,"name_LO":"","address":"","mapdata":"1|1479|1084","gps_lat":"46.0682646650","gps_long":"23.5764128610","religion":0,"oldtype":"22","newtype":"22","homepage":"","openinghours":"","muemlekemlink":"https:\/\/www.muemlekem.hu\/hatareset\/Gyulafehervar-erodje-Gyulafehervar-1452","csemadoklink":"","picture":"\u003Ca title=\u0022h_laca, CC BY 3.0 \u003Chttps:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/3.0\u003E, via Wikimedia Commons\u0022 href=\u0022https:\/\/commons.wikimedia.org\/wiki\/File:Gyulafeh%C3%A9rv%C3%A1r,_Als%C3%B3_K%C3%A1roly-kapu_-_panoramio.jpg\u0022\u003E\u003Cimg width=\u0022512\u0022 alt=\u0022Gyulafeh\u00e9rv\u00e1r, Als\u00f3 K\u00e1roly-kapu - panoramio\u0022 src=\u0022https:\/\/upload.wikimedia.org\/wikipedia\/commons\/thumb\/7\/77\/Gyulafeh%C3%A9rv%C3%A1r%2C_Als%C3%B3_K%C3%A1roly-kapu_-_panoramio.jpg\/512px-Gyulafeh%C3%A9rv%C3%A1r%2C_Als%C3%B3_K%C3%A1roly-kapu_-_panoramio.jpg\u0022\u003E\u003C\/a\u003E","picture_ref":"\u003Ca href=\u0022https:\/\/commons.wikimedia.org\/wiki\/File:Gyulafeh%C3%A9rv%C3%A1r,_Als%C3%B3_K%C3%A1roly-kapu_-_panoramio.jpg\u0022\u003Eh_laca\u003C\/a\u003E, \u003Ca href=\u0022https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/3.0\u0022\u003ECC BY 3.0\u003C\/a\u003E, via Wikimedia Commons","name":"Castle Gate No. I, Lower Charles Gate","seolink":"castle-gate-no-i-lower-charles-gate","note":"","history":""},{"sightId":1872,"townId":73,"active":2,"name_LO":"","address":"","mapdata":"1|582|1121","gps_lat":"46.0679898623","gps_long":"23.5687107343","religion":0,"oldtype":"22","newtype":"22","homepage":"","openinghours":"","muemlekemlink":"https:\/\/www.muemlekem.hu\/hatareset\/Gyulafehervar-erodje-Gyulafehervar-1452","csemadoklink":"","picture":"\u003Ca title=\u0022Turbojet, CC BY-SA 4.0 \u003Chttps:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by-sa\/4.0\u003E, via Wikimedia Commons\u0022 href=\u0022https:\/\/commons.wikimedia.org\/wiki\/File:Cetatea_Alba_Carolina,_poarta_4.jpg\u0022\u003E\u003Cimg width=\u0022512\u0022 alt=\u0022Cetatea Alba Carolina, poarta 4\u0022 src=\u0022https:\/\/upload.wikimedia.org\/wikipedia\/commons\/thumb\/5\/5c\/Cetatea_Alba_Carolina%2C_poarta_4.jpg\/512px-Cetatea_Alba_Carolina%2C_poarta_4.jpg\u0022\u003E\u003C\/a\u003E","picture_ref":"\u003Ca href=\u0022https:\/\/commons.wikimedia.org\/wiki\/File:Cetatea_Alba_Carolina,_poarta_4.jpg\u0022\u003ETurbojet\u003C\/a\u003E, \u003Ca href=\u0022https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by-sa\/4.0\u0022\u003ECC BY-SA 4.0\u003C\/a\u003E, via Wikimedia Commons","name":"Castle Gate No. IV, Bishop's Gate, New Gate","seolink":"castle-gate-no-iv-bishops-gate-new-gate","note":"","history":"The gate is located in the wall between the Trinitarian and St Michael's bastions."},{"sightId":1873,"townId":73,"active":1,"name_LO":"","address":"","mapdata":"1|437|1154","gps_lat":"46.0678152382","gps_long":"23.5674127047","religion":0,"oldtype":"22","newtype":"22","homepage":"","openinghours":"","muemlekemlink":"https:\/\/www.muemlekem.hu\/hatareset\/Gyulafehervar-erodje-Gyulafehervar-1452","csemadoklink":"","picture":"\u003Ca title=\u0022Codrinb, CC BY-SA 3.0 RO <https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by-sa\/3.0\/ro\/deed.en>, via Wikimedia Commons\u0022 href=\u0022https:\/\/commons.wikimedia.org\/wiki\/File:Alba_Carolina_Fortress_2011_-_Wall_Bridge.jpg\u0022\u003E\u003Cimg width=\u0022512\u0022 alt=\u0022Alba Carolina Fortress 2011 - Wall Bridge\u0022 src=\u0022https:\/\/upload.wikimedia.org\/wikipedia\/commons\/thumb\/7\/78\/Alba_Carolina_Fortress_2011_-_Wall_Bridge.jpg\/512px-Alba_Carolina_Fortress_2011_-_Wall_Bridge.jpg\u0022\u003E\u003C\/a\u003E","picture_ref":"\u003Ca href=\u0022https:\/\/commons.wikimedia.org\/wiki\/File:Alba_Carolina_Fortress_2011_-_Wall_Bridge.jpg\u0022\u003ECodrinb\u003C\/a\u003E, \u003Ca href=\u0022https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by-sa\/3.0\/ro\/deed.en\u0022\u003ECC BY-SA 3.0 RO\u003C\/a\u003E, via Wikimedia Commons","name":"Castle Gate No. V","seolink":"castle-gate-no-v","note":"","history":"The gate is located in the western part of the fortress and is a side entrance to the fortress. In the 18th and 19th centuries, soldiers used to go through this gate on going to train on the nearby firing range. The gate is a 15-metre-long tunnel."},{"sightId":1874,"townId":73,"active":1,"name_LO":"","address":"","mapdata":"1|1242|523","gps_lat":"46.0716388285","gps_long":"23.5744040213","religion":0,"oldtype":"22","newtype":"22","homepage":"","openinghours":"","muemlekemlink":"https:\/\/www.muemlekem.hu\/hatareset\/Gyulafehervar-erodje-Gyulafehervar-1452","csemadoklink":"","picture":"","picture_ref":"","name":"Castle Gate No. VII","seolink":"castle-gate-no-vii","note":"","history":"The gate was discovered during the restoration of the fortress. It had not been used for more than 300 years. The gate was walled up after the fortress was built, which meant that it was not expected to be used. Before 1717, this gate was used to allow Austrian soldiers to move in and out of the fortress during an unexpected attack."},{"sightId":1875,"townId":73,"active":1,"name_LO":"Bastionul Sf\u00e2ntul Capistrano","address":"","mapdata":"1|1395|1057","gps_lat":"46.0684201447","gps_long":"23.5757641525","religion":0,"oldtype":"22","newtype":"22","homepage":"","openinghours":"","muemlekemlink":"https:\/\/www.muemlekem.hu\/hatareset\/Gyulafehervar-erodje-Gyulafehervar-1452","csemadoklink":"","picture":"","picture_ref":"","name":"St. John of Capistrano Bastion, Transylvania Bastion","seolink":"st-john-of-capistrano-bastion-transylvania-bastion","note":"","history":"On top of the bastion is the coat of arms of Transylvania and Hungary. The recruiting activities of the Italian monk John of Capistrano carried out in Hungary played a significant role in the triumph over the Turks in N\u00e1ndorfeh\u00e9rv\u00e1r (Belgrade) in 1456. He was canonised in 1690."},{"sightId":1876,"townId":73,"active":1,"name_LO":"","address":"","mapdata":"1|1015|608","gps_lat":"46.0711131908","gps_long":"23.5724407476","religion":0,"oldtype":"26","newtype":"26","homepage":"","openinghours":"","muemlekemlink":"https:\/\/www.muemlekem.hu\/hatareset\/Gyulafehervar-erodje-Gyulafehervar-1452","csemadoklink":"","picture":"","picture_ref":"","name":"Drummer Square","seolink":"drummer-square","note":"","history":"The square takes its name from the statue of a drummer in the centre, wearing an 18th century uniform. The square is the area between the bastions of St Elizabeth and St Charles on the north side. \n&\nalbaiuliaqr.ro: A DOBOS T\u00c9R|https:\/\/albaiuliaqr.ro\/piata-tobosarului\/?lang=hu"},{"sightId":1877,"townId":73,"active":1,"name_LO":"","address":"","mapdata":"1|986|1303","gps_lat":"46.0669943232","gps_long":"23.5722063089","religion":0,"oldtype":"116","newtype":"122","homepage":"","openinghours":"","muemlekemlink":"","csemadoklink":"","picture":"\u003Ca title=\u0022Leontin l, CC BY-SA 4.0 <https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by-sa\/4.0>, via Wikimedia Commons\u0022 href=\u0022https:\/\/commons.wikimedia.org\/wiki\/File:Alba-Carolina_05.jpg\u0022\u003E\u003Cimg width=\u0022512\u0022 alt=\u0022Alba-Carolina 05\u0022 src=\u0022https:\/\/upload.wikimedia.org\/wikipedia\/commons\/thumb\/5\/50\/Alba-Carolina_05.jpg\/512px-Alba-Carolina_05.jpg\u0022\u003E\u003C\/a\u003E","picture_ref":"\u003Ca href=\u0022https:\/\/commons.wikimedia.org\/wiki\/File:Alba-Carolina_05.jpg\u0022\u003ELeontin l\u003C\/a\u003E, \u003Ca href=\u0022https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by-sa\/4.0\u0022\u003ECC BY-SA 4.0\u003C\/a\u003E, via Wikimedia Commons","name":"Gate of the Coin Mint","seolink":"gate-of-the-coin-mint","note":"","history":"The first coins were minted during the reign of Prince B\u00e1thory G\u00e1bor of Transylvania and they bore the coat of arms of the town. The minting of coins reached its peak during the reign of Prince Bethlen G\u00e1bor, when gold coins were also minted. After Transylvania came under Habsburg rule, the mint also became the property of the Habsburg Empire. The new mint was located in the southern part of the fortress, between the Prince's Palace and the storehouse. In a short time it became one of the most important minting workshops of the empire. It operated until 1871, after which it closed and all its equipment was moved to K\u00f6rm\u00f6cb\u00e1nya in northern Hungary (now Slovakia).\n&\nalbaiuliaqr.ro: A P\u00c9NZVERDE KAPUJA|https:\/\/albaiuliaqr.ro\/poarta-monetariei-transilvaniei\/?lang=hu"},{"sightId":1878,"townId":73,"active":1,"name_LO":"","address":"Bethlen G\u00e1bor utca","mapdata":"1|873|750","gps_lat":"46.0701744644","gps_long":"23.5712922275","religion":1,"oldtype":"6","newtype":"6","homepage":"","openinghours":"","muemlekemlink":"","csemadoklink":"","picture":"\u003Ca title=\u0022Oguszt, CC BY-SA 3.0 <https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by-sa\/3.0>, via Wikimedia Commons\u0022 href=\u0022https:\/\/commons.wikimedia.org\/wiki\/File:Catholic_seminary_alba_iulia.jpg\u0022\u003E\u003Cimg width=\u0022512\u0022 alt=\u0022Catholic seminary alba iulia\u0022 src=\u0022https:\/\/upload.wikimedia.org\/wikipedia\/commons\/thumb\/d\/da\/Catholic_seminary_alba_iulia.jpg\/512px-Catholic_seminary_alba_iulia.jpg\u0022\u003E\u003C\/a\u003E","picture_ref":"\u003Ca href=\u0022https:\/\/commons.wikimedia.org\/wiki\/File:Catholic_seminary_alba_iulia.jpg\u0022\u003EOguszt\u003C\/a\u003E, \u003Ca href=\u0022https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by-sa\/3.0\u0022\u003ECC BY-SA 3.0\u003C\/a\u003E, via Wikimedia Commons","name":"Roman Catholic Seminary","seolink":"roman-catholic-seminary","note":"","history":"The Roman Catholic Seminary, Seminarium Incarnatae Sapientiae (meaning Incarnate Wisdom) was founded in 1753 by Baron Sztojka Zsigmond Antal, Bishop of Transylvania (1749-1759). It had several locations within the fortresss. On the initiative of Bishop Batthy\u00e1ny Ign\u00e1c (1780-1798), the buildings of the Trinitarian Order, which had been dissolved in 1783, were given a different purpose. A library and an astronomical observatory (Batthy\u00e1neum) were installed in the church building. The monastery became the seat of the theological institute and is still used today. In the second half of the 19th century, during the period of Bishop Fogarasy Mih\u00e1ly (186-1882), works were carried out on the southern part of the monastery, where a new wing was built. It took on its present form in the 20th century under Bishop M\u00e1rton \u00c1ron (1939-1980).\n&\nalbaiuliaqr.ro: A R\u00d3MAI KATOLIKUS INT\u00c9ZET|https:\/\/albaiuliaqr.ro\/institutul-romano-catolic\/?lang=hu"},{"sightId":1879,"townId":73,"active":2,"name_LO":"","address":"","mapdata":"1|621|1259","gps_lat":"46.0672183758","gps_long":"23.5689974636","religion":1,"oldtype":"38","newtype":"38","homepage":"https:\/\/www.kozterkep.hu\/22973\/marton-aron-szobra#","openinghours":"","muemlekemlink":"","csemadoklink":"","picture":"","picture_ref":"","name":"Statue of Bishop M\u00e1rton \u00c1ron of Transylvania","seolink":"statue-of-bishop-marton-aron-of-transylvania","note":"In the courtyard of the Roman Catholic episcopal palace.","history":"The statue of Bishop M\u00e1rton \u00c1ron was inaugurated on 29 June 2013 by Archbishop Jakubinyi Gy\u00f6rgy. It is the work of sculptor Gergely Zolt\u00e1n."},{"sightId":1880,"townId":73,"active":1,"name_LO":"Monumentul Custozza","address":"Piata Cetatii","mapdata":"1|974|1123","gps_lat":"46.0680154875","gps_long":"23.5721030331","religion":0,"oldtype":"38","newtype":"38","homepage":"","openinghours":"","muemlekemlink":"","csemadoklink":"","picture":"\u003Ca title=\u0022h_laca, CC BY 3.0 <https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/3.0>, via Wikimedia Commons\u0022 href=\u0022https:\/\/commons.wikimedia.org\/wiki\/File:Gyulafeh%C3%A9rv%C3%A1r,_az_1866._%C3%A9vi_Custozzai_csata_eml%C3%A9k%C3%A9re_%C3%A1ll%C3%ADtott_obeliszk,_a_h%C3%A1tt%C3%A9rben_a_Tiszti_kaszin%C3%B3_%C3%A9p%C3%BClete_-_panoramio.jpg\u0022\u003E\u003Cimg width=\u0022512\u0022 alt=\u0022Gyulafeh\u00e9rv\u00e1r, az 1866. \u00e9vi Custozzai csata eml\u00e9k\u00e9re \u00e1ll\u00edtott obeliszk, a h\u00e1tt\u00e9rben a Tiszti kaszin\u00f3 \u00e9p\u00fclete - panoramio\u0022 src=\u0022https:\/\/upload.wikimedia.org\/wikipedia\/commons\/thumb\/2\/20\/Gyulafeh%C3%A9rv%C3%A1r%2C_az_1866._%C3%A9vi_Custozzai_csata_eml%C3%A9k%C3%A9re_%C3%A1ll%C3%ADtott_obeliszk%2C_a_h%C3%A1tt%C3%A9rben_a_Tiszti_kaszin%C3%B3_%C3%A9p%C3%BClete_-_panoramio.jpg\/512px-Gyulafeh%C3%A9rv%C3%A1r%2C_az_1866._%C3%A9vi_Custozzai_csata_eml%C3%A9k%C3%A9re_%C3%A1ll%C3%ADtott_obeliszk%2C_a_h%C3%A1tt%C3%A9rben_a_Tiszti_kaszin%C3%B3_%C3%A9p%C3%BClete_-_panoramio.jpg\u0022\u003E\u003C\/a\u003E","picture_ref":"\u003Ca href=\u0022https:\/\/commons.wikimedia.org\/wiki\/File:Gyulafeh%C3%A9rv%C3%A1r,_az_1866._%C3%A9vi_Custozzai_csata_eml%C3%A9k%C3%A9re_%C3%A1ll%C3%ADtott_obeliszk,_a_h%C3%A1tt%C3%A9rben_a_Tiszti_kaszin%C3%B3_%C3%A9p%C3%BClete_-_panoramio.jpg\u0022\u003Eh_laca\u003C\/a\u003E, \u003Ca href=\u0022https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/3.0\u0022\u003ECC BY 3.0\u003C\/a\u003E, via Wikimedia Commons","name":"Memorial to the Battle of Custozza","seolink":"memorial-to-the-battle-of-custozza","note":"","history":"In 1866, the battle was fought between the Habsburg Empire and Italy, with the former winning the battle near the Italian town of Custozza. The battle also involved the 50th Infantry Regiment from Gyulaferv\u00e1r. The victory allowed the Habsburgs to hold Veneto and South Tyrol. In 1906, on the 40th anniversary of the battle, Austrian officers decided to erect a monument to the 133 soldiers and officers (mostly Hungarian and Vlach soldiers) who had fallen.\n&\nalbaiuliaqr.ro: CUSTOZZA M\u0170EML\u00c9K|https:\/\/albaiuliaqr.ro\/monumentul-custozza\/?lang=hu"},{"sightId":1881,"townId":73,"active":1,"name_LO":"","address":"Piata Cetatii","mapdata":"1|1038|1143","gps_lat":"46.0678981098","gps_long":"23.5726682451","religion":0,"oldtype":"38","newtype":"38","homepage":"https:\/\/www.kozterkep.hu\/20115\/losenau-emlekmu#","openinghours":"","muemlekemlink":"","csemadoklink":"","picture":"\u003Ca title=\u0022\u021aetcu Mircea Rare\u0219, CC BY-SA 4.0 <https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by-sa\/4.0>, via Wikimedia Commons\u0022 href=\u0022https:\/\/commons.wikimedia.org\/wiki\/File:RO_AB_Alba_Iulia_Monumentul_lui_Ludovic_Losy_von_Lossenau_(4).jpg\u0022\u003E\u003Cimg width=\u0022256\u0022 alt=\u0022RO AB Alba Iulia Monumentul lui Ludovic Losy von Lossenau (4)\u0022 src=\u0022https:\/\/upload.wikimedia.org\/wikipedia\/commons\/thumb\/e\/ef\/RO_AB_Alba_Iulia_Monumentul_lui_Ludovic_Losy_von_Lossenau_%284%29.jpg\/256px-RO_AB_Alba_Iulia_Monumentul_lui_Ludovic_Losy_von_Lossenau_%284%29.jpg\u0022\u003E\u003C\/a\u003E","picture_ref":"\u003Ca href=\u0022https:\/\/commons.wikimedia.org\/wiki\/File:RO_AB_Alba_Iulia_Monumentul_lui_Ludovic_Losy_von_Lossenau_(4).jpg\u0022\u003E\u021aetcu Mircea Rare\u0219\u003C\/a\u003E, \u003Ca href=\u0022https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by-sa\/4.0\u0022\u003ECC BY-SA 4.0\u003C\/a\u003E, via Wikimedia Commons","name":"Memorial to Ludwig Losy von Losenau","seolink":"memorial-to-ludwig-losy-von-losenau","note":"","history":"On February 9, 1849, at the Battle of Piski, General Bem J\u00f3zsef's Hungarian army defeated the Austrians occupying Transylvania. The Austrian Imperial Colonel Ludwig Losy von Lossenau was seriously wounded and died a few days later. On 23 July 1852, after the Hungarian War of Independence had been defeated by the Russian intervention, the foundation stone was laid in the park of the castle in Gyulafeherv\u00e1r in the presence of Emperor Franz Joseph, but it was not completed until 1853. \n&\nalbaiuliaqr.ro: A LOSSENAU EML\u00c9KM\u0170|https:\/\/albaiuliaqr.ro\/monumentul-lossenau\/?lang=hu"},{"sightId":1882,"townId":73,"active":1,"name_LO":"Obeliscul lui Horea, Clo\u0219ca \u015fi Cri\u0219an","address":"","mapdata":"1|1385|1308","gps_lat":"46.0669025837","gps_long":"23.5755172218","religion":0,"oldtype":"38","newtype":"38","homepage":"https:\/\/www.kozterkep.hu\/28208\/horea-closca-es-crisan-emlekmu#","openinghours":"","muemlekemlink":"","csemadoklink":"","picture":"\u003Ca title=\u0022Viorel Marcu, CC BY 3.0 <https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/3.0>, via Wikimedia Commons\u0022 href=\u0022https:\/\/commons.wikimedia.org\/wiki\/File:Cetatea_Bastionar%C4%83_Alba_Carolina,_Alba_Iulia,_Romania_-_panoramio_(32).jpg\u0022\u003E\u003Cimg width=\u0022512\u0022 alt=\u0022Cetatea Bastionar\u0103 Alba Carolina, Alba Iulia, Romania - panoramio (32)\u0022 src=\u0022https:\/\/upload.wikimedia.org\/wikipedia\/commons\/thumb\/7\/74\/Cetatea_Bastionar%C4%83_Alba_Carolina%2C_Alba_Iulia%2C_Romania_-_panoramio_%2832%29.jpg\/512px-Cetatea_Bastionar%C4%83_Alba_Carolina%2C_Alba_Iulia%2C_Romania_-_panoramio_%2832%29.jpg\u0022\u003E\u003C\/a\u003E","picture_ref":"\u003Ca href=\u0022https:\/\/commons.wikimedia.org\/wiki\/File:Cetatea_Bastionar%C4%83_Alba_Carolina,_Alba_Iulia,_Romania_-_panoramio_(32).jpg\u0022\u003EViorel Marcu\u003C\/a\u003E, \u003Ca href=\u0022https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/3.0\u0022\u003ECC BY 3.0\u003C\/a\u003E, via Wikimedia Commons","name":"Memorial to Horea, Clo\u0219ca and Cri\u0219an","seolink":"memorial-to-horea-closca-and-crisan","note":"","history":"The monument was erected in front of St George's Gate in 1937. The sculpture was made by the Hungarian Fekete J\u00f3zsef.\nIn 1784, Emperor Joseph II ordered an increase in the number of border guards. The Valch serfs in Transylvania were under the misapprehension that the conscription had been started, and began to gather en masse, as the military service was the only way for the Vlach migrants that overpopulated in the Transylvanian mountains to escape the misery. The leaders of the local administration, believing that they were being bypassed by the imperial court, tried to block the process. In addition, the Vlach Orthodox priests incited the Vlach population against the Hungarians, whom they hated, and fooled the Vlachs with the myth of their Daco-Roman origin. Horea spread the word that the emperor had appointed him as the leader of the Vlachs. The enraged Vlach peasants attacked the Hungarian and Saxon citizens and began a terrible ethnic cleansing, exterminating 133 mostly Hungarian settlements and murdering thousands of people. After the mob was crushed, two of their leaders, Horea and Clo\u0219ca, were executed by the wheel in Gyulafeh\u00e9rv\u00e1r. The third leader, Cri\u015fan, cowardly committed suicide in the prison. There was no mass reprisal.\n"},{"sightId":1883,"townId":73,"active":1,"name_LO":"","address":"Pia\u021ba Iuliu Maniu","mapdata":"1|2042|353","gps_lat":"46.0726103327","gps_long":"23.5812001807","religion":1,"oldtype":"2,5,74","newtype":"2","homepage":"","openinghours":"","muemlekemlink":"","csemadoklink":"","picture":"","picture_ref":"","name":"Former Convent and Roman Catholic Girl's School of the Sisters of Mercy","seolink":"former-convent-and-roman-catholic-girls-school-of-the-sisters-of-mercy","note":"","history":"The former convent and school building no longer stands, but the chapel has been preserved. It stands on the square once named after Hunyadi, which has not preserved much of its original form due to the Communist destruction of the town.\n&\nwikipedia: P\u00e1li Szent Vinc\u00e9r\u0151l nevezett Szatm\u00e1ri Irgalmas N\u0151v\u00e9rek|https:\/\/hu.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/P%C3%A1li_Szent_Vinc%C3%A9r%C5%91l_nevezett_Szatm%C3%A1ri_Irgalmas_N%C5%91v%C3%A9rek"},{"sightId":2484,"townId":73,"active":1,"name_LO":"","address":"","mapdata":"1|361|1252","gps_lat":"46.0672044195","gps_long":"23.5668014020","religion":0,"oldtype":"22","newtype":"22","homepage":"","openinghours":"","muemlekemlink":"","csemadoklink":"","picture":"\u003Ca title=\u0022Andrei kokelburg, CC BY-SA 3.0 RO <https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by-sa\/3.0\/ro\/deed.en>, via Wikimedia Commons\u0022 href=\u0022https:\/\/commons.wikimedia.org\/wiki\/File:Alba_Iulia_Porta_a_VI-a_a_Cetatii.jpg\u0022\u003E\u003Cimg width=\u0022512\u0022 alt=\u0022Alba Iulia Porta a VI-a a Cetatii\u0022 src=\u0022https:\/\/upload.wikimedia.org\/wikipedia\/commons\/thumb\/1\/1b\/Alba_Iulia_Porta_a_VI-a_a_Cetatii.jpg\/512px-Alba_Iulia_Porta_a_VI-a_a_Cetatii.jpg\u0022\u003E\u003C\/a\u003E","picture_ref":"\u003Ca href=\u0022https:\/\/commons.wikimedia.org\/wiki\/File:Alba_Iulia_Porta_a_VI-a_a_Cetatii.jpg\u0022\u003EAndrei kokelburg\u003C\/a\u003E, \u003Ca href=\u0022https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by-sa\/3.0\/ro\/deed.en\u0022\u003ECC BY-SA 3.0 RO\u003C\/a\u003E, via Wikimedia Commons","name":"Castle Gate No. VI","seolink":"castle-gate-no-vi","note":"","history":"The gate is located on the west side of the castle along the third defensive line. The restorers have placed two unexploded stone cannon balls on top of the two pillars."},{"sightId":2485,"townId":73,"active":2,"name_LO":"Palatul Principilor","address":"Strada Mihai Viteazu","mapdata":"1|838|1256","gps_lat":"46.0672114465","gps_long":"23.5708550064","religion":0,"oldtype":"7,50","newtype":"120","homepage":"","openinghours":"","muemlekemlink":"","csemadoklink":"","picture":"\u003Ca title=\u0022Ciprian Lazar from Alba Iulia, Romania, CC BY-SA 2.0 \u003Chttps:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by-sa\/2.0\u003E, via Wikimedia Commons\u0022 href=\u0022https:\/\/commons.wikimedia.org\/wiki\/File:Statuia_lui_Mihai_Viteazul_%26_Palatul_Principilor.jpg\u0022\u003E\u003Cimg width=\u0022512\u0022 alt=\u0022Statuia lui Mihai Viteazul & Palatul Principilor\u0022 src=\u0022https:\/\/upload.wikimedia.org\/wikipedia\/commons\/thumb\/1\/1d\/Statuia_lui_Mihai_Viteazul_%26_Palatul_Principilor.jpg\/512px-Statuia_lui_Mihai_Viteazul_%26_Palatul_Principilor.jpg\u0022\u003E\u003C\/a\u003E","picture_ref":"\u003Ca href=\u0022https:\/\/commons.wikimedia.org\/wiki\/File:Statuia_lui_Mihai_Viteazul_%26_Palatul_Principilor.jpg\u0022\u003ECiprian Lazar from Alba Iulia, Romania\u003C\/a\u003E, \u003Ca href=\u0022https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by-sa\/2.0\u0022\u003ECC BY-SA 2.0\u003C\/a\u003E, via Wikimedia Commons","name":"Former Palace of the Prince of Transylvania","seolink":"former-palace-of-the-prince-of-transylvania","note":"","history":"Next to the cathedral stands the former 15th century palace of the princes of Transylvania and the bishop's palace. The Diocese of Transylvania, founded by King St Stephen I of Hungary in 1009, was renamed the Bishopric of Gyulafeherv\u00e1r in 1932 under pressure from the occupying Romanian authorities, and became an archdiocese in 1991.@\nNot much is known about the construction of the building, which incorporates Renaissance and Baroque elements. The passage that connected it to the cathedral opens from the wing to the left of the gate. This may be the oldest part of the palace, which probably includes elements from the period of the House of \u00c1rp\u00e1d. This palace later became the centre of the Principality of Transylvania, the seat of the princes. Its western, one-storey wing used to have two storeys. The bishop's palace was converted into a prince's palace in the 16th century by John Sigismund, and then rebuilt under Prince Bethlen G\u00e1bor to the designs of the Italian architect Giacomo Resti.@\nIn 1658, the Turks ravaged and burned the building and the town. From 1690 it was converted into a barracks by the Austrian troops. Part of the building was returned to the bishopric in 1716, but the other part (the so-called prince's palace) continued to be used by the military and was only given to the municipality in 2009."}]},"language":"en","region":"romania","regionid":4,"offer":[],"gallery":false,"album":false}